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NORTH AMERICAN

ENTOMOLOGIST

EDITED BY

VOLUME i.

WITH PLATES.

SOM, 1879 LO FUN, LSso:

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PU BLS bow prey REINECKE & ZESCH, 500 Main STREET. BUFFALO, N. Y.

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No. 1. JULY. Preface, p. 1. New Coleoptera by John L. LeConte, M. D., p. 1. Description of Zeugophora Reineckei by A. R. Grote, p. 5. The Codling Moth, p. 5. Book Notices, p. 7.

No. 2. AUGUST.

On the Neuration in certain genera of Pyralidae, by A. R. Grote, p. 9. New Texan Moths collected by G. W. Belfrage by A. R, Grote, p.12. The Black Knot, p. 13. Notice, p. 15. Book Notices, p. 16.

No. 3. SEPTEMBER.

The Natural History of Aegeria pictipes, G. & R. by James 8. Bailey, p.. 17. Catocala Grotiana, n. sp., by James S. Bailey, p. 21, Remedy for Borers, p. 22. Paris Green, p. 22. Book Notices, p. 23.

No. 4. OCTOBER. On a new Predaceous Lepidopterous Insect by J. Henry Com- stock, p. 25. A New Tortrix by A. R. Grote, p. 29. An Example of Protective Mimicry by D. S. Kellicott, p. 30. Book Notices, p. 31.

No. 5. NOVEMBER.

On the Fertilization of Yucca by Thomas Meehan, p. 33. Notes on Walker’s Types of Tortricidae of North America by Prof. C. H. Fernald, p. 36. New Western Noctuidae by A. R. Grote, p. 38. Book Notices, 39.

No. 6. DECEMBER.

Natural History of Euura salicicola by Emily A. Smith, p. 41. New Western Noctuidae, concluded, by A. R. Grote, p. 43. A new Halesidota collected by Professor Snow, by A. R. Grote, p. 46. A new Eustrotia and Thalpochares by A. R. Grote, p. 46. Book Notices, p. 48.

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No. 7. JANUARY,

North American Phycidae by A. R. Grote, p. 49. Description of Noctuid Larvae by D. W. Coquillet, p. 52. Oiketicus Abbotii, p. 52. A New Epigraphia by A. R. Grote, p. 53. Book Notices, p- 53.

No. 8. FEBRUARY.

A larval Argulus by D. S. Kellicott, p. 57. Three new Coch- liopods by A. R. Grote, p. 60. A new Tetralopha by A. R. Grote, p- 60. Note on Black Knot, p. 61. A new variety of Pseudohazis eglanterina, p. 61. Book Notices, p. 62.

No. 9. MARCH. The probable Parthenogenesis of Cecidomyia destructor by Dr. H. Hagen, p. 65. A new Eustrotia by A. R. Grote, p. 66. A new Pinipestis by A. R. Grote, p. 6%. Illustration of Microlepidoptera by A. R. Grote, 67. The Cotton worm by A. R. Grote, p. 68. Book Notices, p. 71. No. 10. APRIL. Biological and other notes on Pseudococcus aceris by Emily A. Smith, p. 73. Book Notices, p. 8%. Errata to No. 9, p. 87.

No. 11. MAY.

An Observation on the habits of the Black Ant by John T. Humphreys, M. A. p. 89. New Species of Moths by A. R. Grote, p. 93. Book Notices, p. 96.

No. 12. JUNE.

New species of Moths by A. R. Grote, p. 97. Description of Cilla distema by A. R. Grote, p. 99. On the Genus Argyria Huebn. by Prof. C. H. Fernald, p. 100. Moths from Florida by W. H. Edwards, p- 103.. Variability of Anticarsia by A. R. Grote, p. 103. Book Notices, p. 103. Postscript, p. 104. Contents, p. III. and IV. Index, p. 105.

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North American Entomolovist

Editor: A. R. GROTE. Publishers: Reinecke, Zesch & Baltz, Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences. 500 Main Strect, Buffalo, N.Y. Vol. 1. JULY, 18792.

No. 1.

Ey) ea a" A Gs

With this we offer to the reader the first number of our publication in the hope that it will meet with a kind reception. We shall en- deavour to present a series of original articles of value both to the specialist and the agriculturist on the subject of North American insects, and in addition notices of current entomological literature will be given. The issue will be monthly and as many illustrations as “possible will be furnished. Westrust that our undertaking may be sustained and prove successful as a medium for conveying reliable information to its readers. Our best efforts will be given to attain

these results.

NEW COLEOPTERA

Y

John L. LeConte, M. D, (Plate 1. Figs. 1—6.) CROSSIDIUS, Lec. C. Allgewahri, Lec. Bull. U. 5. Geological & Geographical Survey (Hayden); Bull. LV, ‘461.

Piceous without lustre, very densely clothed with dirty-yellow hair. Prothorax rounded on the sides, which are feebly or not at all tu- berculate ; punctures dense, concealed by the hair. Elytra densely and finely, but not distinctly punctured, rounded at tip; sides broadly testaceous, blending imperceptibly with the dark color. Beneath testaceous, very hairy, antennae and legs black. Length 10—13.3 mm, :

ATLANTA, IDAHO, 6.800 feet elevation ; collected by Mr. L. All- gewahr, to whom I dedicate it as a mark of his worthy appreciation

2 of the importance of scientific investigations. The specimens were kindly given me by Mr. Reinecke.

This species is more nearly related to C. humeralis than to the others in my collection, but differs from it as from them, by the very finely punctured elytra. A table of the differences between the species will be found in my New Species of Coleoptera (Smith- sonian 8 vo.) p. 169.

In the smaller specimen, there is a faint and perhaps illusive appearance of a lateral prothoracie tubercle, which is produced mainly by the projection of hairs.

LAEMOPHLOEUS, Lap.

L. convexulus. Lec. Robust, in form like LZ. adustus, Lec., slightly convex, piceous, finely and sparsely pubescent. Head together with the eyes, as ‘wide as the ‘prothorax, eyes small, convex ; anterior margin of front slightly emarginate, surface finely punctured, front with a broad vague transverse impression. Prothorax very trans- verse, narrowed behind, finely punctured ; sides finely margined, rounded in front, with a small tooth near the front angles, which are subacute, oblique behind; hind angles obtuse, with a small prominent tooth or cusp at their tips; the discoidal line each side is well marked and nearly parallel with the side margin. Elytra not wider than the prothorax, sutural stria impressed ; the other striae are represented by rows of punctures, and the interspaces are sparsely punctured. Under surface shining, sparsely punctured. Length 2—2.7 mms.

4. Antennae slender, nearly as long as the body; mandibles long and slender, not toothed near the tip,

@. Antennae about half as long as the body, three outer joints slightly thicker ; mandibles long, less slender, with an acute tooth near the tip.

Buffalo, N. Y., and Port Huron, Mich. Collected by Mr. Reinecke and by Messrs. Hubbard and Schwarz. I have mentioned this species by name in the List of Michigan Coleoptera (Proce. Am. Phil. Soe. 1878, 682. It differs from L. adustus chiefly by the dark color, denser punctuation and more distinct pubescence, but has no resemblance to any other species in our fauna.

TROGLODERUS, n. g. ['TENEBRIONIDAE.]

Belongs to the tribe Scaurini. Body elongate, rough, opake. Head densely cribrate, slightly prolonged behind the eyes, which

|

3 are transverse and reniform ; front prolonged, covering the labrum, sides dilated and slightly reflexed; surface feebly convex at the middle, broadly concave each side, transversely impressed, with a small deep fovea on the vertex. Antennae with the 3rd joint as long as the two following, 11th slightly narrower than the 10th. Mentum narrow, rounded in front, with two discoidal impressions; inner lobe of maxillae with a corneous hook. Prothorax emarginate in front, rounded on the sides, then narrowed and sinuate to the basal angles, which are prominent; disc coarsely and confluently cribrate, with two deep oval foveae occupying nearly the whole of the median line. Hlytra with the suture and four costae each side acutely elevated ; flanks rather widely embracing the abdomen. Prosternum produced and acute behind the coxaec: mesosternum broadly concave. Intercoxal process of Ist ventral segment broader than long, seg- ments 1-3 diminishing in length, 4th short. Under surface sparsely and strongly granulate.

Front thighs armed with a broad tooth ; front tibiae curved and serrate on the outer edge, apical angle produced. 'Tarsi setose.

T. costatus, n.s. Hlongate, dirty black, opake. Mead and prothorax coarsely, confluently cribrate, the latter with two deep dorsal foveae. Elytra elongate oval, with suture and four discoidal costae acutely elevated, intermediate FELT: deep and broad, subreticulate. Length 12.5 mms.

Rock Creek, Owyhee Co., Idaho. Mr. Chas. Lichtenfeld ; one specimen kindly given me by Mr. Reinecke ; others are in the col- lections of Dr. Horn and Mr. Bolter. This may perhaps be con- sidered as representing in North America the Scofobius group.

AMBLYOTIS, n. g. [MELANDRYIDAE.]

Head inclined, without formal suture ; eyes transverse, reniform, finely granulated. Antennae longer than half the body, broadly compressed, serrate ; 3d jomt as long as Ist and 2nd united, the latter triangular, about + as long as the Ist, 11th joint longer than wide, outer half ateone narrower. Palpi, maxillary not as long as the head ; 1st joint small, slender ; 2nd triangular longer than wide; 3rd triangular as wide as long, outer apical angle acute, and outer side longest ; 4th oval-subtriangular, outer side curved, apical angle rounded ; it is not longer and rather narrower than the 3rd joint ; labial small, cylindrical. Front coxae large, eenical, contiguous ; middle coxae long, contiguous for the posterior half of their length. Tibiae with acute well-developed spurs. ‘Tarsi, front, dilated, 4th joint emarginate ; IMZiddle slender, 1st joint nearly as long as the 3

4

following united, 5th joint as long as the 3rd: hind long slender, 1st joint longer than the other 3 united, 4th as long as the 3rd; claws entire, with a very small bisetose onychium. Prothorax nearly semicircular, not margined at the side, coxal cavities with a distinct fissure ; prosternum short, ventral segments equal in length.

This genus belongs to the group Serropalpi, in which it is easily distinguished by the compressd antennae, (resembling those of Calopteron), contiguous middle coxae, (otherwise seen only in Xyhia), and peculiar form of maxillary palpi. It has an extraordinary Lampyriform appearance, probably not explicable on mimetic principles.

1.9 praeses, 1. sp. Elongate velvety black, finely pubescent ; pro- thorax bright fulvous with a broad black dorsal stripe and another each side, partly on the under, partly on the upper surface, but not attaining the front margin. Length 12.6 mms.

Prothorax nearly semicircular, colored as above mentioned, feebly truncate in front, broadly bisinuate behind, with the basal angles acute ; disc with atransverse impression each side about the middle, and a large shallow triangular basal one each side, extending nearly to the hind angle. Elytra each with four elevated lines. One spe- cimen collected by Mr. O. Reinecke near Buffalo, has been kindly given to me by that gentleman; another has since been found by Mr. F. Zesch, in the same locality.

RHINOSIMUS, Larr.

R. viridiaeneus. hynchites virid. Randall, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. ii, 22: Sprague, Proc. Bost. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1875, 382.

Specimens found by Mr. Remecke near Buffalo, which I refer to— this species, differ from J, nitens, Lec. by narrower and more conyex elytra, with the punctures arranged in more regular rows, with fewer punctures on the interspaces: the elytra are quite as deeply impressed near the base, and the color is more brilliantly metallic. Length 3.5 mms.

I do not regard these differences as specific, and am _ therefore disposed to place R. nitens, Lee. New Spec. Col. 168 as a synonym. The three species of this genus in our fauna are easily distin- guished by the form of the beak; they are all of the same size :

Beak broad, flat, parallel, not longer than wide; [Alaska].

1. aeneirostris, Mann.

Beak one half longer than wide, slightly broader at tip; [Cali-

fornia] 2. pallipes, Boh,

N. Am. Ent. Vol. 1 Plate |

1. Crossidius Allgewahri, Lec. 4, Amblyctis praeses, Lec, 2. Laemophloeus convexulus, Lec. os Rhinosimus viridiaeneus, Randall. 3, Trogloderus costatus, Lec. 6. Zeugophora Reineckei, Grote. i

5

Beak twice as long as wide, narrowed at the middle, wider at tip; [ Maine, Canada, &c. | 3. viridiaeneus.

Description of ZHUGOPHORA REINECKEI.

BY

A. R. GROTE. (Plate 1. Fig.6., a.]

Zeugophora Reineckei, u. sp. Entirely honey-yellow, with separated and regular shallow punctures, each of them giving rise to a single hair. Thorax with a strong lateral projection before which it is excavate, the sides parallel behind. Length 3 mms.

This species differs from puberula ia color and in being more sparsely punctate, while the thorax is more deeply excavate in front before the lateral tubercle; from consanguinea it also differs in the shape of the thorax, color and sculpture.

Several specimens taken on the silver poplar about Buffalo, N. Y. by Mr. Ottomar Reinecke, for whom the species is named.

FRUIT AND FARM. LTH E CODLING MOTH.

[CARPOCAPSA POMONELLA. |

The Codling Moth, like the cabbage butterfly, (Pieris rapae,) is “imported stock; but, unlike the latter, its natural enemies not being imported with it, to keep it in check, its path of destruction has been quite unobstructed. The peculiar habits of this moth and its larva render it quite safe from the attaek of most bird and in- sect enemies.

The first moths leave their pupa case, where they have been sleeping for nine months, about the time the earliest apples are the size of hazel nuts, and continue to come for some time; others come later in the season. The last of the first brood are probably a month behind the first in putting in their appearance. The same may be said of the second brood. ‘The female soon proceeds to lay her eggs, probably 200, laying but a single egg in the blossom end of the fruit. If another moth has been ahead of her, she will not deposit, but will find fresh fruit; dying soon after laying all her eggs. The egg hatches and the young larvae finds a soft spot just within the calyx to enter the fruit. Here it remains for a few days,

6

feeding just beneath the skin, after this it goes direct for the core where it feeds until full grown [about 25 days]. Then it cuts a passage out, usually through the cheek, but does not come out im- mediately, plugging up the hole with its chips, probably to wait for a quiet dark night to make the exit. It is quite certain that it’ leaves the fruit at night, when it is safe from birds. As a rule the early apples fall with the worm in them, but the later ones do not. After leaving the fruit the worm crawls to the trunk to find some place of concealment. The loose bark seems its natural hiding place. Here it spins a thin silken cocoon and in from 9 to 15 days ac- cording to the temperature, the moth issues. The larvae that leave the apples in September do not produce moths until the fo-- lowing June.

The codling moth is a wary insect and is not easily captured. Its larva on the contrary is quite easily ensnared. The moth seems to shun both sun and artificial light, is seldom if ever found flut- tering round our lamps as many moths do, so that fires or lamps burned in the orchard, would be quite useless so far as destroying the codling moth is concerned.

All practical fruit growers agree that the paper bandages are the simplest, and in fact the only reliable method of trapping the lar- vae of the codling-moth, and middle of June is the time to prepare for a thorough campaign against this our worst enemy to pip fruit.

Procure common tough wrapping paper cut. into strips six or eight inches wide and long enough to go round the trees with an inch or two to lap, fold this once and pass round the trunk of the tree, the opening downward so as not to fill with water, and fasten with a single tack pressed into the bark with the thumb. Apply these bandages as soon as the fruit has set, examine every ten days until September by removing the bands and kill all worms found under or in the fold of the paper. :

In order to grow nice sound fruit do not neglect to bandage the trees; destroy all fallen fruit; scrape the old loose bark off the trees, for this is the natural hiding place of the codling-moth larvae. This work must be attended to every year, as they cannot be ex- terminated at once, it will take time and perseverance. Do not be discouraged because neighbors neglect their orchards.

These bands should be put on the trees about the 20th of June and examined every ten days, until all the fruit is gathered. The Imago or perfect moth has been figured and described quite fre- quently, still there are few fruit-growers that have made its ac-

7 quaintance or would recognize the dusky little moth. A short description may not be out of place here. When at rest the wings are folded closely over the body, covered or roofed so as to com- pletely conceal the lower wings, abdomen and legs. In color it closely resembles the bark of an apple tree, being a dull grey with fine dark lines drawn transversely over the wings. On the inner extremity of the upper wings there is a large bright blotch of bronze. When the wings are expanded, it shows a beautiful pair of glossy, light brown lower wings, fringed with silvery white. Expanse of wings about { of an inch, varying somewhat, the female being larger than the male. C2 Dez.

BOON OTMCES. PsycoE. 1879, Vol. Il, No. 60. . April.

Ritey, ©. V. (p. 225). The nervous system and salirary glands of Phylloxera. (The author acknowledges that Dr. E. L. Mark, in Psyche for January, is correct in his criticism, and that in the author’s previous illustration of the anatomy of Phylloxera he had mistaken the breath- ing for the neryous system. Further the author believes, in opposition to Cornu, that the swellings are caused by the action of the salivary fluid of Phyllovera acting as an irritant to the circulation of the vine and not that the swellings are produced solely by the mechanical action of the tongue disturbing the processes of the growth of the plant. Quotes at some length from his Report on the Insects of Missouri, 1873, pag. 70.)

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 1879, Vol. XI, No.3, April.

Wo. SAuNDERS, (p. 41.) Insect Powder.

FreNcuH, G. H. [pag. 45]. A new species of Arctia. [Describes from Illinois Arctia rectilinea n.s. from the imago, without any comparison with allied species. |

SprAGUE, F. H. [p. 46]. Notes from Wollastan, Mass.

Srewers, C.G. [p. 47]. The tails of Gallimorpha interrupto-margi- nata¢ Figure of the lateral anal processes which were ‘cut in segments and sparsely covered with short hairs, semi-transparent and evidently air-inflated.”

Epwarps, W. H. [p. 49]. Description of New Species of Butterflies collected by Mr. H. K. Morrison, in Nevada, 1878; also, remarks on some errors of synonyms and arrangement. [Describes Argynnis Laura n. s., Satyrus Paulus, n. s., Pholisora oricus n. s.|

8

LintNER, J. A. (p. 44). The Clover-seed fly, a new Insect Pest (Describes Cecidomyia trifolii n. s. from the larva alone.)

Grotr, A. R. (p. 56). Descriptions of two species of Agrotis and two of Apatela. (Describes Agrotis vocalis, n. s., A. vernilis, N.S., both from Colorado, Apatela distans, n. s., Montreal, A, parallela, Colorado. This latter has since been received from Belfrage collected in Texas.)

Fries, Tuos. W. (p. 60). Notes on three species of Xylocopa. (X. micans from Texas, X. varipuncta n. s. from Arizona, X. fimbriata from Californi: iia)

Noectuidzve of North America. ‘BY A. R. GROTE, A. M. Part 1, pp. 28, with photographic plate, notes and descriptions (Bom- bicidae and Noctuelitae (Nonfasciatae) Price $1.00.

Part 2, with prefatory note in reply to Edwards and Hagen on Hub- ner, (Noctuelitae (fasciatae) Deltoides and Noctuo-Phlaenide.) Price, 75 cts.

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North American Entomologist

Editor: A, R. GROTE. Publishers: Reinecke, Zesch & Baliz, Buffalo Society of Natural Soiences, 500 Main Street, Buffalo, N.Y. Vol. 1. AUGUST, 1879. No. 2.

On the Neuration in certain genera of Pyralidae.

By A. R. Grote, (Plate 2.)

The present paper is supplementary to one already published in the Bulletin of the U. 8. Geological and Geographical Survey, Vol. IV, No. 3, pp. 669—705. I give here a Plate with the neura- tion of representative N. Am. species of certain genera of pipaschiae wand Phycidue. These figures have been previously published by me and are now in part slightly corrected and I have gone over the ground, originally studied by myself for the paper above referred to, for the second time for the sake of obtaining greater accuracy in the description of the neurational characters.

EPIPASCHIAE, Grote 18s.

Epipaschia, Clemens 1860.

EPIPASCHIA SUPERATALIS, Clem. (Plate II, Fig. 1.)

Fore-wings with vein 5 joined to 4 by a very short cross vein; 5 out of 7% about a fourth from the origin of 6; 9 out of 8, a very short furcation; 1 sometimes (?) furcate at base ; 5 prolonged inwardly beyond the point where the closure of the cell is indicated above and below. Hind wings with vein 5 twice joined to 4 by a short cross-vein. (The second cross-vein is accidentally omitted in the figure ; it is plainly visible in my preparation; vein 1 is simple in one preparation; Clemens makes it furcate as it seems to be in a second example.

Mochlocera, Zeller, 1576.

MocHLocerRA ZELLERI, Grote. (Plate II, Fig. 2.)

Neuration of pipaschia but on primaries vein 1 is simple at base; vein 5 is not inwardly prolonged and yein 8 is thrown off from 7% at about one third from the origin of 6, a little nearer the origin of 9, which latter is longer, being here thrown off before the point of its origin in Hpipaschia. On secondaries vein 5 is once joined to 4 by a short cross-vein.

10 Cacozelia, Grote, 1877. CACOZELIA BASIOCHREALIS, Grote. (Plate II, Fig. 3.) Like Mochlocera but vein 1 is distinctly furcate at base while veins 4 and 5 intersect on primaries. On the hind~- wings the cell is all- most entirely closed and veins 4 and 5 intersect.

Toripalpus, Grote, 1877. TORIPALPUS BREVIORNATALIS, Grote, (Plate II, Fig. 4.)

Fore-wings with vein 1 simple, the cell almost closed; 5 from the cross - vein close to 4; 8 out of 7 at more than one third from the origin of 6; 9 out of 8, a longer furcation than usual. Hind-wings with the cell closed; 4 and 5 joined; 5 a continuation of the discal vein; 6 and 7 from one point; 8 free.

Tetralopha Zeller, 1548. (Plate I, Fig. 5.)

The figure is given here of the neuration of a female belonging to an undescribed Texan species. Fore wings 11-veined. The fe- male wing is destitute of the male vitreous spot and costal fold which latter is fringed. Veins 4 and 4 intersect. Veins 8 out of 7, 9 out of 8. Hind wings &-veined; 8 out of 7; 4 and 5 joined from

one stem. PH MCGLBAKE:

Acrobasis Zeller. ACROBASIS RUBRIFASCIELLA, Pack, (Plate II, Fig. 6.) Fore-wings with 11 veins; 4 and 5 from one point; hind-wings with 8 veins; the cross vein nearly complete; 4 and 5 together at the extremity of submedian vein; 8 running close to 7, but free.

Pempelia Huebner. PEMPELIA PRAVELLA, Grote. (Plate II, Fig &.)

Fore-wings IL veined; 4 and 5 from a short stalk. Hind-wings 8 veined; 4 and 5 from a common stalk beyond the extremity of the cell and appearing as the continuation of the cross-vein. The median vein throws off 2 and 3; the stalk of 4 and 5 runs near 3, but only touches it at a single point, sweeping by it, and becoming the concave cross-vein which on the upper side returns to form a prolongation to vein 6. This form differs from Pempelia as defined by Heinemann by the hind wings being 8-veined, and in that 4 and 5 of the primaries spring from a common stock; from Salebria also by the latter character,

11 : Salebria, Zeller. SALEBRIA Fusca, Haw. (Plate II, Fig. 7.)

Fore-wings 11-veined, with veins 4 and 5 separate. Hind - wings with 8 veins, 2 near the lower angle of the cell. The destinetion from Pempelia proper consists in the 8-veined secondaries. In the North American Specimens here described, yein 5 runs alongside and touching 4 at base, 4 leaving 5 at a point about midway detween the cell and external margin. (In the figure, veins 7—10 are too crowded.)

Nephopteryx, Zeller. NEPHOPTERYX OVALIS, Pack. (Plate II, Fig. 9.)

Fore-wings are 11-veined; the hind - wings 8-veined. Veins 4 and ® have a separate origin on primaries, the hind-wings have 4 and 5 from a common stalk connected by a short vein with 3, sweeping by and forming the cross-yvein.

Pinipestis, (rote. PINTPESTIS ZIMMERMANT, Grote. (Plate I, Fig. 10.)

Fore-wings 11-veined with veins 4 and 5 running close together a base, but having a separate origin. Hind-wings 8-veined, vein running close to 4, but independent and continuous with the cross vein.

{ 5

Honora, (rote. TIONORA MELLINELLA, Grote. (Plate Tl, Fig. 11.)

Fore- wings 11-veined, 4 and 5 fureate ; hind- wings ?-veined, 5 wanting, 3 and 4 furcate on a long stem just before the margin ; 6 continuous with the discal cross-vein on the upper corner of the cell; 8 out of 7, a short furcation; 2 out of the lower angle of the cell, which is closed.

Dakruma, (rrote.

DAKRUMA TURBATELLA, Grote. (Plate II, Fig. 12.)

Fore-wings with 11 veins, the cell closed by a fold; 4 and 4 fur- eate from a single stem; 8 out of 7. Hind - wings 7 veined, cell closed by a fold; the subcostal vein joined to the costal by a short branch beyond the closure of the cell; 8 out of 7, a very short fur- cation before apices; 3 and 4 furcate just beyond the cross vein. This genus differs from Homeosoma by the 11 - veined primaries and the absence of suprabasal constriction at the male antennae; on the hind-wings, veins 3 and 4 furcate beyond the cell.

12 Homeosoma, Curtis: IfoMEOSOMA STYPTICELLA, Grote, (Plate IT, Fig. 13.)

Fore-wings with 10 veins; 4 and 5 from a rather long stem, vein 8 wanting. Hind-wings with 7 veins; veins 3 and 4 have a separate origin out of the lower angle of the cell; 8 out of 7, a very short fureation before apices.

Anerastia, Huebner. ANERASTIA HAEMATICA, Zeller. (Plate I, Fig. 14.)

Fore - wings with 10 veins; median vein 3-branched, a single re- presenting 4 and 5. Hind- wings with 7 veins; 3 and 4 fureate on a long stem; 2 before the lower angle of the cell.

INE VV Eee Neer Collected by G. W. BELFRAGE. ; By Aug. R. Grote.

Apatela tota n. s. One male specimen of a species with whitish secondaries showing trace of a mesial dotted line and allied to Radelifei. Fore wings of the same soft gray; a basal black and narrow streak connects with the inner line of the geminate transverse anterior line, but does not go beyond it. This transverse line is even, faint, separate, with a median indentation where it receives the basal streak. Ordinary spots very small, orbicular minute, both concolorous, ringed, open. ‘Transverse posterior line nearer the margin than in Radeliffei, of the same general shape, faintly outlined. Fringes gray tipped with white, narrowly interrupted with dark gray. Head and. thorax darker gray. Tegulae at the sides next the wings striped with deep brown preceded by a few white scales; abdomen gray. Beneath primaries whitish gray with distinct extra mesial flexuous shade line. Secondaries white, with dusky costa, discal black dot, extra mesial dotted line, and terminal broken line. Fore feet dark inwardly, body beneath whitish. Expands 30 mil.

This species is a little smaller than its Northern ally, with reduced ordinary spots and more whitish, while the position of the outer lines is nearer the margins aboye and below and on both pair of wings.—Belfrage sends me a fresh specimen under the number 698.

Mamestra Beanii, Grofe, Can. Ent., 9, Si. Among interesting captures by Mr. Belfrage in Clifton, Bosque Co., Texas, is an example of Mamestra Beanii, Grote, hitherto found only in Illinois. It is an interesting robust form, larger than Jubens, and approaching

ee

15 legitima and purpurissata in color, more like the former which it exceeds in size but next to which it may be placed.

Palindia dominicata, Guen., I, 276. (Plate II, Fig. 1.) This species described by Guenee as from Brazil, has been taken by Belfrage Oct. 21st. It is a showy Noctuid, the fore wings satiny white with their outer third brown, magined by an inwardly arcuate line or band shaded infer- iorly ocherous. The white field of the wing is crossed by a broad brown outwardly oblique band cutting it in two parts, the outer a narrow triangle tapering to submedian space where the band joins the dark portion of the wing. Hind wings tinted with light yellow with a costal brown shade and a bright brown spot at the middle of the outer margin surmounting a black ocellate spot. Two incomplete transverse brown lines are medially visible. The fringe is brown and seems slightly exserted opposite the median brown spot, else yellowish becoming dusky at apices; a fine brown terminal line. Head and collar brown; thorax and abdomen satiny white, the latter touched with yellow at tips. Beneath ocherous with the brown markings of upper surface less distinctly repeated.

This species is an interesting addition to our United States fauna, but it is doubtful whether it breeds in Texas. Belfrage sends me a good specimen under the number 725. Guenee gives the expanse of this broadly winged form as 34 mil.; the specimen sent me by Belfrage expands fully 39 mil.

FRUIT AND FARM. THE BLACK KNOT.

[SPHAERTA Morsosa.|

This disease so well .known to fruit growers, was, by some observ- ers and at one time, believed to be caused by insects, but through the researches of Prof. W. G. Farlow and Mr. C. H. Peck it has been definitely decided to be caused by a parasitic fungus, called by Schweinitz Sphaeria Morbosa. In the following account we use free- ly Prof. W. G. Farlow’s article published by the Bussey Institution.

The appearance of the knot at its perfection is very much the same, no matter upon what species of Prunus it is growing. If in midsummer or winter we make a cross section of a knot in a branch more than a year old we shall find one more layer of wood on the sound side of the stem than on the side of the knot. In other words : on one side the growing power has extended itself in form-

14

ing a new layer of wood and bark, and, on the other, irritated by the presence of the fungus, it has produced a mass, the knot, in which all distinction between wood and bark has been lost. The condition of the interior of the knot, in its later stages, is modified very much by the depredations of insects, as well as by the drying and crumbling of the tissue itself. On the wild cherries, the outer part is generally a mere shell and the internal part is nearly empty, On the plum, the interior is more apt to be honeycombed ; and we do not unfrequently have a very hard layer next the wood, com- posed of thick-walled, dotted cells. The knot on cultivated cherries is intermediate between that on wild cherries and that on plums. The condition of the interior of the knot has an important bearing on the propogation of the disease. Where it is hollow and the outer part brittle, as in the choke cherry, it is easy to see that the spore- bearing portion will readily be broken up, and the spores blown about without difficulty. When it is more solid, as in the plum, the spores will be displaced less easily ; and we can see how by the action of the weevil or curculio in boring into the knot and mak- ing the tissue more spongy, it is facilitating the dispersion of the spores of the fungus when they shall ripen; and on the other hand, the knot tends to increase the number of curculios, by offering a suitable place for the deposit of their eggs. As arule the trees once attacked by the knot grow more and more diseased, both by the ex- tension downward and upward on the stem of the old knots, and by the production of new ones from the germination and growth of the old knots on other branches which have been proviously free from them. More and more of the smaller branches are killed by the girdling effect of the knots and the nutrition of the larger is evidently so decidedly impaired that the trees bear no fruit and ultimately die. In a few cases the branches seem able to recover from the scars which indicate the previous seat of the disease.

This fungus has its proper home on our wild species of cherry and plum and from thence attacks our cultivated varieties. The fungus is the same on either cherry or plum, from direct experi- ment Prof. Farlow has proven that spores on the choke cherry will germinate and produce knots in healthy plum trees. The three kinds of North American trees on which the black knot naturally occurs are the choke- cherry (Prunus Virginiana); the bird-cherry (Prunus Pen- sylvanica) ; the wild plum (Prunus Americana). It appears that no variety of the cultivated plum is not subject to the attack of the black-knot, while some variety of the cultivated cherry seem to resist

15 its attacks. On other species of our native trees belonging to the genus Prunus, the black-knot has not yet been positively detected, such as the beach-plum (Prunus maritima); the rum cherry (Prunus serotina) and the Chickasaw plum (Prunus Chickasa).

To prevent the disease in cherry and plum orchards, the following treatment is recommended. When a knot makes its appearance, the branch should be cut off a short distance below the slight swelling of the stem, which is found just below the knot. When cut off, the branches should be burnt, to prevent the spores from spreading the disease. The question arises as to the best time for cutting off the diseased branches. We should say, cut them off whenever one sees them. Not only should diseased branches of cultivated cherries and plums be removed, but all means should be taken to destroy the choke cherry, the bird cherry and the wild plum, in the neighbor- hood of orchards. In New England, particularly, the choke cherry can only be regarded as a pest. We notice that Mr. Emerson, in the new edition of his ‘l'rees and shrubs of Massachusetts,’ reecom- mends the choke cherry as worthy of cultivation on account of its beauty. However opinions may differ as to its beauty, there can only be one as to its injurious influence on cherry and plum orchards ; and it cannot be too strongly impressed upon fruit growers, that the choke cherry is a most dangerous enemy, and should be destroyed. It is quite time that it was generally understood, that many of our herbaceous and shrubby plants cause, or at any rate, Increase disease in our vegetables and fruit trees. ‘he farmer destroys caterpillars wherever and whenever he finds them, why should he not also cut down and destroy all trees and shrubs which carry a contagious disease into his orchards ?

NOETCH.

The attention of Entomologists is directed to the annual meeting of the ENromoLoaists CLus of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, which will be held at Saratoga on Tuesday, August 26., at which all interested are invited to be present.

BOOK NOTICES: BULLETIN OF THE BROOKLYN ENTOMOLOGICAL Society, 1879, APRIL. GRAEF E. L. (p. 93). On Acronycta Walkeri and Orthosia lutosa Andrews. (The author, after an examination of Andrews’ types, re- fers Walkeri as a synonym to alborufa, and considers lutosa as a species probably previously unnamed.)

16 A new and practical apparatus for preparing larvae Xe, (p. 93.) (Extract, with illustration, from Dr. Ratter’s Kntomologischen Nachrichten, 1879, vol. V, p. 7)

Scuauppe F, G. (p. 95.) On synonymical and varietal names. (The author opposes Mr. Austin in his Presidential address where the lat- ter protests against ignoring varietal names. The author cites Le Conte’s article in Bull. Buff. Soc. Nat. Sci. 1874, 226, in support of his views.)

CANADIAN ENToMmoLoGiIsT, 1879, April. CiAypoLe E. W. (p. 61.) The scientific names of Insects. Parron W. IL. (p. 64). Descriptions of several new Proctotrupidae and Chrysididae. (Describes Proctotru- pes crenulatus, Gonatopus contortulus, Notozus marginatus, Chrysis ver- ticalis all from Connecticut. Also Cleptes alienu from Wyoming, and Chrysis martia from Lower Canada.)

WorTHINGTON C. E. (p. 68). Collecting about Chicago in 1578. (Gives list of Noctuidae taken from May to October.)

CHAMBERS, V.'T. (p. 72). Microlepidoptera. (The author describes Lithocolletis deceptusella un. s. (allied to crataegella) and discusses L. Scudderella, which he now distinguishes from salicifoliella. Also remarks on the American species of yonetia, referring Lith, nidificausella, Packard’s Guide, plate 8, figs, 19 and 19a, to this genus.)

FRENCH, G. H. (p. 76). Some new species of Noctuidae. (Describes at length, but without comparison with known species, Dicopis vitis (of this also larva on grape vine, and pupa), Orthosia signata, Heliothis Illinoiensis, all from single females.)

I owe to Prof. French the privilege of examining his types of these species. Dicopis vitis is nothing but Mamestra distincta Hubner; Helio- this illinoiensis is Pyrrhia illiterata and Orthosia signata is the species L have identified as Glaea wnchocelioides Guen., a form which curiously resembles Agrotis alternatu but may be distinguished by the unarmed tibiae. A. R. G.

Then follows an Obituary notice of the late English Hymenopterist Frederick Smith and Correspondence, among which latter a note from, Mr. Edw. Burgess, “protesting against the publication of such names as appear in Mr. Whitney’s recent paper on 'Tabanidae.”

PsycHe, May — June, 1879, Vol. II, No. 61—62.

GISSLER CARL F. (233 et seq.) The anatomy of Amblychila eylindriformis Say (vith lithographic plate I).

di THE

North American Entomologist

Editor: A. R. GROTE. Publishers: Reinecke, Zesch & Ballz, Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences. 500 Main Street, Buffalo, N.Y.

Vol. tI. SEPTEMBER, 1879. No. 35.

By JAMES S. Barigy, A. M.> M.D. (Plate III.)

Within a few feet of my office window stands a plumtree of fifteen years growth, which, until 1876, had been thrifty and fruit- ful, when it was attacked by a lepidopterous borer. The first evidence noticed was the fading and dropping of its foliage. The pupa cases were not discovered until 1877, and, owing to an unac- quaintance with their habits, the moths were not found until June 1878.

Since 1876 there has been a gradual decay of the tree, the bark and alburnum have become furrowed and cracked and many of the lower branches have perished, but, unlike the ravages of Cossus Centerensis upon Populus tremuloides, the terminal branches of the Plum tree are comparatively sound. During this year, 1879, while the season for collecting Lepidoptera is at least a fortnight behind that of 1878, the Aegeriae were earlier, the first captures being made May 25, and at this date seven pupa cases were counted protruding through the bark.

The moths emerge during June and July; the most favorable time of day for their exit is between 8 and 10 o’clock A.M. The daily captures have been during these months from one to five when the weather was fair, but, during rainy and cloudy days, they do not leave the pupa, although a very little sunshine will bring them out.

One cluster of eges, ninety two im number, was found, laid on the under surface of loosened bark within six inches of the root.

During rainy days the caterpillars have been observed erawling out of the openings in the bark and extending for more than half their length, reaching in «a cirele around their apertures and drinking the moisture from the bark. More Aegerias have been captured on

18 the tree than Pupa cases were counted, it is believed that they came from neighboring trees having been attracted by sexual instincts.

While the pupa cases of Aegeria exitiosa and pictipes are identical in appearance, the female imagines are quite unlike. Hitiosa is said also to unhabit the Plum as well as the Peach tree, and for a time pictipes was supposed to be eaitiosa, although the characteristic female of this species had not been captured.

When examples were brought to the notice of Prof. A. R. Grote, he immediately recognized them as pictipes and as haying been described by Grote & Robinson.

Aegeria pictipes also has its ichneumon which has frequently been observed industriously exploring first one orifice and then another, searching for a subject in which to deposit its eggs.

On examining the trunk of the Plumtree, the home of <Aegeria pictipes, the surface of the bark was found in places perforated with holes made by the pupa forcing itself through to give exit to the imago; in other places the bark was cracked and its edges turned outward, disclosing underneath the alburnum split and the exposed surface of the wood covered with pieces of the bark gnawed fine by the caterpillars in tunneling their path beneath the cortex and next to the alburnum.

In places pupa cells were found constructed with the fine sawdust cemented with gum and slightly excavated into the surface of the sapwood; on laying them open the pupa lay concealed with the head pointing to and in contact with the perforations in the bark. At other situations there was a fluid gummy exudation underneath the bark in which were found caterpillars in various stages of growth from that of a fine entomological pi to the full grown caterpillar; near the cracked and furrowed places were found pupa cells containing dead pupae and in close proximity were found dessecated caterpillars which had perished from exposure to rain and sunshine. In no place was the alburnum perforated by the caterpillar, but equal parts of the sapwood and bark was scarafied to form a channel for the pas- sage of the worm. ‘This condition was throughout a distance of eight feet the length of the tree trunk, the body was inclined towards the east, the bowing portion facing the west, this portion contained the fissured bark and wood, also the dead caterpillars and pupae. As with other families of borers when the imago is ready for exit, the pupa pushes itself half its length through the bark, where it is exposed to the drying influence of the atmosphere and sunshine, the case

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i 19

splits open and the Aegeria escapes and crawls upward on the bark for a few inches when, in the course of five minutes, the wings of the insect ere fully developed and ready for flight. Its first attempts are made with a jerking flight outward and upward for a distance of two feet from the trunk, which it returns to within a few inches of its starting point. It is then easily captured by placing the cyanide bottle over it. In the sunlight the peculiarity of the striped legs of this species in flight makes it quite conspicuous, it can be easily recognized at some considerable distance. It is a matter of surprise that a single tree could nourish so many parasites, bear fruit and still survive for five years. A large number of larvae must have been destroyed dur- ing the last two winters; the tree has been visited several times by the Hairy Woodpecker, Picus villosus, and at each visitation the insect-feeding bird has worked industriously for a considerable length of time, exploring the bark in search of larva and undoubtedly suc- ¢eeding in storing its crop with many examples. The following de- seription of the Plum-tree borer is partly taken from Grote and Robinson’s original paper.

The full grown larva is about 18 m.m. in length, of a pale yellow color. The prothoracic segment is yellowish brown above with darker edges. The head is bright mahogany brown, with a few scattered hairs; mandibles almost black with three strong teeth. The 6,7,8 & 9th segments are provided with false feet. The segments have a brown dot on each side, which give rise to single light colored hairs, besides these there are two or three hairs on each segment, which form with those on the dots a line across the back.—The pupa is about 16 m.m.in length, brownish yellow, shining. The 5, 6, 7,8 and 9th abdominal segments have two rows of teeth on the. upper largest half; one row of these teeth is always larger than the other row on the same segment; these teeth increase in size towards the anal segment. The pre-anal and the anal segments have but one row of teeth, those on the latter being four or five times as large as the others, fewer in number and further apart. The abdo- minal tip is roughened. The cocoon is formed of powdered wood closely stuck together with silk and a gummy secretion; it is oval and about 20m.m. in length. The color of the insect is bluish black. Form rather slender. Eyes encircled with yellowish white scales and similar scales are at the base of the head above arranged longitudinally. The antennae are long, concolorous, bluish black. Labial palpi beneath, yellowish white, above these are blackish.

20

Thorax, above, bluish black, with yellowish borders to the tegulae within. Underneath, cyaneous, with a yellowish white spot at the side beneath and before insertion of the wings. Abdomen long, bluish black above, with the hind margin of the second basal seg- ment showing a very narrow, distinct, yellowish white band, which does not obtain inferiorly below the stigmatal line; anal tuft con- colorous. Beneath, cyanecous black, with a broader band on the fourth segment not obtaining above. Legs bluish black, the anterior femora narrowly lined with yellowish white on their outer edge, these scales extend outwardly at the base of the tibiae which else- where are bluish black; anterior tarsi with powdered yellowish white scales. Middle tibiae aud tarsi interrupted. with yellowish white scales. Hind tibiae neatly interrupted with yellowish white scales, at the base of the tibiae spurs, and again more prominently on the otherwise bluish black tarsi; the tibiae show some powdery white scales inwardly from the apex of the joint to the first pair of spurs.

Wings translucent or vitreous, almost entirely deprived of scales, the tegument with a yellowish stain. The blackish scales are limit- ted on the primaries to the extreme base of the wing, a narrow cos- tal border, the usual transverse bar at the extremity of the discal eell and the narrow edging of the external and internal margins. The secondaries are wholly pellucid, and show merely a very narrow terminal border continued to the base of the wing. Fringes short and blackish. Beneath, as above, but the costal scales from the base outwards are wholly or shaded with yellowish white to the discal bar, which, with the apical portion of the border, is black, and shows a narrow outer edging of yellowish white scales. Hapanse 15—16 mil. Length of body 21—22 mil. Habitat Atlantie District. (Penn., New York). The sexes resemble each other. The male antennae are provided with a double fringe of hairs beneath. The female antennae are simple; in both sexes closely scaled. The more purely vitreous wings and the spotted or narrowly banded legs give

this species a peculiarly strong hymenopteriform appearance, and

distinguishes it from any of our described North American species of the genus.

On the edge of the wings are three or four rows of superimposed layers of scales, laid like shingles on a house and yery evenly reaching to the edge of the wing and coyerimg the follicles into which are inserted the long filiform scales which go to make up the fringe of the wings. These follicles are 1|2000 of an inch apart.

9) These long scales are inserted in the follicles like a human hair, though the bulb is not so large. The bulbous portion of the scales is coy- ered by a delicate membrane which is usually left in the follicle in removing the scale. The shaft of the scale is filled with medul- lary substance resembling that of the human hair, and towards the broad expanded part of the scales this medullary substance separates and runs into the filiments. In the body of the scales are a nun- ber of pigment cells.,

The hairs at the base of the wing are inserted in the same way and are apparently of the same structure as of the long cells, but bifurcate at one fifth of the distance of their length. The scales on the veins of the wings are compact and tliick and resemble those on the fringe, but are much longer and have more pigment patches.

The scales on the body magnified to 650 diameters are covered with numerous lines of equal distances apart with spaces of the width of each line intervening, and these lines are apparently tubes filled with medullary substances all connecting at or near the stem. Those on the body have numerous patches of pigment cells.

CATOCALA GROTIANA, n. sp. By James 8. Bartpy, A. M., M. D.

Allied to Briseis, but distinguishable by the white and broader, more continuous, subterminal shade across the fore wings. The fore wings are a bright blackish gray, like the darkest gray relicta; with- out any admixture of ochery or brown. Anterior line dentate, filled with white. Subreniform white, free from the outer line; a white shade on the cell before the reniform which is edged with white. Subtermmal space wider than in briseis, white. Posterior line more dentate than in Ddriseis. Fringes tipped with white. Secondaries bright pink, lighter and gayer colored than briseis. Median band tolorably even, abbreviate. No dark scales at base or along internal margin. Fringes white. Thorax dark gray. Beneath much as in Brise/s, but the median fascia on hind wings does not reach the margin. ‘This form seems larger than ZSriseis and expands three and one eighth

inches. My specimen isa ¢ in good condition and was taken in Colorado. This species is dedicated to Prof. A. R. Grote as a just tribute to one who has been untiring in his efforts to adyance Ento- mologie Science. Without his aid, North American Catocalae would have lacked systematic arrangement and classification. In appreciation

ry

of his service it is fitting that one of the most beautiful of this genus should bear his name.

FRUIT AND FARM.

REMEDY FOR BORERS.

The following remedy is given by Mr. Carpenter: Take a little bag and put a piece of soap in it and place it securely in the crotch of the tree so it can drip down the trunk with the rain, thus the trunk is always supplied with alkali and grease. No borers will be found infesting trees thus treated. August is the month in which most of the new hatched worms enter the trees. Their fresh bor- ings will be seen around the tree. It is supposed that the egg is deposited some time before. Another remedy in good practice in several States is to tie up little bundles of tobacco, place them in the crotches of the trees and leave them from year to year, repla- cing them with fresh quids of the weed as it becomes necessary.

PARIS GREEN.

From the first we have opposed the introduction of Paris Green as an insecticide. In 1875 we published a paper on the Colorado beetle, in which we showed that it was not poisonous and that the cases of poisoning might be, in part at least, ascribed to the mineral poi- son used on the vines. The annual loss by Paris Green of cows, sheep and horses is something considerable, we judge by the news- papers, and fatal cases of poisoning to persons are also reported. The Paris Green is blown into food by the winds quite often and we have heard of a picnic party being so poisoned. A great responsibil- ity rests with those who have been instrumental in. introducing Paris Green as an insecticide. The government has done nothing in the matter, but it might take example from the German Government and forbid the manufacture of arsenic for dyes or insect poisons. In New York State the loss to farmers from using Paris Green al- ready amounts to a large total and includes valuable horses, stallions, cows, sheeps and pigs, besides the cases of human poisoning which are reported in the newspapers, but the outcome of which does not always transpire. d.

}

aa ems hn Messier dE

~w ©

BOOK NOTICES. PsycueE. 1879, Vol. II, No. 63. July.

Riney, ©. V. (p. 249). Pupation of the Nymphalidae. (Observa- {ions on Vanessa antiopa. “The principal means by which the chrysalis holds on, and rises at the critical moment, is a stout liga- ment, which is, virtually, the shed intestinal canal; not alone the lining, but the whole organ, which, as we know, becomes subobsolete in the imago state of so many Lepidoptera. In addition to this rectal ligament there are two lateral ligaments which serve as auxi- liaries. These are the shed linings of the tracheae issuing from the ninth or last pair of spiracles, which im the chrysalis become closed or blind”.)

Patron, W.H. (p. 251). Is this Euchaetes collaris (Fitch) ?

THE CANADIAN EntTomo.Loaist. 1879, Vol. XI, No. 6, June.

Epwarps, W. H. (p. 101). Description of preparatory stages of Phyciodes nycteis. (‘Vycteis here (Coalburgh) feeds on Actinomeris syuarrosa, but will eat Aster, though it prefers the other plant decidedly”’.)

DEVEREAUX, W. L. (p. 105.) Captures: of Noctuidae at Clyde, Wayne Co., N. Y. (Gives a list of 125 species observed, principally at sugar, from April to October.)

Hagen Dr. H. (p. 110). Obnoxious Pests. — Suggestion relative to their destruction. (Refers to the experiments of Dr. Bail who “chas proved by numerous experiments that healthy insects brought in contact with mash and fed with it are directly infested by the spores of the fungus with fatal consequence.” The author thinks that “beer mash or deluted yeast should be apphed either with a syringe or a_ sprinkler,” and that it is important to make the trial with the “Colorado grasshopper.” The author's idea is that we might kill large numbers of insects by spreading among them the epizootic caused by the beer mash fungus or mould.)

Kenuicotr, D. 8. (p. 114). Observations on Nephopteryx Zimmer- mani. (The author has “found the moth’s galleries in both trunk and branch, both above and below the whorls (usually below), some- times completed girdling the stem, thus killing the portion above.” In diverse places in Oswego Co., N. Y., this borer was found and “it is so abundant in one locality, at least, that it proves a grave enemy to the young pines of second growth when the primitiye trees haye been remoyed by the Inmberman.”’)

24

Epwarps, W. H. (p. 117.) Description of a new species of me- litaea from Texas. (Describes J. Fulvia n. sp. from seyeral exam- ples taken by Mr. Jacob Boll in Western Texas.)

CuAamBers, V. TL (p. 118.) Micro-lepidoptera. Unites Gracilaria d-notella Ch., with G. fusciella Ch., drops tnornatella Ch. as a syno- nym and suggests that purpuriclla Ch. may be the European stigmatella.)

BULLETIN MENSUAL de la Société d’acclimatation, 1879. 3e Sére, ae Vis" No, 4. Avril.

De Nueros, FEDERICO PEREZ. (p. 226.) Relation des expériences faites on Espagne pour elever a Vair libre les Attacus Pernyi et Yamamai. (The author gives the results of his experience with their two silk producing moths in Catalonia. The experiments with Yume-mai were satisfactory and still more so with Pernyi. Cocoons of the latter obtained in the open air on Quercus pedun- culata weighed 12 grammes. The author gives an extended and interested account of his experience with Pernyi in the province of Guipuzcoa. He concludes that the breeding of Pernyi in a large scale in the open air is easy and remunerative. The worms, though their numbers are lessened by ants, mice ete., do well and are quite free from disease. The es of ae silk was satisfactory.)

Cheek List of N. Am. Noectuidze, BY A. R. GROTE, A. M.

*

In two parts, with lithographic plate, mailed free at $1.50. Address REINECKE, ZESCH & BALTZ, 500 Main St., Buffalo, N. Y.

“The work will be welcome to every one wishing information on the North American Noctuid fauna’.—Dr. A. Speyer, St. Ent. Zeit., 200.

The first cena is issued for July 1879. The North American Entomologst,

An illustrated Monthly, for the use of students of Entomology and Agriculturists.

The plates will be colored at a charge of 20 cents, covering return postage. For this purpose the original uncolored plates must be returned to publishers.

PUBLISHED BY REINECKE, ZESCH & BALTZ, Terms, &2.00 yearly. ° 500 Main Street, BUFFALO,

Rhinosimus viridinaeneus, Rand, A few specimens for exchange against N. Am. Cerambycidae. OrroMAR REINECKE, Buffalo, N. Y.

a te. ES

North American Entomologist

Editor: A. R. GROTE. Publishers: REINECKE & ZESCII. Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences. 500 Main Street, Buffalo, N.Y. Vol. L. OCTOBER, 1879. No. 4.

On a New Predaceous Lepidopterous Insect. By J. HENry Comstock, Entomologist, U. 8. Dept. of Agric. [PLATE IV.]

While studying a colony of the cottony maple scale (Pulvinaria innu- merabilis, Rathvon) which was found on a branch of Megundo aceroi- des in Washington, I was surprised to find a Pyralid larva living within the cottony mass excreted by one of these insects. On farther examination it was found that very many of the bark - lice afforded retreats for similar larvae. This, with the fact that the eggs deposited by such individuals, or the young lice developed from them had been destroyed, indicated that the Pyralid larvae were preda- ceous. One of these larvae was placed in a glass tube with a bark- louse, the eggs of which had not been destroyed. These eggs had just hatched and the cottony excretion was swarming with the young lice. The larva soon made its way under this mass, and after spinning a delicate silken tube about its body began to devour the young lice greedily. The larva was placed in-the tube at 3 P. M.; at 9 A. M. the following day it was found that fully one third of the lice had been destroyed, showing that if these larvae oecur in great numbers they must prove an efficient check to the spread of this pest of our shade trees. It is an interesting fact bearing upon this point that as yet this bark-louse has not become common in Washington. Careful search revealed only a few sporadic individuals except upon a single box-elder tree ; and there the predaceous cater- pillars were so numerous that it was with difficulty that any scales were found not infested by them.

Although the caterpillar is well protected, living as it does within the mass of cottony excretion, it spins about its body a delicate silken tube. This tube reminds one of that spun by Galleria; but it is more delicate ; and when spun within the cottony mass, it is with difficulty distinguished from it.. When a branch is thickly infested by Pulvinaria these tubes extend from one bark-louse to another. ‘The

26 caterpillars are very active, moying freely about within these silken passages from beneath one scale to another.

At the time my observations were made (June 24th) many of the caterpillars were full grown, and some of them transformed at once. The cocoon is made within the silken tunnel and is quite delicate, the pupa being plainly visible within it. Individuals of this brood remained ten days in the pupa state. The greater number of the moths bred by me this year issued July 17th; some, however, did not appear until August 13th.

These moths are not easily disturbed; but will suffer the twig upon which they are to be handled freely without moving; and often they will not take to flight even when touched. They usually rest upon the two posterior pairs of legs and the tip of the folded wings, with the front pair of legs drawn closely to the body, and the whole body forming an angle of about 45° with the object up- on which they are at rest. In this position they will remain motion- less for hours.

Can it be that the slowness with which the coccid can spread has influenced the habits of this species in the adult state ?

Several of the moths which issued July 17th were placed in a breeding-cage containing a twig infested with Pulvinaria. July 12th several eggs were found. These eggs were deposited singly either on the bark, the coccid scales or the cottony masses. In the latter case they could scarcely be detected by the naked eye on ac- count of their resemblance in color to the excretion. Six days after oviposition the eggs hatched.

I was unable to trace the history of the second brood for want of eggs or young bark-lice with which to feed the larvae. It is prob- able however that the habits of this brood are similar to those of the first. I am strengthened in this belief from the fact that I found newly hatched Pulvinaria the day before the second brood of the Pyralid emerged from the egg.

This moth belongs to the genus Dakruma of Grote. And as the species seems to be undescribed, I propose for it the name coccidivora. DAKRUMA COCCIDIVORA, n. sp,

EXpANSE 10—18 mo. mM. LENGTH OF Bopy, 4—S M. M.

6 9.—Head above dark ash-gray with a faint coppery reflection, below and behind the eyes white. Eyes blaek and quite coarsely faceted. Lower surface of antennae pale brown; upper surface dark gray with coppery and green reflection. Labial palpi black sprinkled with white scales, and with the base almost entirely white. Maxillae

“

or wt

rust red with the basal half clothed with white scales interspersed with a few black ones. Thorax above, and patagia dark gray with brown and green reflection. Abdomen annulated with brown and light gray; the brown predominating aboye, the light gray beneath. Fore wings light gray marked with brown and black. <A light band ex- tends across the outer part of the basal third of the wing; the costal half of this band is wide, reaching nearly to the base of the wings ; the remaining half is narrow. Near the base of the wings there is a short transverse gray band which is sometimes obsolete; exterior to this isa short longitudinal black spot, which also varies greatly in size and intensity of color. The light band which extends across the outer part of the basal third of the wing is bordered externally by a dark band, which is narrow on the costal and near the middle of the wing widens so as to reach the outer third of the wing. There are two black discal spots which are sometimes distinct but more often united so as to form a single crescent shaped spot opening outward. The markings of the outer third of the wing resemble ereatly those of Acrobasis nebulo, there being a row of six or seven dark spots on the outer margin, and one fourth of the distance to the body a wavy light gray band parallel to the exterior margin, and bordered on each side with dark brown; the costal end of the outer of these brown borders is usually darker and widened exter- nally forming a conspicuous black triangular spot. Lower surface of the front wings dark gray especially toward the apex, with a faint brassy tinge. Hind wings light gray with the apex clouded.

34 specimens examined, 182, 169.

Chrysalis—lLength, 6.5 m.m. Color, dorsum dark brown inclining toblackish toward anus, venter a little lighter, wing and antennal sheaths yellowish brown. Wing sheaths reaching nearly to the 6th abdominal segment; antennal sheaths reaching to the tip of the wing sheaths; dorsum densely punctured, venter less so; stigmata at the tips of shght protuberances; tip of abdomen nearly surrounded by a whorl (complete dorsally, incomplete ventrally) of small pointed tubercles.

Larva.—Length of full grown larva 8—12 m.m. Body cylindrical tapering slightly toward each end. Head small, rounded, slightly bilobed, black and somewhat polished ; antennae white, four jointed, basal-joint largest, second about one fourth the length of the first, third nearly as Jong as the first but only about one third as thick, fourth a mere tubercle. Upper surface of the body a greenish black color with a faint tinge of bronze; prothoracic shield black, finely

25

granulated, and with a pale dorsal line; anal shield a little darker than the body and sparsely beset with long hairs. Stigmata and all piliferous spots brown with pale centers. Under surface of the body bluish-green. Legs black with the nodes bluish-green; the ring of hooklets of prolegs pale brown with light center.

Egg.—White, faintly glossy ; oval in outline; one half millimeter long, one third millimeter wide; surface closely indented with large irregular fiye or six-sided pits; the walls of the indentations form- ing sharp ridges over the surface of the egg.

Newly hatched larva.—Length five millimeters. Color dull white tinged with yellow ; head and thoracic shield dark brown; mouth- parts dull yellow; body attennuated ; head and thoracic plate large, round, flattened dorso-yentrally ; head with several long lateral hairs; each abdominal segment furnished laterally with a long stiff hair; thoracic and prolegs strong and well developed.

The anomalous habits of this species are different from anything T have been able to find published. I do not think that it is to be classed with the few doubtful Lepidopterous parisites that haye been recorded or with the many inquilines known to science.

Of the former the following are the most striking examples: First, the two moths described by Westwood in the Trans. Ent. Soe. London, for 1876 and ’77, which are parasitic, in the sense of resid- ing upon, the one on Fulgora candelaria, the other upon a species of Aphaena also a member of this family Fulgoridae. Westwood is of the opinion that in each case the Lepidopterous larva feeds upon the waxy excretion of its host without in any way injuring it. Second, the two Tineids, mentioned by Mr. Westwood (lc. 1877, p. 436) as being parasitic upon the three-toed sloth. Speaking of these moths he says: ‘From the information I received with the last mentioned specimens, I believe it was among the hairs of the bradypus that the moths had either been reared or had taken up their abode.”

The remaining instance described by Westwood, that of a single Bombycid moth bred from the puparium of a Zachina as well as that described by J. W. Lea in the Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1853, of a moth bred from pupa of ZLasiocampa trifolii are each too doubtful to serve as a basis for any conclusion.

In case of inquilines of which many have been described (see especially papers by Walsh on Insects inhabiting Willow Galls. Proce. Ent. Soe. Phila,. Vol VI, p. 270, also his report as state entomologist of Ilhnois, p. 79) it is supposed that they are vegetable feeders

N. Am. Ent. Vol. Plate IV.

Daaecueccecsusneneceuccsesuncusauauncssassnncenncncsssseunscneseasansannst|)

s. ‘ — ee eo ee ee

Dakruma coccidivora, Comstock.

PITTI

SPRUCE TREE CEH EEE HHH OED EC HEPESHORESEDSDERSOSESUSDEUBOSUCESOUCODEFESGEFESEEUSHUSHEDGRSSEREESESCTERESSGERSSESSSEUSESUDSSCSERSHERDHERSTRESEEHSEEUBEEEESSESEES wer

94

we and only occasionaliy or incidentally destroy the life of their un- fortunate hosts.”

Neither is this case to be classed with those instances of Lepi- dopterous insects feeding upon dead animal matter; as, hair, wool, bone, horn or entomological specimens.

Had a single specimen of this insect been observed to be car- niverous I showld haye been inclined to consider this habit an accidental oeccurrance due to the larva finding itself under unna- tural conditions. Every entomologist knows how frequently Lepi- dopterous larvae devour each other when imprisoned. In my at- tempts to rear Heliothis armiger this season I haye been unable to breed more than a single specimen in a jar.

There are however two insects which probably resemble in habits to a certain extent Dakruma coccidivora. First, Semasia prunivora of Walsh, which although it was considered by Mr. Walsh to be a vegetable feeder is found to be carnivorous also by Miss Mary Murt- feldt, who informs me that it feeds upon Colopha w*micola Riley, in great numbers. Miss Murtfeldt is inclined to believe from her observa- tions that the normal habit of the larva of this moth is to be preda- ccous and that it was ‘so in the places where found by Mr. Walsh.

Second, Huclemensia bassettella (Clem.); this species is described in the Proc. Ent. Soe. Phila., I, p. 423 with the statement that the larva feeds in a gall found upon oak. I am informed by Prof. Riley that the supposed gall is in reality a coccid, hence it is probable that the Huclemensia feeds upon the eggs of the coccid in the same way that Dakruma coccidivora feeds upon the eggs of the Pulvinaria.

I have bred over forty specimens of Dakruma coccidivora from Pulvinaria innumerabilis, ‘There was no indication of its feeding upon the tree on which it was found. Nor was there any evidence whatever that it feeds upon the excretory masses in which it lives.

Moreover these masses contained in addition to remnants of des- troyed lice and eggs the excrement of the larvae in large quantities, showing that they had resided there for some time.

These facts I think warrant me in considering the species preda- ccous.

A New Tortrix, by A. R. GRore. TORTRIX (Ptycholoma) DISSITANA n. s. 2. Fore wings white with three broken black fesciae. The basal band linear, with black upright streaks on internal margin. The median fascia oblique, wide, divided on the cell. The outer band

30 ;

a costal patch, followed by three anteapical black dots, and separate from a black blotch which extends to apices. Fringes black and white, black superiorly. Hind wings pale, powdered with blackish ; fringes pale, blackish at apices. Beneath white, black at apices. Forewings beneath reflecting upper surface. Body whitish. Hapanse 24 mil. Buffalo, N. Y.

Prof. Fernald kindly informs me that he has a male specimen in which the forewing has a costal fold and thus indicates together with the venation and body characters with certainty the gencric position of this very distinctly marked form.

An KEixample of Protective Mimiery. By D. 8. KELiicorr.

The field entomologist is continually meeting with the cases of mimicry for protection. Mimicry of color, of form, of attitude, of motions and manners is almost too common among insects to be novel. Perhaps a majority, if not a very large minority of species afford examples, more or less apparent, at some stage of their history.

A most convincing example is presented by the moth Rhodophora florida, Guen. (666 of Grote’s Check List) concealed during the day in the withering blossoms of the Common Evening Primrose, Oeno- thera biennis, The moth has the inner two thirds of the fore wings bright pink, while the outer third, the hind wings and the abdomen pale yellow. It enters the flower before day with its body resting upon the style, the four parted stigma projecting beyond the tip of the abdomen, appearing like a part of it. When the sun comes the two petals that were above the moth soon wilt and fall down over the roof like wings concealing the hind portion, leaving the yellow part exposed as a part of the blossom. Sometimes the pink of the wings is not wholly covered but the tone of the continuous colors is such that the harmony is complete. It is worthy of note also that the withered petals of a day or two old, the bracts at the base of the ovaries and the maturing seed pods of the spikes often blush with shades of pink and red. So effectually is the moth con- cealed by this arrangement that a trained eye detects it with difti- culty; it must be well secured against its feathered enemies.

The larva too should receive a word of notice. It feeds on the floral organs and seed pods of the biennis, the former when it can, the latter when *t must. The second brood which appears in au- tumn after the food plant has nearly passed blossoming must depend on the fruit. In color it is obscurely striped with dark and lighter

—

by tas |

31 shades of the yellowish green of the flower spike; besides it is clothed with short white hairs making the surface pubescent like the plant. After the last moult the first segment becomes pinkish, which color extends down the side of several rings. When not feeding it conceals itself among the ribbed seed pods and ovaries of the spike; it is then a difficult object to see even when one is searching for it. When feeding on the unopened buds it clasps the long slender calyx tube and bores a perfectly round hole through the calyx, crawling in far enough to reach the tender organs which, all completely devoured, the calyx remaining, again its position and color serve it admirably for protection. The young larva wholly enters the calyx.

TRANSACTIONS AND PROCEEDINGS OF THE NEW ZEALAND INSTITUTE, Vou. XI, May 1879.

MASKELL W. M. (p. 187.) On some Coccidae in New Zealand, with four Plates. (The author describes Mytilaspis pyriformis, M. Cordyli- nidis, M. drimydis, Aspidiotus atherospermae, A dysovyli, A aurantii, Diaspis gigas, Ctenochiton (n. g.) perforatus, C, viridis, C. elongatus, C. spinosus, Inglisia (n. g.) patella, Asterochiton (n. g.) Lecanioides. A, au- reus, Acanthococcus multispinus, Friococcus araucariae, Dactilopius cal- ceolariae, D. glaucus, D. poae, Icerya purchasia, Powellia (n. g.) vitreo- radiata, as new species.)

MASKELL W. M. (p. 228.) On a Hymenopterous Insect parasitic on Coccidae. (Describes and figures Diapria coccophaga n. s.)

PowELL LLEWELLYN. (p. 263.) On Desis robsoni, a marine spider, from Cape Campbell.

Psycue. Vol. II, No. 64, August, 1879.

SPRAGUE F. H. (p. 275.) Notes on Butterflies of Massachusetts.

BEAN THos. E. (p. 260.) Westward progress of Eristalis tenax, Linn.

Patron W. H. (p. 260.) The ovipositor of Amblychila.

CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, VoL. XI, No. 7, Juty. 1879. LInTNER J. A. (p.121,) On Cecidomyia leguminicola n. s. CHAMBERS VY. T. (p. 125.) Microlepidoptera. (The author discusses

Adela biviella, A. bella, A. Schlaegeri, Antispila ampelopsiella, A. hy- drangeaeella.)

Epwarps W. H. (p. 127.) Notes upon the preparatory stages of certain species of Butterflies. (Describes the immature stages of Hresia texana, Phyciodes vesta, Melitaea Baroni.)

Westcott O. 8. (p. 131.) A successful moth trap.

_Hacen Dr. H. (p. 132.) The typical collections of Diptera of North America in the Museum in Cambridge, Mass.

Parton W. H. (p. 133.) Description of a new Fossorial Wasp.

(Describes Chlorion aerarium vn. s.)

dR

Bow Les G. J. (p. 154.) Notes on the Humble Bees.

PinaTe G. R. (p. 139.) List .of Butterfiies collected in Dayton,

Ohio. (Gives a list of 52 species.) BULLETIN OF THE BROOKLYN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY, Vou. II, Nos. 2 and 3, May, June, 1879.

Scuaupp F.G. (p.1.) List of the described coleopterous larvae of the United States with some remarks on their classification.

TEPPER FRED. (p. 3.) Notes on Notodonta tremula, N. dictaeoides and N. rimosa.

GISSLER Cart F. (p. 7.) Biological Notes on some Genera of Tenebrionidae. (Gives information on the habits and structure of Eleodes gigantea and Nyctobates barbata.)

Scuaupp F.G. (p. 13.) List of the described coleopterous larvae of the United States with some remarks on their classification.

Hust Gero. D. (p. 19.) Notes on a trip to Florida.

Wesster F. M. (p. 20.) Entomological Notes. (Notes on coleop- tera collected about Waterman, Illinois.)

Stenaspis Solitaria, In perfect specimens, sold for 25 cents. Apply to L. HEILIGBRODT, Bastrop, Texas.

Kor Sale:

Calandra tredecimpunctata, (varieties)-.-.... .22..-.-2 22. 2-2 eee eee 50c. a pair Balaninusmasicus: (Southern) sess = tee eee ce - oC. fee $1.00 + Rynchophorus’ cruentatus, (wanieties)—. =... .2-s- 2... soe c-5e eee oes la{ite, 0 Dymagtes Mil yis, ii... cere see ee dae es he ee ce. yee SAY), 9 BE litychodesivittata:s! ie. te Cee ek) Se ee 1.00 “e Plectrodera sscal ator. 26 256528 sheet woe clacen 32 eee ee ae OO etc AcronthoderesquadPigiD Ds!) nea ele ae oye Se aie ee ee oT OCS

A few pair of Cylasformicarius, Znphinm Americanum, Thalpinus dorsalis. Ono pair of Sphenophorus crucigerus—All other Louisiana coleoptera at reasonable rates. — Rynchophorus a Specialty.—Apply to WM. MISCHE,

3m 300 St. Peter Street, New Orleans, Lou.

Rhinosimus viridineneus, Rand, A few specimens for exchange against N. Am. Cerambycidae. OrroMAR REINECKE, Buffalo, N. Y.

Cheek List of N. Am. Noctuids, BY A. R.'GROTE, A. M. In two parts, with lithographic plate, mailed free at $1.50. Address REINECKE, ZESCH & BALTZ, 500 Main St., Buffalo, N. Y. “The work will be welcome to every one wishing ae oe on the North American Noctuid fauna”.—Dr. A. Speyer, St. Ent. Zeit., 200.

The North American Entomologst, An illustrated Monthly, for the use of students of Entomology and Agriculturists. Pusiisuep BY REINECKE & ZESCH, Terms, $2.00 yearly. 500 Main Street, BUFFALO

Entered at the post office at Buffalo, N. Y., as second-class;matter.

1 |

pe Tee

North American Entomologist

Editor: A. R. GROTE. Publishers: REINECKE & ZESCH. Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences. 500 Main Street, Buifualo, N.Y. No. 5.

Vol. 1. NOV EMBER, 18792.

On the Fertilization of Yucca. By Tuomas MEEHAN,

Professor of Botany to Penn. State Board of Agriculture.

Read before the Saratoga meeting of the American Association for the advancement of Science. August, 1879.

In the transactions of the Academy of Science of St. Louis of April loth 1873, our distinguished associate Dr. George Engelmann has some “notes on the genus Yucca” in which occwrs the following pas- suge: ‘The conspicuously papillose termination of the pistil had al- ways been considered the stigma, but closer examination showed its papillae to be epidermal appendages, corresponding to similar ones on the filaments, and entirely destitute of stigmatic function ; never did they contribute to the development of a pollen grain occasionly adhering to them. Dr. Mellichamp’s notice of a drop of glutinous liquid in the tube formed by the coalescense of the so-called stig- mas, led me to further experiments. That tube proved to be the real stigma, exuding stigmatic liquor, and insects must be the agents which introduced the pollen into the tube.” Subsequent investiga- tions by our esteemed associate Professor Riley, led to the discovery and which has

of a new genus of Lepidoptera—Pronuba yuccasella proved to be the insect agent which fertilizes the flower. In the same number of the Proceedings, Prof. Riley describes this insect and says “with her maxillary tentacle, so wonderfully modified for the pur- pose, she collects the pollen in large pellets, and holds it under the neck and against the front trochanters. In this manner she some- times carries a mass twice the size of her head. Thus laden she clings to the top of the pistil, bends her head, thrusts her tongue into the stigmatic nectary and brings the pollen-masses right over its mouth. In this position she works with a vigor, that would indicate combined pleasure and purpose — moving her head and body from side to side, and apparently making every effort to force the pollen into the tube, Such is the method by which our Yuccas are fertilized,”

3b4

It may be remembered that at our meeting at Buffalo I produced three capsules that had not been produced by this elaborate process, but simply by my mere touching of the papillose apex with one of the flower’s own polleniferous anthers. Prof. Riley was so sure that the seed-vessels could not have been produced in that way, that there must have been some insect agency unknown to me in addi- tion to my work, that at the conclusion of my paper he asked per- mission to cut open the capsules, sure of being able to show the lar- vae in the fruit; but he found them not. I recall these matters to show that I have not misapprehended the position our friends take on this question.

I now again exhibit numerous seed vessels from this plant of Yue- ca angustifolia in which no trace of larvae can be found ; and seed vessels of Yucca filamentosa growing but a few yards from the other, which are infested by the Pronuba yuccasella, as this species always is When it seeds at all.

The history of the fruiting of the Yucca angustifolia is as follows: It flowered in 1875 but produced no fruit.*) In 1876 the early flowers proying infertile, I applied the flower’s own pollen to the apex of the pistil of the four last flowers that opened ; these pro- duced the four capsules examined by Professor Riley as already noticed. In 1877 noticing that the Pronuba abounded in the flowers, no hand application was made, and there was no fruit. In 1878 the flowers were again left to the insects with no fruitful results. The past season pollenization by hand was resorted to, and the numerous seed vessels I exhibit followed. As the pollen was merely applied to the papillose apex it shows that in this species the elaborate and wonderful ingenuity of the insect in applying pollen as described by our friend is wholly unnecessary.

We now come to some extremely interesting consideration growing out of these facts.

*) At the conclusion of this address, delivered at the Saratoga meeting of the American Association, Prof. C. V. Riley made some remarks which unfortunately I did not hear. The newspaper reports make him say that I was mistaken in the in- sect I found in Yucca angustifolia, that it was not Pronuba yuccasella, I have called Prof. Riley’s attention to this, and have asked for a correct note of what he did say, but have only the reply that he is ‘‘not answerable for a newspaper report.” It remains then only for me to say in reply to the ‘newspaper report” that at the outset of my observations on Yucca angustifolia, | sent one of the insects caught to Professor Riley asking; ‘Is this certainly Pronuba yuccasella?” and he replied that it was.

30

Pronuba yuecasella, the Yucca moth, has for years abounded on my flowers of the Yucca jilamentosa. It has not been known to visit any other plant than Yucca. Yucca angustifolia begins to flower from three to two weeks and its blossoming is all over before Yucca jila- mentosa begins to open. The facts now adduced show that the moths exist weeks before the flowers bloom with which they have been so intimately connected, feeding of course on other flowers, and would perhaps make use of other fruits as depositaries for their eggs if Yucca should not exist. At any rate the facts weaken any belief we may have that the Yucca and Yucca moth through the long ages, have become mutually adapted to each other through a fancied mutual benefit.

But the fact remains that the Yucea is so arranged that it must have external aid before it can use pollen; and it is believed that this arrangement is for the express purpese of facilitating the introduction of strange pollen; and further that this arrangement must be useful, or it would not exist. And then it is assumed that this useful purpose can only be understood by believing that cross- fertilized seed is of the most benefit to the race. Let us examine this reasoning in the light of facts:—

In 1871 I found Yucea angustifolia seeding abundantly in Colorado; but when the interesting matters in its history were brought out by Prof. Riley, | could not remember whether the seed vessels were infested by the larvae of the yucca moth, and was glad to revisit Colorado in 73 to examine the plants; but I did not find one seed-vessel in several weeks search for them. I have since engaged friends to get me some, but none haye found them. In order to test the matter thoroughly I engaged with a professional sced collector in Southern Utah to buy of him a pound of seed of each of the several species, and recently I have heard from him—the third successive year, that no plant within his observation has produced a single seed. How can we believe that this elaborate arrangement for producing seeds by cross-fertilization through insect agency is for the purpose of producing a better class of seeds, when we see in many cases plants utterly fail, even for successive years, to seed at all?

We know that it is not to the interest of the individual to pro- duce any seeds. Seed is a provision of nature looking to the good of the future, and to which the present good of the individual is often sacrificed. The Mignonette, the Petunia, the Gaillardia, and many other plants under garden culture, live for years when preyent-

oye Ae)

ed from perfecting seeds. We may fairly believe that a plant which acquires the power of easy individual increase and_ persistence, would show less disposition to sacrifice itself on seed; and thus we do find in nature that it is among that class which has the most of this individual persistence, that the indifference to self-fertilized seeds, popularly known as “arrangements for cross fertilization” is found; and moreover that the most difficulty in germinating is met with, even when the seed is freely formed.

The Yucca by its large fleshy root stocks, and ability to withstand extremes of drouth, and heat, and cold, is able to maintain an exist- ence indefinitely without producing any seed. For the sake of in- ducing variation, which is best accomplished through seeds, it may be compelled by inexorable law once in a while to produce them ; but a law which is to result in the evolution of new forms will hardly be adduced in favor of any theory which has for its founda- tion the idea of benefit to an existing race.

Notes on Walker’s Types of Tortricidae of North America.

By Prof. C. H. FERNALD.

Teras vicariana Tortrix rosaccana Harris. Teras albaniana Tortriz, Teras obsoletana Tortrix vesperana Clem.

Teras retractana, The specimen in place and purporting to be this type is from Australia, as is indicated by a small label on the pin, and does not in any way answer the description of refractana.

Teras subauratana Cenopis reticulatana Clem. Teras tinctana Tortria flavedana Clem. Teras rostrana. Tortrix breviornatana Clem.

Teras xanthoides. Teras hudsoniana, near Ter. celiana Robs. Probably a var. of Teras hastiana L, Teras pulverosana. Possibly a var. of Zeras hastiana L.

Cacoecia transiturana Tortrix sanbornana Robs. Cacoecia? velutinana Tortriz lutosana Clem. Cacoeci1 fervidana* Tortrix Rileyana Grote. Cacoecia triferana Tortria incertana Clem. Batodes bipustulana Anchylopera costomaculana Clem. Amphisa luridana. This belongs to the Choreutina.

Dichelia inconclusana Tortrix peritana Clein. Dichelia furcatana, Tortriz.

Tortrix frigiduna. Sarrothripa.

Tortrix conflictana Tortriz.

Tortrix scriptana, Sarrothripa.

Tortrix concursana Tortrix flavedana Clem.

Lophoderus vestitanus, The type is not in the Coll., but a label with the word ‘dost’ in Walker’s writing is inserted in the place of it. Lophoderus melaleucanus Tortrix. *) Preoecupicd.

Lophoderus semiferanus Jortrix flaccidana Robs. Sciaphila primariana Penthina flavifrontana Pack. Sciaphila improbana. Sciaphila afflictana Tortrix fuscolineana Clem. Sciophila direptana. Sciaphila implexana Teras, probably hastiana Linn. Sciaphila vilisana Sciaphila direptana. Sciaphila destitutana. Too poor to be recognized. Sciaphila puncticostana Sericoris. Sciaphila confixana Phaecasiophora mutabilana Clem. Sciaphila decisana Exartema fasciatanum Clem. Sciaphila meanderana Exartema permundanum Clem. Sciaphila perductana Phaecasiophora mutabilana Clem. Sciaphila hebesana - Penthina Fullerea Riley. Sciaphila luctiferana. Sciaphila ferriferana Sericoris gratiosana Clem. Sciaphila perstructana Grapholitha, Sciaphila indivisana. Conchylis floccosana Tortria confusana Robs. Conchylis invexana Tortrix melaleucana. Conchylis gratana Tortria sulfureana Clem. Conchylis cretiferana. A Geometer. Conchylis scissana Conchylis. Retinia Georgiana Tortria Georgiana Grote Retinia argyrospila Tortria furvana Robs. Retinia septentrionana Curtis Paedisca inquielana Walk.

~ Penthina similisona Sericoris bipartitana Clem. Penthina contrariana Penthina nimbatana Clem. Penthina dealbana Sericoris. Penthina transmissana, Paedisca. Penthina ochreoalbana. Conchylis. Penthina resumptana. Penthina subnivana Teras deflectana Robs. Paedisca inquietana Penthina tessellana Clem. Paedisca diffinana. Paedisca cataclystiana Paedisca ochraceana Clem, Paedisca albicepsana Semasia striatana Clem. Paedisca procellariana. A Pyralid.

Grapholitha refusana, Grapholitha strenuana,

Grapholitha exvagana Grapholitha strenvana Walk. Grapholitha discigerana Phowxopteris.

Grapholitha conflerana Phoxopteris comptana Fr. (rapholitha divisana Phoxopteris.

Grapholitha metamelana Phoxopteris sprraeifoliana Clem. Grapholitha discoferana Phoxopteris spirueifoliana Clem. Grapholitha sagittana Grapholitha formosana Clem, Grapholitha solicitana Paedisca Packardiana Clem. Carpocapsa distigmana Paedisca dorsisignatana Clem. Caurpocapsa inexpertana Sciaphila hebesana.

Carpocapsa ferrolineana Sericoris coruscana Clem. Carpocapsa clavana Bxartema inornatanum Clem. Dichrorumpha scitana Grapholitha vderstinctand Clem.

In this list of identifications of Mr. Walkev’s types it has not been my intention to .inyestigate the question of priority or to fix the

38

synonymy of the species. I am under great obligations to Lord Walsingham, who aided me in the examinations of these types and who has, aince my return from Europe, re-examined them and sent me his notes on the same.

New Western Noctuidae, by A. R. Grote.

The forms noticed in this paper have been collected by Prof. F.

H. Snow, at Idaho Springs, Colorado. AGROTIS BASALIS 0. 8.

4 2. All the tibiae spinose. Male antennae brush-like. By its brown-red color allied to gagates; but the basal space is shaded with grayish clay color. Lines double, marked by dots on costa. Terminal space dull blackish, contrasting with the rest of the wing. Subtermi- nal line powdery, pale. Stigmata prominent, discolorous, grayish, with black annuli margined within by a whitish ring. Orbicular well sixed spherical; reniform upright, curved, of the usual shape. Fringes fus- cous. Hind wings smoky fuscous, with pale, interlined fringes ; paler in the male. Abdomen reddish beneath. Head and thorax brown- ish red. Wings beneath with obliterate markings ; costa powdered with red. Three specimens. Hxpanse 40 mil.

AGROTIS VERNILIS ,Grote, Can. Ent. XI, 57.

A specimen sent by Prof. Snow is a little smaller than the type and has the orbicular less elongate on the cell, not reaching the reniform. The fore tibiae are unarmed.

AGROTIS MUNIS 0. 8.

4 2. All the tibiae armed; male antennae brushlike. Of a peculiar lilac gray, rather pale, with distinct ornamentation, recalling ewroides. Lines single, black, well written, dentate. Stigmata concolorous ; claviform sharp, outlined in blackish. Reniform and orbicular large, vague; cell black between them. Subterminal line broken into shade marks, better marked on costa. Median shade marked below the re- niform. Hind wings pale fuscous with concolorous fringes and dis- cal mark. In the male paler, allowing double extra-mesial shade lines to be visible. Beneath with discal lunules and extra-mesial subden- tate common shade line. Palpi dark at the sides. Resembles Fer- naldi, but the lines are narrower, the subterminal line is broken into blackish patches, the extra-mesial line is not angulate on the secon- daries. Hxpanse 35 to 40 mil.

See aan

39 AGROTIS MIRABILIS N. 8.

¢. Fore tibiae unarmed ; male antennae simple. Blackish fuscous; terminal space paler, powdered with grayish. Lines obliterate. Me- dian lines approximate. Subterminal defined by difference of shade- Discal spots contrasting, yellowish or ochery white in a black shade ; orbicular reduced, reniform moderate, subquadrate. A whitish dot in front at insertions of forewings. Head collar and tegulae concolor- ous; dorsum of thorax pale reddish, contrasting; tegulae with indis- tinct inner black edging. Hind wings dark fuscous, with pale inter- lined fringes. Beneath dark fuscous powdered with grayish; on pri- maries the inception of common line marked in black, and costal dots. Expanse 36 mil. Allied to discoidalis, but very different in color.

BOOK NO TICES.

REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGIST OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, WASHINGTON, AUGUST, 1879. BY CHARLES V. RILEY.

(This pamphlet, pp. 1-52, with seven plates, contains a_ brief report on insects affecting the cotton plant (p. 5); the silk-worm (p. 10); the grape phylloxera (p. 32); the apple worm (p. 33); the westward progress of the imported cabbage-worm (p. 34); Phowopteris nubeculana (p. 34); Diapheromera femorata (p. 36); the great elm-leaf beetle (p. 40); Dapsilia rutilana (p. 42); the clover-root borer (p. 43); the clover-seed midge (p. 45); the apple coleophora, C. malivorella n. s. (p. 48); and Fuller’s rose beetle (p, 50). The wood cuts on seven plates give 19 useful and excellent figures.)

THE CANADIAN Entomotoaist, Vol. XI, August, 1879.

Epwarps W. H. (p. 141.) Notes on the preparatory stages of cer- tain species of Butterflies. No.2. (Discusses Melitaew minuta, Par- nassius smintheus var. Behrii, Parnassias Baldur, Chionobas Ivallda, C. Iduna.)

CHAMBERS V. 'T. (p. 143.) Tineina. (Refers quercicalella Cham. to abdominalis Zell., Clemensella to striolata; necopinusella to Hageni, au- ristrigela to mediostriatella as synonyms; describes Lith. quercivorella as new.)

BETHUNE Rey. C. J. 8S. (p. 146). Insects of the northern part of British America from Kirby’s Fauna Boreali-Americana.

FERNALD C. H. (p. 155.) Tortricidae. (Describes as new Tortria Clemensiana, Tortrix juglandana, Penthina osmundana, Grapholitha al- bimaculana, Retinia? Comstockiana.)

40 AsHMEAD Wo. H. (p. 159.) Injurious and Beneficial Insects found on the Orange trees of Florida. (Describes as new Acarus? Gloverii, Aphelinus aspidioticola, Lecanium phyllococcus, and a Typhlodromus, the cause of the Orange rust.) ON LITHOPHANE AND NEW NOCTUIDAE, WASHINGTON, SEPT. 6., 1879, BY A. R. Grote. From U.S. Gzeon. Grog. SURVEY.

(The author describes Lithophane cinerosa, L. hemina, Perigrapha praeses, Orthosia conradi, Hadena longula, H. modiola, H. fumosa, H, favidens, H, aurea, Agrotis niveivenosa, A. biclavis, Onecocnemis miri- Jicalis, Mamestra arietis, Apatela felina, Dicopis damalis as new species. Discusses the synonymy of species of Lithophane from observation of Walker’s types by Prof. Fernald ; from these refers cinerea Riley, asa synonym of antennata Walk, Remarks on and extends the known localities of Orthosia disticha, Agrotis versipellis, A. aratrix, and A.chor talis. )

New monthly Pricelists of North American Coleoptera, for sale and exchange, sent on receipt of stamp. G. W. BELFRAGE, Clifton, Bosque Co., Texas. A few <Astrotus reguluris for sale, at 75 Cents a specimen or in exchange for

Buprestidae. G. W. B. For Sale:

Calandra, tredecimpunctata, (varictics) ss: seo eee en eee eee eee 50c. a pair Balaninis MAsicuess iOS Out berm) oes seers ee ae ee $1.00 ° Rynchophorus ‘eruentatns; (varieties). 22> ee eee fee eee ee eee DUC wie: Dynastes Citys, .)5, 2-2) 2\2.. Jeet oe eee ee ee Oe ee $2.00 He ity chodes syilltatay 422s = 5 be nen ey eee owe eae See 100 ios Plectroderaliscalator, >= 5222) ea ee = eee ee HOCH Se. Acronthoderessquadricibbis.. 9 = epee see eee eee heck a Een OCS. vp

A few pair of Cylasformicarius, Zuphium Americanum, “‘Thalpius dorsalis. One pair of Sphe nophorus cruc igerus—A}\ other Louisiana coleoptera at reasonable rates.— Rynchophorus a Specialty.—Apply to WM. MISCHE,

3m 350 St. Peter Street, New Orleans, Lou.

Cheek List of N. Am. Noectuidze, BY A. R. GROTE, A. M. In two parts, with lithographic plate, mailed free at $1.50. Address REINECKE & ZESCH, 500 Main St., Buffalo, N. Y. “The work will be welcome to every one wishing information on the North American Noctuid fata’ ’—Dr. A. Speyer, St. Ent. Zeit., 200.

The North American Entomologist, An illustrated Monthly, for the use of students of Entomology and Agriculturists, issued on the Ist of every month. PusLisHED BY REINECKE & ZESCH, Terms, $2.00 yearly. 500 Main Street, BUFFALO, : Entered at the post office at Buffalo, N. Y., as second-class matter.

5 ple dee 4

North American Entomologist

Editor: A. R. GROTE. Publishers: REINECKE & ZESCH. Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences. : 500 Main Street, Buffalo, N.Y.

Vol. 1. DECEMBER, 1872. No. G.

Natural History of Euura salicicola, By Eminy A. SMITH. Genus Euura. KUURA SALICICOLA n. sp. Emily A. Smith. Larva.—Color light pea-green, with head pale brown, labrum and end of mandibles fuscous, the eye spots, spiracles and claws of tarsi brown. Head and body hairy. Length, average, 6 mm. Pupa.—When first formed, light pea green; eyes brown, afterward black, eye spots much enlarged and black, legs and antennae free 5 pupa encased in oval silken cocoon. Length, with cocoon, average, 7 mm.; without 6.5 mm. Imago.—¢@. Blackish. Labrum and mandibles darker at tips, la- brum rounded ; clypeus emarginate. Antennae 9-jointed, fulvous, with exception of two basal and upper

portion of next three joints which are darker and declining into fulvous, last seven joints gradually decreasing in length apically. Thorax with the tegulae and edges of collar fuliginous. Abdomen with the ovipositor fulvous, hairy, sheaths dusky. Cerci as long as the last tarsal joint omitting the claws.

Legs: the coxae, trochanters and basal half of femora are testa- ceous, while the remaining portions are much lighter, the posterior

42 tibiae at apex furnished with two dark spurs. Wings hyaline, veins fulvous, stigma basally fulvous, terminally inclining more to umber, costa same, third submarginal cell nearly square, the nervures sepa- rating the three, whitish. Average length 7 mm., wings 5 mm. Imago.— @. Differs from 9 by being smaller. Head with eyes larger: Abdomen nearly black. Posterior legs with the femora testaceous throughout, tarsi darker than in 9. Wings with veins more deeply marked, as also the stigma. Average length 6 mm. Habitat—Peoria, Hlinois, on Salix alba. Described from twenty bred specimens. Natural History.

EUURA SALICICOLA.

This species is found only on new limbs of the Salix alba. The matured insect is seen flying about the willow trees the latter part of April, and at this time the eggs are inserted in the tender bark of the young shoots, both those growing out of the trunk and from the top of the trees. The female makes longitudinal slits in the bark and inserts an egg in the cavity. The larva bores into the center of the limb and subsists upon the pith, pushing back the sawdust like substance not digested. It progresses about an inch during the summer and upon the approach of winter turns about, facing the direction from which it first entered and spins around itself an oval silken cocoon of a yellowish color. Inside this cocoon the larva remains during the winter months, changing to a pupa the following April. In a trifle less than two weeks after it has entered the pupa state, it emerges as a perfect insect through the same place it first entered as a larva. The puncture of the bark by the female causes no gall-like swelling or elevation, but the presence of the insect is determined by a discoloration of the bark.

PARASITE.

The larvae of Huura salicicola are parasitized by the larva of Hurytoma studiosa Say (according to the determination by KH. T. Cresson). The larva and pupa are undescribed and I append the following, together with a reproduction of Say’s description of the Imago.

Larva.—Color milk white, body uniform, head inclining to umber ; length 5 mm.

The presence of the parasite is determined by a dark spot. upon dorsal side of the larva of its victim; the Imago emerging from the pupa.

sexi

45

_ Pupa—Color inclining to green; eyes brown, head and body uni-

form; wings, antennae and legs free; when about to change it be- comes black, length, average 5.5 mm.

HK. stupiosa. — Black ; terminal joint of the antennae as long as the two preceeding ones together. Inhabits Indiana.

2. Body reticulate with crowded punctures; antennae moniliform, of eight joints, geniculate ; second joint shortest, third joint hardly

longer than the fourth and gradually a little shorter to the penul- timate ; ultimate joint about as long as the two preceeding ones

together, conic ovate, with a very slight appearance of being three jointed ; thorax, anterior segment in breadth at least equal to twice the length ; suture at the scutel not dilated ; seutel obtusely rounded behind, wings hyaline; nervure much arcuated from the edge, its confluence with the edge about as long as the branch, which is subclavate ; abdomen polished, impunctured, aboye oyal, laterally orbicular ; peduncle shorter than the posterior coxae and trochanters; knees and tips of the tibiae honey yellow; tarsi, particularly the two posterior pairs, whitish. Length less than one tenth of an inch.” Boston Journal of Nat. Hist. Vol.1., No. 3, May, 1836. Page 272. Say’s Entomology. Edited by Le Conte. Vol. I, P. 721.

New Western Noctuidae, by A. R. Grore.

(Concluded from page 39.) AGROTIS CONCHIS 0. s.

All the tibiae spinose. Allied to C-nigrum; recalls Hilliana by the brightness of the ocher stigmata. Forewings light lilac gray, smooth, with a blackish tone. Base ocher, bounded by the half line. Orbi- cular light ocher, open to costa, outwardly oblique. Reniform up- right, wide at base, with a deep ocher interior ring. Median lines wide apart. Exterior line evenly scalloped, followed by points. Sub- terminal space darker, with blackish costal shade. Subterminal line followed by a pale shade line. Terminal space like s. t., gray at api- ces. Disk between and about the stigmata clouded with rich black- ish brown. Claviform indicated. Median shade apparent below reni- form. Head and collar bright ocher; tegulae brownish ocher; dorsum very pale dusty ocher. Hind wings with a pale ochery ground shaded with fuscous. Beneath, pale, with common continued scalloped line and discal lunules open on primaries. Abdomen light brownish ocher; breast light brownish; palpi dark brown at sides. Hxpanse 40 mil.

AGROTIS OLIVALIS N. S.

All the tibiae spinose. Allied to ridingsii. Dark olive with clear blu-

ish white stripes and markings. Collar with a mesial dark line,

44

Thorax in front crossed by a black line followed by a white band. Costa shaded with white; median vein narrowly striped with white. Transverse posterior line followed by white shadings, spreading from the veins, crossing the s. t. line below apices, at the median nervules again and at internal margin; these white shades are alternated with black cuneate marks. Orbicular narrow, oblique, white, with narrow dark center, filled in with white next the annulus; claviform con- colorous, long, black-edged. A black, even, terminal line. Hindwings fuscous with whitish, interlined fringes. Beneath with double extra- mesial diffuse shade lines and faint discal marks. Thorax dark olive; abdomen fuscous. Hapanse 32 mil.

AGROTIS PARENTALIS N. 8.

6. All the tibiae spinose; antennae simple, ciliate beneath. Allied to decipiens, but quite different in color. Lines deep black. Gen- eral color gray suffused with reddish brown. Median space darker. Basal half-line deep black. Median lines, dentate and excavate, deep black, approximate. Costal region diffusely gray shaded. Claviform moderate, deep black. Orbicular conclorous, large, rounded. Reniform subequal, upright, subquadrate; disk blackish. Exterior line, moderately pro- duced and excavate, marked by vein points. Subterminal line faint, vague, broken. A fine slightly uneven terminal black line. Fringes concolorous. Hindwings pale fuscous, with reddish fringes concolor- ous with those on primaries. Thorax concolorous, with mesial ridge, without markings except a faint line on collar. Beneath pale, tinged with reddish, with traces of a common line. Hapanse 38 mil.

AGROTIS CAENIS DN. s.

@. Allied to lubricans, but without any line on the collar; the t. p. line more inwardly oblique. Dark gray, shaded and_ splashed with red. Markings all indistinct and the lines broken. Orbicular round, moderate, gray, with darker center; reniform of the usual shape, upright, excavate outwardly, gray, with dark center. Lines marked by black and pale costal dots. Fringes fuscous with a pale line at base. ‘Thorax and head concolorous with forewings, shaded with red- dish ; palpi black at the sides. Hindwings white, with white fringes and diffusely shaded with fuscous along exterior border. Beneath, hindwings white, forewings pale fuscous. Hapanse 42 mil.

AGROTIS CATENULA N. 8.

4. All the tibiae spinose; male antennae brushlike. Allied to muraenula; differs in color and t. p. line not followed by white dots. tray white, indistinctly olivaceous or ochraceous, concolorous ; thorax

rn v

45 immaculate. Palpi with black scales on basal and second joint at the sides. Lines indicated by black costal spots, Orbicular, a black mark; reniform, reduced, black. Exterior line broken into black dots. a large dot on internal margin and costa. Half-line indicated; t. a. line incomplete; subterminal obsolete; a marginal row of black points; fringes concolorous. Hindwings pellucid white with white fringes clouded with fuscous along external margin and with the veins soiled. Beneath whitish ; cell of primaries fuscous ; a discal lunule and faint exterior line; a black dot on hindwings. Hxpanse 36 mil.

AGROTIS DECIPIENS N. S.

@Q. All the tibiae spinose. Rather slender bodied and long winged. Belongs to Ammoconia, since the thorax shows a sharp me- sial ridge. Leaden gray, concolorous, the median space clouded with blackish. Orbicular large, rounded or slightly oblique, gray, or with darker center; reniform large, upright, slightly mesially constricted. Lines indistinct, double ; half-line black, single. Subterminal space gray, in one specimen this and the internal margin shows a faint brownish tinge. Subterminal line commencing with a blackish shade and then running outwardly and near the margin, leaving the apices gray. Beneath with a faint purplish tinge. Breast purplish black. Wings with common line, double on primaries, marked on the veins on hind wing, and faint discal dots. Male antennae simple, ciliate.

Hxpanse 38 mil. AGROTIS MINIMALIS N. s.

Allied to placida, but reddish like cupida. Fore tibiae unarmed. Orbicular small, round, paler with dark center; reniform small, dark. Median shade diffuse, continuous, evident below reniform. Lines single, blackish, followed by pale shades. Subterminal space dark red and contrasting with pale terminal. A terminal row of dots, fringes concolorous. Hindwing fuscous with concolorous fringes. Head and thorax reddish, concolorous. Abdomen fuscous, flattened, with reddish anal hairs. Wings beneath fuscous, shaded with red, with common line distinct on secondaries, on primaries marked on costa. Discal dots better marked on hindwings. Palpi black on sides. Hxpanse 33 mil.

PYRRHIA STILLA N. 8.

Bright orange red, allied to angulata, rather than to eaprimens. Base of primaries bright smooth orange, without markings. Median shade strongly contrasting, deep brown, forming a mesial band, acute- ly angulate on cell, even, diffuse exteriorly. Stigmata obsolete. Ex- terior line as in angulata, obsolete on costa. Subterminal subobso-

46

lete. Fringes with a bright red tint. Hind wings light yellow with blackish lunule, blackish at base, with a broad vague blackish band, tinged with reddish outwardly. Beneath yellow; fringes on primaries red; a red exterior band touched with blackish inferiorly ; a discal lunule. Secondaries with a diffuse red exterior band, faint discal mark above which costa touched with red. Hapanse 36 mil.

A new Halesidota collected by Professor Snow. By A. R. Grote.

The collections made of late years by Professor F. H. Snow in different departments: of Natural History have largely encreased our knowledge of our Western fruna. They have proved of great value so far as Nocturnal Lepidoptera are concerned, while the material collected in Colorado has enriched our catalogues with many forms new to science and revealed many facts with regard to the geogra- phical distribution of previously known species. Professor Snow’s labors will have a permanent value in the field of Natual History in America and their continuance is greatly to be hoped for in the interest of science.

HALESIDOTA TRIGONA, N. 8.

By its almost vermillion red abdomen above, allied to the Califor- nian Hdwardsii. Fore wings blackish or dark lead color, with scat- tered red and dark scales and a lilac tint about internal angle. <A large irregularly triangular pellucid costal patch beyond the cell, its base along the costa, which is here yellowish, but narrowly crimson at base ; this patch is bordered with yellow and shows scattering dots of dark scales. There are two small rounded yellow spots, one with- in and below the other, on internal margin at basal third. A red and yellow terminal line at base of fringes which are dark, inter- rupted with yellow at end of veins. Hind wings white, washed with bright red. Abdomen above bright red ; below white. Legs white, with the front pair bright red within on femora and with dusky tibiae and tarsi. Fore wings beneath largely red; the transparent patch shaded with yellow and without dots. Head and thorax lead color, latter shaded with red and yellow, beneath white. Hxpanse 45 mil. Colorado, Professor Snow, No. 815.

A new BEustrotia and Thalpochares by A. R. Grote. EUSTROTIA DIVIDUA, N. 8. 4 9. Forewings 12-veined, 5 from extremity of median vein, cell open, 9 out of 8, an accessory cell. Hind wings 8-veined, median vein

47 3-branched, vein 5 independent, hardly weaker than the others. An- tennae simple, pubescent. Vestiture of the head and thorax consist- ing of flattened scales, slightly mixed with hair. The thorax behind shows a slight tuft. Legs closely scaled. Fore wings with the basal field blackish brown, contrasting, sharply divided from the rest of the wing by the even, perpendicular anterior line. Beyond, the wing is pale ochery or olivaceous with a gray or whitish washing; the specimens show a slight variation in tinting. A small black discal dot. Costa with a black dot beyond the inception of anterior line and three others close together before t. p. line. The latter ill-defined, diffuse, sometimes obliterate, preceded at its inception by a darker shade, running inwardly below median vein, thence in two spots to internal margin. Fringes blackish. brown, faintly interlined with pale. Hind wings fuscous with concolorous fringes. Beneath pale, the dark fringes on primaries contrasting. This species cannot be referred to Thalpochares on account of the accessory cell on forewings. The front is narrow, not projecting ; labial palpi, closely scaled, por- rect. Haxpanse 18 to19 mil. Texas, collected by Belfrage (No. 751 and 752 red label) March 20, May 12.

THALPOCHARES AETHERIA ND. 8.

Q. Forewings 12-veined, 8 out of 7, 9 out of 8, no accessory cell. Hindwings 8-veined, 4 out of 3, 5joined by a short cross-vein. Pal- pt with the third joint small, porrect ; thorax and head with scaly vestiture. Front rather broad, not projecting. Black and white. Face black, head above and collar whitish, a black line behind the collar. Forewings with two neat white median lines, finely lined with black, the inner line preceded by a blackish costal spot. Me- dian space shaded with warm fuscous; median shade brighter fuscous, wide, diffuse, commencing by a costal cloud. Two black points tied in a whitish shade on the cell. Basal field washed with white and this color extends over costal region of median space obliquely up- wards to a black shade-spot which marks the inception of the sub- terminal line. ‘Transverse posterior line projected opposite the cell, upright. Subterminal line white, becoming fuscous inferiorly. Ter- minal and subterminal spaces shaded with pale fuscous like the me- dian space inferiorly. A row of minute terminal black dots; fringes pale fuscous. Hind wings fuscous. Beneath with double exterior shade lines and a distinct black discal spot on secondaries. E.xrpanse 16 mil. Three specimens collected by Mr. Schwarz at Tampa, Fla., Apri] 12, and Enterprise, Fla., May 22, June 11.

48 BOOK NOTICES.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, Vol. XI, No. 9, September, 1879.

RitEY C. V. (p. 161.) Parasites of the cotton worm. (Describes Trichogramma pretiosa from the egg of Aletia argillacea, Tachina aletiae from the larva, and Cirrospilus eswrus from the pupa of the same moth.)

Epwarps W. H. (p.177.) | Description of preparatory stages of Argynnis egleis, Bois. (Describes the egg, young larva, mature larva and chr ysalis.)

Grore A. R. (p.179.) Notes on Noctuidae. (Refers Mamestra passer Guen. to the genus Hadena and Luceria loculata Morr. as a synonym of this species. Records Marasmalus ventilator from Texas (Belfrage) and describes variations of Anticarsia gemmatilis collected by Mr. Westcott in Wisconsin and Mr. Belfrage in Texas.)

BULLETIN OF THE BROOKLYN EnToMoLoaicat Society Vol.I, July,’79.

ScHAUPP F.G. (p.21.) List of the described Coleopterous larvae of the United States with some remarks on their classification. (The author by digging found the larvae of several species of Cicindela on a clayey elevation, covered with many little holes, on a bank of the North Branch of the Calicoon, a tributary of the Delaware, Aug.19.)

Hutsr Geo. D. (p. 27.) The uses of Cocoons. (The author rejects the mimicry theory and thinks the cocoons are of use in tempering rapid changes in temperature, in preventing loss of moisture, as a concealment from enemies and in retaining the vitality of the pupa.)

IN. Am. Pyralidae. I wish to recive Pyralidae and will determine any collections sent to me for the privilege of retaining specimens which may be new. A. R. GROTH.

New monthly Pricelists of North American Coleoptera, for sale and exchange, sent on receipt of stamp. G. W. BELFRAGE, Clifton, Bosque Co , Texag

For Sale:

Calandra stredecimpunctata, (varieties) sse-- ssc eee eee eae ee rere 50c. a pair Balaninus nasicus(Southern)\ie- se eeeeeecsees ee ee eee ee eee eee ee 400 meee Iuynchophorus cruentaims, (varieties) esne4. 2-4-2 sone eee eerie eee HOC Se Dynastes: Tityus; ote 2 sss 2 shoe See cee soe thee ae eee eee 0 Omen Rtychodes, vittata, 3.22 occ casita. 2 ct eeein ose ole eee Gece teeeees atl OO nmmice Plectrodera (scalator::.- $25. .cos soe cee eee eee eee eC eee DOCH Acronthoderes: quadrigibbus, =. 222 5s22ee-s- 622" = Enea weenie MOC oe

A few pair of Cylasformicarius, Zuphium Americanum, “‘Thalpius dorsalis. One pair of Sphenophorus crucigerus—A|\\ other Louisiana coleoptera at reasonable rates. — Ryncbophorus a Specialty.—Apply to WM. MISCHE,

3m 350 St. Peter Street, New Orleans, Lou

The North American Entomologist, An illustrated Monthly, for the use of students of Entomology and Agriculturists, issued on the lst of every month. PUBLISHED BY REINECKE & ZESCH, Terms, $2.00 yearly. 500 Main Street, BUFFALO, Entered at the post office at Buffalo, N. Y., as second-class matter,

—"

2 Sites

gil Ss a

North American Entomologist

Editor: A. R. GROTE. Publishers: REINECKE & ZESCII. Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences. 500 Main Strect, Buffalo, N.Y. Vol. I. JANUARY, 1LS8O. No. 7.

North American Phycidae. By A. R. Grote.

Pempelia,

Male antennae with a ridge-like tuft of scales within a basal flexure. Male maxillary palpi with a pencil of hair.

§ Hind wings 8-veined ; forewings with veins 4 and 5 separate. palebria. Fusca Haw.; Grote, Bull. Geol. Surv., 695, 1878. U. 8S. and Hurope. Contatella n. s. New England, N. Y. Canada. Quin- quepunctella n. var.

§ Hind wings 8-veined ; fore wings with veins 4 and 5 Surcate from a commoa stem. Pravella, Grote, Bull. Geol. Surv. 694, 1878. New England, N. Y., Texas.

The species included under Swebria by Heineman differ from Pempelia in the 8-veined secondaries. In the figure of the neura- tion of fusca, Am. Ent. Plate 2, Fig. 7, vein 5 of the hind wings is separated before the furcation from 4; but incorrectly. In the original drawing it is made to run closely alongside 4 and so it seems to do in the preparation. But in a second example the separation of the two veins before the fureation cannot be made out, the dividing line, which seems to be shown in my original pre- paration vanishes. The venation of Salebria agrees with Nephopterye, but the male maxillary palpi are tufted. I think, then, we can at least use Swaebria as a subgeneric name for the 8-veined species of Pempelia, while it is considered a distinct genus by Heineman.

PEMPELIA CONTATELLA, 0. S.

6 92. Male maxillary palpi surmounted by a discolorous pencil ot hair. Male antennae bent at base concealing a ridge-like tuft of scales. Forewings I1-veined, 4 and 5 together. from one point, S out of 7, a short fureation before the apices. Hind wings 8-

50

veined, 5 and 4 furcating. Blackish and gray. Fore wings with a faint and inconstant shading of red at base, usually absent. Basal field of the wing whitish gray, before the line shaded with blackish. Inner line continuous, whitish gray, followed by a blackish line, twice indented, usually roundedly exserted in the middle. Median space washed with gray anteriorly and along costa. Discal mark consisting of two, generally fused dark dots, obliquely placed, slightly relieved by whitish. Outer line pale, tolerably even, indented below costa opposite cell and again less distinctly on submedian fold. A row of terminal blackish points ; fringes concolorous. There is a more or less evident darker median shade, which obliquely margins in an

| XS —/ irregular fashion the outer and darker portion | wie 4 of the median space ; sometimes a faint reddish

<s tinge is perceptible about this shade-line, on submedian space. Thorax ashen, sometimes faintly ruddy. Hind wings subpellucid, shaded with fuscous, darker in the female ; fringes paler, neatly interlined near the base. Hepanse 24 to 26 mil. A considerable number of specimens examined. New England and New

York.

VAR. QUINQUEPUNCTELLA.

6 Q. Closely allied to contatella. It differs by its smaller size ; the last two scallops of the interior line more or less evidently pure white and contrasting. The line is followed by three dots; one below costa, indistinct, sometimes absent ; the second at median vein, at the inception of the white portion of the line; the third on submedian fold. These dots seem to be the remainder of the blackish shade following the white portion of the line. The discal dots are separate. The outer line is more denticulate; the wing is more noticeably stained with red. Hind wings and under surface as in its ally. Hxpanse 21 to 23 mil. One male and four females, from Maine, New York, and from London, Ontario, Mr. Reed. This may be a distinct species and is readily distinguished from the typical contatella.

I have not been able to examine the neuration of the Texan species, lignosella and tartarella, described by Zeller of which I have but single specimens. I haye also seen no N. Am. species referable to Pempelia, as restricted by Heineman to species with 7-veined secondaries.

ae

51 Nephopteryx.

In Nephopterya ? basilaris of Zeller the fore wing's are 11-veined, 4 and 5 together from one point at the extremity of the cell, 8 out of 7, a short furcation before apices. The hind wings are 8-veined ; 5 out of 4 about half way from the margin; cell nearly closed. I refer basilaris to Nephopterya, because the maxillary palpi in the male have no discolorous hair-tuft.

NEPHOPTERYX SCOBIELLA, 0. S. 3 Q. Male antennae with a slight basal flexure, hiding a

ridge-like tuft of blackish scales. Male mavyillary palpi scaled,

without any pencil of hair. Fore wings 11 veined ; 4 and 5 se- parate. Hind wings 8-veined. Ochery fuscous, the females paler, the ornamentation effaced. Form rather stout. Of the inner trans-

verse line only a pale or whitish mark preceded and followed by a

blackish shade is visible on vein 1. The superposed black discal points are separate and small. The outer line is double, inwardly oblique, very near the margin, in the males not perceivable and but faintly so in the females in which the wing is a little ruddy tinted along internal margin’ and terminally. Hind wings smoky, subpel- lucid ; fringes concolorous or but little paler, faintly interlined. Head and thorax concolorous with primaries. Beneath without marking. Expanse $ 20, Q 25 mil. Three males (No. 449) and two females (No. 448) collected in Bosque Co., Texas, by Mr. Belfrage, Jan. 27, July 2, 9, March 5.

ACROBASIS ANGUSELLA, N.S.

¢. Male antennae with a sharp tuft on the basal joint. Head and thorax very pale reddish. Basal field limited by the curved anterior line, pale reddish; a blackish shade before the line resting on internal margin and followed by a red shade. Median space fus- cous. Discal dots separate. Posterior line denticulate and exserted over median nervures; indented below costa and on submedian fold; followed by reddish shading. Hindwings smoky, sub-pellucid ; beneath with two thick black basal dashes, one on costa, the other along median vein, the latter only marked at base in one specimen. Forewings fuscous beneath, pale along costal region at base. Two specimens from Mr. James Angus of West Farms, N. Y. #apanse 22 mil. The two specimens vary in the depth of color of the thorax and basal patch. From Mr. Belfrage I have two females, resembling the males in color and ornamentation, but with darker hindwings, which want the black dashes beneath (No. 419). I do not feel at all

52

certain that they belong to this species, which is readily separable from all the other Phycids with reddish bases to the primaries from the generic characters and the black dashes on the male hind wings beneath.

Description of Noctuid Larvae. By D. W. Coquittett, Woodstock, Tl.

Telesilla cinereola, Guen. Body green, lightest in the subdorsal space; a whitish dorsal and sub-dorsal line; a white stigmatal stripe ; a row of whitish dots in the sub-dorsal space; venter deep green, head smooth, green, with a white dash on each side, and an in- verted Y-shaped white mark on the face, length 14 inches. Found from June 15, to July 20. Transformation subterranean. Food plant unknown; the larvae were found in a wheat field, full grown.

Crambodes talidiformis, Guen. Body green, dotted with white ; a white dorsal and subdorsal line; a white line on the stigmatal space, a pink stigmatal stripe, whitish at the edges; sometimes there is a dark stripe between the stigmatal stripe and the line on the stigmatal space; head green, with a few dark streaks on the top; length 1} inches. Food plant, Verbena hastata 2? Found from June 1, to July 15. Transformation subterranean.

Adipsophanes miscellus, Grote. Body quite slender, deep green; from the spiracles on one side of the body to those on the other side are about 10 wavy white lines; below the spiracles is a white stripe ; venter green, marked with 4 white lines of which the two middle ones are the widest ; the two anterior pairs of abdominal legs are much smaller than the two posterior pairs; head green, striped vertically with brown and white ; length 1{ inches. Food plant, Verbena hastata? Found from May 20 to June 20 and August 1 to August 20; spins a tough cocoon.

Oiketicus Abbotii,

Mr. Grote exhibited the type of this species at the Meeting of Entomological Club. It is a smaller species than the Cuban 0. Poeyi. The insect is sable brown with a vitreous bar at the extremity of the cell of primaries. The narrow external edging of the wings is pale. It is a true Ojiketicus, generically distinct from Thyridopteryx, Mr. Grote found the coccoon, evidently of this species, on the cotton plant near Savannah, Georgia. This specimen was sent to Washington by him. Mr. KE. L. Graef presented him

ia

53 with the perfect insect, the type of the species, taken in Texas: The cacoon has been found in other parts of the Southern States. It is evidently the species figured hut not published by Abbot and alluded to by Doubleday in Harris’ Correspondence p. 161: “I exa- nimed a male of Guilding’s O. Airbyi in Kirby’s cabinet, now be- longing to the Entomological Society. In color marking and form its comes close to Abbot’s insect, but is larger and the cocoon is of a different form”. Hapanse 33 mil.

There is an analogy between the larva and the grub-like female of Ovketicus with the hermit crab which also conceals the hind-parts of the body. This resemblance, both in habit and the condition of the concealed body, cannot be neglected in a study of the evolution of the cocoon. The house of Ocketicus is made of bits of wood and leaves bound together with silken thread secreted inside. The species, which inhabits Ceylon, is believed by the natives to have been once a human being, who stole kindling wood while on earth, and now atones for the theft by accomplishing the act as an insect. There is an excellent figure and account of the House-builder Moth in the Scientific American, for Noy. 29, of last year.

A_ new Epigraphia, By ak. Re Greve:

; Epigraphia eruditella, n. s. Allied to #. Steinkellneriana of Europe, but differing by the basal extension of the black mark on primaries. Gray, with a rosy hue on costa extending vaguely down- wards. A curved S-shaped black mark extends from the base of the wing at or near costa outwardly medially over the dise. Its outer curve is shorter and above it, on costal region, is a black mark about subcostal vein. The wing is wrorate with dusky; a broken black terminal line. Fringes long, silky, pale fuscous. Hind wings rather pale fuscous, with paler concolorous fringes. Thorax gray, the long palpi have a rosy tinge. Massachusetts, C. W. Goodell. Professor Zeller has compared the species and informs me of the distinctness of our American form. Axzpanse 22 mil.

BOOK NOTICES:

Le NATURALISTE CANADIEN, October, 1879.

ProvyaANcHER M. L’Apse. (p. 248) Faune Canadienne. [Describes the following Hymenoptera as new species: Eayston variatus, Try- phon Gaspesianus, T. dorsalis, T. Hervieuxii, T. Dionnei, Mesoleius Jissus, M. antennatus, Cleniscus apicatus, and Erronemus Bedurdi. |

o4

PROCEEDINGS OF THE Boston SocretTy oF NaturAL History, Vol. XX. Part Il. Noy. 1878 to April 1879.

Hacen, Dr. H. A. (p. 113) Larvae of Insects discharged through the urethra. Birds swarming after White Ants (p. 118). Remarks on White Ants [p. 121]. Flies from a Petroleum Lake [p. 134].

Parton, W. H., (p. 142.) Synopsis of the New England species of Colletes. [The author gives a synoptical table of seven species, describing as new three species, C. aestivalis, C, armata (—=C. inae- qualis Q after Cresson) and C. scitula.]

THE CANADIAN Entomotocist, Vol. XI. No. 11, November, 1879.

Grote, A. R. (p. 205.) Identifications and descriptions of Noc- tuidae with a new Heterocampa and notes on Nemeophila. (Iden- tifies Prodenia phytolaccae, A. & S. Vol. 2, 193, Pl. 97 and Mamestra mucens, Hubn. Zutr. 415, 416; describes as new Morrisonia infidelis, Ingura declinata, I. flabella, Graphiphora erythrolita, Heterocampa Belfragei and refers Heliothis sulmala Strecker as a synonym to the _ well known Huleucyptera cumatilis. )

Patron, W. H., (p. 210.) Description of several Crabronidae. [Describes as new Hoplisus gracilis, Nysson aequalis, Crabro bigeminus Blepharipus unicus from Massachusetts and Connecticut. |

Wixuiston, 8. W., (Qp. 215) An anomalous Bombylid. [Describes Anthrax, sp. noy., near fuliginosa Loew.]

Epwarps, W. H., (p. 217) Description of preparatory stages of Argynnis Idalia, Drury. [Describes the egg and larva after all five moults, chrysalis, the larva on violets. States that the type of the variety Ashtaroth of Fisher, was borrowed from the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences by Mr. Reakirt and has not been returned. Mr. Reakirts’ collection passed into Mr. Strecker’s hands on the former’s disappearance. ‘The types of Clemens Choerocampa were also abstracted from the collection of the Academy and could not be found in 1865. All of a sudden Mr. Strecker figures the missing type! We do not think this matter should go by without decided protest and also an effort on the part of the officers of the Academy to recover their lost property. ]

DESTRUCTION OF OBNOXIOUS INSECTS, PHYLLOXERA, PorTato BEETLE, Corron-WorM, CoLoRADO-GRASSHOPPER AND GREENHOUSE Pests, BY APPLICATION OF THE YEAST FUNGUS.

3y Dr. H. A. Hagen, Pamphlet 8 vo. pp. 11, 1879. The distinguished Author gives the successful results of yeast

a) poisoning on Potato beetles. Yeast as an insecticide is so much less objectionable than Paris-Green, that every one possessing com- mon sense and a regard for the welfare of his fellow men and the domestic animals should hail the discovery with pleasure. We think Mr. Saunders’ Insect Powder will be best for Greenhouse use and in the house, and the fungoid poisoning for out of doors, when the length of time, which it takes to infect the insects, will be less of an objection. Prof. Riley, who has identified himself with the use of Paris Green in his publications, is reported as having ob- tained “Results, Nil!’ from yeast. But as no particulars of his experiments are given, we hope they will be thoroughly tried over again. The results of the use of Paris Green are not “Nil!”; among them may be given the death of the farmer’s stock and his neighbor’s, the poisoning of innocent people as well as those who unadvisedly use the poison, and the permanent injury to the land. Potato skins should now be carefully handled and not fed to stock; uw fresh instance of fatal poisoning in this way having recently come under notice in the daily press. Dr. Le Conte recom- mended experiments in fungoid poisoning in 1874. For the cur- rent-worm the yeast poisoning should certainly be tried and also for the cotton-worm. Both these pests offer an excellent oppor- tunity for experiment with yeast. [See N. Am. ENT. p. 23 for a notice of Dr. Hagen’s paper in Can. Env. on this same subject.]

CANADIAN EntTomotogist, Vol. XI, No. 10, October, 1879.

CuapMan A. W. (p.189.) On the preparatory stages of certain Florida Butterflies. (Describes the larva and chrysalis of Hesperidae with notes by Edwards comparing the descriptions with Abbot and Smith and Boisd. and Le Conte. Pamphila phyleus, P. brettus, P. accius, P. maculata, P. arpa, P. pilatka, P. delaware, Hudanus proteus are the species treated of.)

GoopeLL L. W. (p. 193.) On the early stages of some Geometrids. (Describes the early stages of Tetracis crocallata Guen., Therina en- dropiaria G. & R., and Acidalia enucleata Guen.)

Grote A. R. (p. 197.) New Noctuids. (Describes as new species Tamila velaris, T. vanella, Lygranthoecia separata, Tarache lanceolata, Eustrotia retis, HL. secta, Oncocnemis aterrima.)

THE AMERICAN NATURALIST, Vol. XIII, No. 11, November, 1879.

Stewers C.G. Mold as an Insect Destroyer. (p. 681.)

Ryper Joun A. (p. 704.) A probable new species of Phytoptus

56

or Gall mite. (The author figures a very small mite found on the’ leaves of the maple, not quite ,}, of an inch long and almost per- fectly transparent. It is found in vast numbers on the leaves of the maple, under a forest of epidermal growths, crowded together. These growths have been considered fungoid in nature but are hy- pertrophied hairs caused by the very small four-footed mites belong- ing to the genus Phytoptus.)

BULLETIN DE LA SOCIETE VAUDOISE DES SCIENCES NATURELLES,

Vol. XIV, No. 82, September, 1879.

LEBERT HERMANN. (p. 327.) Hydrachnides du Leman. (‘This posthumous paper, accompanied by Plates, illustrates the deep-water fauna of Lake Leman. Descriptions are given of 19 species, discoy- ered and named by the author and belonging to the genera Cam- pagnatha, Hygrobates, Limnesia, Newmania, <Arrenurus, Nesaea, Alax, Pachygaster, Piona and Brachypoda.)

Tortricidae wanted.

I am desirous of obtaining as many North American Torrricip.© as possible for the purpose of studying this family. I will be glad to name and return to any who will forward to me their Torrricip.» for this purpose, all save such as may prove new and desireable to retain for description.

Address PROF. C. H. FERNALD, Orono, Maine.

N. Am, Pyralidae.

I wish to recive Pyralidae and will determine any collections sent to me for the privilege of retaining specimens which may be new. A. R. GROTM.

New monthly Pricelists of North American Celeoptera,

for sale and exchange, sent on receipt of stamp. G. W. BELFRAGE, ‘ Clifton, Bosque Co., Texas

Cheek List of N. Am. Noctuidze, BY A. R. GROTE, A. M. In two parts, with lithographic plate, mailed free at $1.50. Address REINECKE & ZESCH, 500 Main St., Buffalo, N. Y. “The work will be weleome to every one wishing iaeen an: ition on the North American Noctuid fauna”.—Dr. A. Speyer, St. Ent. Zeit., 200.

The North American Entomologist, An illustrated Monthly, for the use of students of Entomology and Agriculturists, issued on the 1st of every month. PUBLISHED BY REINECKE & ZESCH, Terms, $2.00 yearly. 500 Main Street, BUFFALO. Entered at the post office at Buffalo, N. Y., as second-class matter.

CO os

North American Entomologist

Editor: A. R. GROTE. ‘Publishers: REINECKE & ZESCH. Buffalo Society. of Natural Sciences, 500 Main Street, Buffalo, N.Y. Vol. I. ee 18$sO. No. &.

A Larval Braulhe By D. 8S. Ketuicort, Buffalo, N. ¥.

During the past summer I frequently found clinging to two different species of fish taken from the Niagara a large Argulus be- lieved to be hitherto undescribed, The results of my observations upon the adult I have in manuscript. JI propose in this paper to give an account of the larva of this species and, to point out certain morphological relations which appear to be indicated by its organization.

The eggs are left by the female in patches numbering from fifty to three hundred, fastened to each other, and to supporting objects under water by a frothy glutinous secretion ; they are nearly round, 4mm. in diameter, at first milk white, but soon changing to light yellow; this alteration in color I find to be caused by some change in the thick firm shell and not to the contents. I haye in my notes the following record: Eggs left in aquarium Aug. 28; Aug. 31, a few have a tinge of yellow; Sept. 7, all have Sagpsed completely; Oct. 5, under a lens two black dots can be seen on each egg; Nov. 5, dissected the em- bryos from the eggs and find the black dots to be the eyes, the embryos well formed exhibiting motion after re- moval, I can make out the shield and limbs in part, especially the natatory legs; Nov. 17, young ones appeared swimmi@ez with agility. * ioe them served for my draw- ted by the figure accom- paper,

as

The young of A. foliaceus and of A. catostomi, the former by Jurine, the latter by Dana and Herrick, are said to quit the egg after thirty five days, these appear to remain eighty days; the tank in which they were incubated was kept at the ordinary temperature of a dwelling room, but received very little direct sun. The majority of the eggs did not hatch, nor have they at this date, Jan. 2d. I today removed some from their shells and find them perfect, apparently

alive, and further, it seems to me that if they were dead, the fungus —

(saprolegnia) would have attacked them; it has not, so I think the larvae may yet appear. If so, it will be a case somewhat similar to that mentioned by Dr. 8. Lockwood in Am. Nat. 1870 page 257, “the eggs of Limulus kept in a dark place hatched after 365 days; from fifty to seventy is the usual time.”

The larva figured measured at the time .98 mm. in length; colorless, except the eyes, and transparent. ‘The carapace has nearly the shape of that of the adult, but is shorter, covering only the first pair of natatory limbs, in the grown female the third pair is covered, in the male the second; underneath the anterior margin of the shield are three rows of teeth pointing backward, also the same number and arrangement of chitinous hooks as in adult Arguli, viz: a pair at the base of the antennae and two pairs between the prehensile limbs. Kroeyer regards the former as palps, but in the larva they are precisely as in the adult and are evidently cuticular as regarded by Claus and Thorell.

There are clearly two pairs of antennae (fig. a', a’), each four jointed. The first pair in the adults of this genus is generally described by authors as two jointed. Still the larvae of such as I find figured have it of four well marked pieces; in the course of the developement the two basal joints get proportionally larger, suited to prehension by means of strong hooks which appear at apex and margin; at the same time the last two remain in about their original proportion and are then regarded as an auxiliary appendage ; this Kroeyer regards as the second antenna, while the true second antenna he regards as a foot-jaw, but their relation and nature in the larva indicates that the common designation is the correct one. As regard this first pair it seems to me quite proper to regard them as four jointed in the adult,st certainly would simplify expression. The second pair differ fron those of the adult in that they are twice elbowed instead of once: their form and position are sufficiently explained by the cut. “g ae

Ne:

« ie

|

Hee ft

59

The first pair of limbs (fig. s) is robust, obscurely articulated, ending in what appears to be a blade like pair of scissors (bristle and sheath, Dana); this pair ultimately bears at the extremities, in place of bristle and sheath, perfect sucking-cups for holding on to smooth surfaces ; the second pair (a) is closely like that of the adult, the hooks and conformation indicate that they are for progression and firm attachment. The four succeeding pairs of natatory limbs are made sufficiently clear by the cut (n', n’, n*, n‘), except the differences between the plumose fingers in this and the perfect animal; in the adult these limbs all terminate in two such fingers ; in the larva there appears to be three, close examination, shows that they are but two fingered, but that the lower finger is two jointed and undivided, while

. the upper one is two jointed with a secondary finger at the articulation;

the lower finger of first natatory is three jointed, not plumose, ending in spines. |

The abdomen (y) differs widely from that of the mature form ; it is relatively small, ovated ; retuse-truncate in outline instead of terminating in two long acute lobes; besides on the posterior border stand two rounded protuberences between which is the anal opening ; they remind one of the abdomen of allied forms of Phillopoda and Copepoda (Thorell). In the adult these bodies have worked up to the bifurcation of this expanded plate (except in A. Lepidostei in which they stand near the apex of the lobes) and remain small and rudimentary; although rudimentary, they must not be despised, for they not only point out the affinities of the <lrgulidae as above, but determine, as well, the true nature of this ‘plate’; it is plainly the abdomen morphologically, it is as plainly a respiratory organ physio- logically to one who has attentively studied the character of the circulation. It has been variously designated by authors. At t, in the figure, are two small brown bodies which are evidently an indi- cation of what are afterwards the receptacula seminis of the female or the testes of the male, then situated near the base of the lobes.

The degree of advancement reached by this species before quitting the ovum is quite unexpected. If I had not removed and examined many embryos, I should have suspected that these had suffered several moults before being observed, but those remoyed exhibit all the points of the one figured, so they certainly had not materially changed, nor did they during two subsequent days at the end of which they died. As Dana figures the larval catostomi at hatching, it has only the first pair of swimming legs, having for its organs of

*

60

propulsion two plumose oars situated just back of the antennae. In many ways does this larva more nearly resemble the adult than that of any species whose history is at hand.

Three new Cochliopods. By A. R. Grote.

Monoleuca sulfurea, n. s. 9. Resembles semifascia (G. & R., Am. Lep., No. 4, fig. 62), but the forewings have the single upright abbreviated band narrower, straighter, and light sulphur yellow. The band is dentate exteriorly. The entire moth is reddish brown, the forewings brighter and deeper colored. Hapanse 27 mil. Enterprise, Fla., May 28, Mr. Schwarz.

Limacodes flexuosa, n. s. This species is light yellowish ocher, smaller and paler than y-inversa, the lines rounded, not straight, joining before costa; the middle oblique line wanting and the outer line faintly continued to internal margin, running inwardly on sub- median interspace after its outwardly oblique course on the median nervules. The insect is concolorous and expands 20 mil. New York. Sharon Springs, July 11, O. vy. Meske.

Limacodes caesonia, n. s. Alhed to flewuosa ; the color is deeper, more brownish ocherous. The lines are obsolete but the space in- cluded by them is filled with a contrasting fuscous shade, leaving a patch of the color of the wing in the middle, and recalling the ornamentation of the Dog’s head butterfly. The darker tint reaches nearly to the costa; the space occupied is that included between the lines of flexuosa, but in ceesonia the inner margin of the space is more straightly oblique than the inner line in flewwosa. The insect is concolorous, darker than its ally and seems a little smaller. New York. Hxpanse 18 mil.

Limacodes latomia, Harvey, from Texas, must be closely allied to L. rectilinea G. & R.; it seems larger with paler secondaries. Grote & Robinson’s specimens were from So. Carolina, Zimmermann, their type is in the Berlin Museum. ‘The species are probably identical. Stretch figures rectilinea also from Texas, plate 8, fig. 13, and his species is probably latomia.

A new Tetralopha.

By A. R. GRore. Tetralopha diluculella, n. wad 2. Differs from all the described species of this genus — melitella, robustella, melanogrammos — by the black basal field of the primaries, the larger wings and encreased

7 ¥ . :

64

size. The species recalls the figure of Hemimatia scortealis, Led. ; but the wings are larger and it does not. seem possible that Lederer should have overlooked the strong generic characters (Lederer had 4 specimens of his species before him). The new species recalls in its colors and appearance Mochlocera Zelleri ; it is distinguished at once by the shape of the outer line and the less vivid coloration. Basal field of the primaries black before the anterior line, shading to blackish gray at base. This portion of the wing is bounded outwardly by the even, nearly straight, concave anterior line which is, in the male, indented subcostally, intruded upon by the discal pellucid sexual spot. Median space gray, powdered with white; this lighter color extends narrowly beyond the blackish posterior line, which is exserted over the median nervules, slightly irregular and _ situate rather far from the margin. On the basal field are some raised black scales on median and subcostal veins, and on median space are raised patches of white scales enclosing black ones, not very evident. The median shade is subobsolete, and inferiorly shows a very faint reddish tinge, not observable without attention. The terminal space is dark fuscous, inconspicuously powdered with gray scales. A terminal black interrupted line ; fringes fuscous, with an inconspicuous pale line at base. Hind wings fuscous, rather dark ; fringes paler, finely interlined. Head and thorax dark gray ; abdo- men fuscous. Beneath blackish fuscous, paler in the ¢ ; a faint darker outer transverse line in primaries. Hapanse 26 mil. Habitat, New York. Two fresh specimens. In the male the black portion of the primary, before the anterior line, is more strongly contrasted with the dark gray base than in the female, where the wing seems to shade gradually into lighter at the base.

NOTE ON BLACK KNOT.

Since the publication of the article on Black Knot, on page 13 of this volume, Prof. W. G. Farlow writes that he has found the Knot on the Beach plum (Prunus maritima) growing in Martha’s Vineyard, and also on the rum-cherry (Prunus serotina). ‘This ex- tends the number of our native wild trees and shrubs upon which the Sphaeria morbosa, the fungus which causes Black Knot, has been observed.

A new variety of Pseudohazis Eglanterina.

At the Saratoga meeting of the Entomological Club of the Ame- rican Association, Mr. Grote exhibited. specimens of Pseudohazis

3

eglanterina collected by Mr. James Behrens on Mount Shasta, Califor- nia, in July. The specimens were all males, having the upper sur- face of the wings almost entirely black, with a few pink spots on the costal region of primaries and a series of reduced yellow marks be- fore external margin of both wings, the remnant of the usual orna- mentation of the species. The variety was well marked and occured in a number of specimens. Mr. Behrens proposed to call this variety Shastaensis. One specimen Mr.Grote thought intermediary and suggest- el that the variation was caused by differences of temperature and humidity.

BOOK NOTICES.

CATALOGUE OF THE COLLECTION OF DiuRNAL LEPIDOPTERA FORMED BY THE LATE WILLIAM CHAPMAN HEWITsSoN etc. by W. F. Kirby, London, 1879, Vol. 4 to., pp. 246. [This work, printed for private circulation, enumerates the names of about 4000 species re- presented in the late Mr. Hewitson’s collection bequeathed to the British Museum. The collection is contained in seven cabinets comprising altogether 357 drawers of a large and uniform size. The collection is to be kept in the same cabinets and in the same order and arrangement and under the same nomenclature for a period of twenty one years after Mr. Hewitson’s decease. Apart from the fine condition of all the specimens and the rarity of many of the species, the scientific value of the collection is 2S increased by the large number of types which it includes. ]

PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCE OF PHILA- DELPHIA, Part II., April—Oct., 1879.

McCook, Rev. H. ©. (p. 137) Note on the adoption of an Ant-Queen.

Ryper JoHN A. (p. 139.) Notice of a new Pauropod.

McCook, Rey. H. C. Mode of depositing Ant-eggs. Note on the marriage-flights of Lasius flavus and Myrmica lobricornis (p. 140). Pairing of Spiders (p. 150). Note on Mound-making Ants ‘p. 154). Combats and Nidification of the Pavement Ant. (p. 156). On Myrmecocystus Mexicanus (p. 197).

Ryper J. A. (p. 164.) Larva of Eurypauropus spinosus.

Lerpy Jos., M. D. (p. 195.) Remarks on Orgyia.

BULLETIN OF THE BrookLyN ENTomoLoGicaL Society. Vol. IT., No. 4. oO"

Scuoaupp EF. G. (p. 29.) List of the described coleopterous larvae of the United States.

63

~ Howsr Geo. D. (p. 35.) Abnormal Larvae. [The author gives a list of eight species of Sphingidae found in the larval state without the caudal horn, and gives notes on the variation of larvae.)

TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENToMOoLOoGIE, Aflevering 1—2, 1879.

SNELLEN VAN VOLLENHOVEN 8S. ©. (p. 1). De inlandsche Blad- wespen (T'wintigste Stuk). [The author gives the full description of Selandria adumbrata (Plate 1), Hylotoma pullata (Plate 2), H. vul- garis (Plate 3), Selandria Siaii (Plate 4). The larvae and a number of structural details are excellently illustrated.]

RitseMA (©. (p. 21). Naamlijst der tot heden in Nederland waargenomen Bijen-soorten. [The author enumerates 195 species of Hymenoptera Anthophila found in the Netherlands and describes in conclusion Sphecodes perversus as a new species. |

Everts Dr. Ed. (p. 58.) Description de cinq especes nouvelles du genre Apion. [The author describes and figures (Plate 5) Apion Relofsi (Limbourg), A. Ragusae (Sicily), A. viridicwruleum (Sicily), A, Algiricum (Algiers), A. carbonarium (Geneva). On the Plate also are given figures of other species of the genus.|

SNELLEN P. C. F. (p. 61.) Lepidoptera van Celebes. Tweede afdeelung, Heterocera. [The author enumerates the moths of Celebes collected by Mr. M. C. Peters. Three very good Plates (Nos. 6—5) accompany the paper which is one of great interest. The author takes occasion to unite all of Butler’s species of Leucophlebia with lineata, and critizes Butler’s species in the moths. ]

ANNUAL ADDRESS OF THE PRESIDENT OF THE CINCINNATI So- CIETY OF NaTurRAL Hisrory. The metamorphoses of Insects as illustrated in the Tineid genus Lithocolletis of Zeller. By V. T. Chambers, pamphlet, 8 vo., pp. 22. [The author has traced the en- tire life history of several species and finds the number of larval moults to be seven. The author gives a large number of interesting details and concludes that “food and temperature remaining the same, there is a fixed period in each species for the duration of each stage, that usually in each species all larval stages are of the same length.” Some useful woodcuts illustrate the paper.]

MEMOIRS OF THE BosToN SocrETY OF NATURAL History. Vol. Ill. Part I. No. II. Palaeozoic cockroaches : a complete revision of the species of both worlds with an essay towards their classification. By Samuel H. Scudder. [This work, illustrated by six Plates of the wings of fossil cockroaches, is an important addition to our know- ledge of fossil insects. The drift of the entire essay is opposedl to

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Gerstacker’s statement that the European fossil cockroaches agree — in every distinctive family characteristic with those now living. It seems also proved that the average size of these insects was some- what larger in ancient times. The number of species of palaeozoic cockroaches is upwards of sixty.]

et CO's. es A> 1

Zuphium americanum, ' Ptychodes vittata.

Thalpius dorsalis & pygmaeus. Phyton pallidum.

Dynastes Tityus. Pteroplatus (Sallei) variabilis. MEGALOSOMA ELAPHAS, male, Callichroma splendidum. Body dinches long by 2 116 inch wide, Leptura erythroptera. Sandalus niger. Plectrodera scalator,

Goes tigrina Acanthocinus nodosus.

Goes tessalata. Cylas formicarius.

Ischnocerus infuscatus and all other Louisiana coleoptera at reasonable rates. — Apply to

WM. MISCHE, 3t 350 St. Peter Street, New Orleans, La.

FOR SALE.

Insects of all orders and in particular Coleoptera from Washington Territory, Nevada and California. List of species and prices given on application. Specimens in perfect condition, correctly named and sent by mail or express to any part of the United States.

Address: H. K. MORRISON, Olympia, Thurston, Co., Washington, Terr.

‘Tortricidae wanted. I am desirous of obtaining as many North American Torrricip# as possible for

' the purpose of studying this family. I will be glad to name and return to any who

will forward to me their Tortricip® for this purpose, all save such as may prove new and desireable to retain for description. Address PROF. C. H. FERNALD, Orono, Maine.

IN. Am. Pyralidae.

I wish to recive Pyralidae and will determine any collections sent to me for the privilege of retaining specimens which may be new. A. R. GROTM.

New monthly Pricelists of North American Coleoptera,

for sale and exchange, sent on receipt of stamp. G. W. BELFRAGE, Clifton, Bosque Co., Texas

The North American Entomologist,

An illustrated Monthly, for the use of students of Entomology and Agriculturists, issued on the 1st of every month. PUBLISHED BY REINECKE & ZESCH, Terms, $2.00 yearly. 500 Main Street, BUFFALO. Entered at the post office at Buffalo, N, Y,, as second-class matter.

:

y pt i Se RS 4 e e a) Y a) \ North American Entomologist Editor: A. R. GROTE. Publishers: REINECKE & ZESCH. Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences. 500 Main Street, Buffalo, N.Y. Vol. I. MARCH, 1880. No. 9.

The probable Parthenogenesis of Cecidomyia destructor. By Dr. H. Hacen.

Ihave been always puzzled to find that this insect, described as one of the most obnoxious insects in the United States is so very rarely represented in collections, I have seen it in the collection of Asa Fitch’s types in Albany, and have only heard of two other collections containing insufficient specimens in alcohol, so that, for the intended publication of a plate, my old specimens, brought over from Europe, had to be consulted by the engraver. In the twelve years which I have passed in America I have given special attention to finding the insect, but I was not able to ascertain a single case, where it had been observed by others. Is it really common and obnoxious still, as it certainly was so many years ago? Perhaps my limited correspondence is one reason that I hear nothing about it.

I observed and raised the insect and its parasites in 1859, in July, in Koenigsberg, Prussia, and my specimens are now in the biological Collection in Cambridge. <As to their identity with C. destructor there can be no doubt, as they_were compared by Mr. Motschulsky with types from Mr. A. Fitch, presented to him by Mr. A. Fitch himself during the travels of Mr. Motschulsky through the United States. ‘The systematic collection in the Museum in Cambridge contains no specimens, neither in Osten Sacken’s nor in Loew’s collection and the Museum would be much indebted for a good set of C. destructor from any quarter of the country, which could not be difficult to obtain, if indeed the insect is really so common as it has been reported. I wish at the present time to draw attention to an observation made by myself, which makes it very probable that Cec. destructor is propagated, at least sometimes, by Parthenogenesis. This kind of propagation would explain the sometimes unexpectedly large numbers of the insect:

66

As my observation is published in two Transactions, perhaps usually quite inaccessible, I repeat the substance of it in these pages. In “Correspondenzblatt des naturforschenden Vereins zu Riga, Jahrg. XI, 1859, p. 147” is printed a part of my letter, dated July 7., to the Rev. Mr. Kawall, and in “Landwirthschaftliche Jahrbuecher aus Ostpreussen, Koenigsberg, 1859, Jahrg. XI, July—Aug. p. 344”, is printed a short report by myself on the subject. I had namely received stalks containing the pupa of destructor and I placed them in glass tubes well corked in order to rear and observe the perfect insect. In one glass tube, containing only one pupa, a female hatched out and laid about 100 eggs, and died the same evening. The eggs were fixed to the glass and were perfectly diaphanous. During the first 23 hours I remarked some change in the eggs which led me to hope for a development of the embryo. ‘The changes continued through a whole week and showed the unmistakable development and transversal segmentation of the embryo. Unfortunately the tube was one day left for some time exposed to strong sunlight, and then the development stopped. But the transversal lines of the segments were still. visible in 1861, when I had the pleasure of showing the eggs to Professor von Siebold. At this time Wagner’s discoveries were not yet made public, while Parthenogenesis itself has only since a few years been generally recognized, through the admirable works of v. Siebold, and this for but few insects, not Diptera. I have had no opportunity since that time to renew my observation. If C. destructor becomes again common, I believe the observation could be easily repeated. This is the only reason which induces me to draw attention again to my old and overlooked discovery.

A new Eustrotia,

By A. R. GRore. Under the number 738 (pink label) Mr. Belfrage sends me a fresh specimen of a species of ustrotia, closely allied to our well known northern concinnimacula of Guenée. The specimen was taken March 23, and is about the same size as its ally. It is of a uniform pale green, and the markings and color of its close ally, but it differs notably as follows: The ordinary spots are greatly reduced; the black mark surmounting the orbicular is more distinct and definite. {The large reddish, rounded clariform which, in concinnimacula, is approximate to the orbicular, is here reduced to a small rounded point, situated on the submedian and

67

far away from the orbicular. The median shade is more prominent ; the lines are similar in the two forms, but in the Texan the sub- terminal is throughout its length preceded by black dots less distinct than the costal spots which are much as in conecinnimacula, but reduced. ‘The collar is finely and faintly lined with black. The form at first sight strikes one as distinct, but is probably a race of our northern species and as such I propose to call it parvimacula. Guenée, in describing concinnimacula, used a faded specimen and is correct in his supposition that fresh specimens are of a handsome green color.

A new Pinipestis.

By A. R. GRoOTE.

Pinipestis reniculella n. s. ¢ 9. Fore-wings 11-veined, with veins 4 and 5 running close together at base, but haying a separate origin. Hind wings 8-veined, vein 5 running very close to 4 along its inner portion, but independent. Maxillary palpi of the male without tuft. Male antennae scaled, thicker than in the female, with the joints not apparent, very slightly bent at base, no basal tuft, but the scales are thick over this portion ; beneath the antennae are pubescent. Blackish gray, larger than abietivorella, and paler. Inner line white, twice dentate, followed by a black line. Reniform white, black-edged, prominent, squarish, approaching to kidney-shape. Posterior line white, with a preceding black line ; the median lines wide apart; the posterior line followed by a black shade, twice prominently indented, and more or less denticulate over median nervules. A terminal black lineSmore or less broken; fringes pale. Hind wings rather pale fuscous with pale interlined fringes. ‘Two specimens show a slight olive tinting especially before the anterior line. Six specimens, New York, New. England, expanding on an average 26 mil.

Illustration of Microlepidoptera, By A. R. GRoTE. g (Plate V.)

On the accompanying Plate will be found illustrated a number ef species of the smaller North American moths recently described. Figure 1 represents the neuration, and figure 2 the enlarged head of Prorasea simalis Grote, Bulletin U. 8. Geological Survey, IV., 670. Figure 3 gives the neuration of Melancmma auricinctaria Grote, Tr

6S

Hint. Soc. Phil, 117, 1875; Cam. Hint. 28,1876; Bull. U.S. Geok Sury., IV., 674. Figure 4 represents the primary wing of <Aedis funalis Grote, Bull. U. 8. Geol. Survey, IV., 670; figure 5 that of Pempelia contatella Grote, N. Am. Ent. I, 49, and figure 6 that of the var. quinguepunctella, which is not improbably a distinct species. Figure 7 represents the primary wing of Crambus exesus Grote, Can. Ent., XIL, 16; figure 8 that of Crambus dissectus Grote, Can. Ent., XII, 16 and figure 9 that of Crambus oregonicus Grote, Can. Ent.,~XII., 17. Figure 10 represents the female primary wing of Tetralopha diluculella Grote, N. Am. Ent., I., 60. Figure 11 gives the enlarged head of the male Properus edonis Grote, Can. Ent., XIJ., 19; belonging to a western and southern group, with pectina- ted antennae in the male and excessively long labial palpi, a section of the genus Crambus. Figure 12 represents the primary wing of EHpigraphia eruditella Grote, N. Am. Ent., L., 53, the North American representative of the European Steinkellneriana.

In my paper on N. Am. Pyralidae, published in the Bulletin of the U.S. Geological Survey, I stated my inability to identify Pempelia grossulariae of Packard and Riley, while supposing it might be identical with Homeosoma stypticella. Subsequently I visited Washington and found from Prof. Riley’s collection that it was my Dakruma turbatella. ately Professor Fernald has made the same identification from Dr. Packard’s type. ‘The insect is not a Pempelia, as the neuration differs and the maxillary palpi are smaller and not tufted in the male. It may be known as Dakruna grossulariae.

The Cotton Worm.

U. 8. Entomological Commission Bulletin No. 3. By C. Y. Riley, M. A., Ph. D. [A pamphlet of 144 pages containing a useful summary of the investigations made on the Cotton Worm during Prof. Riley’s connection with the Departement of Agriculture and as Chief of the Entomological Commission. Very full details are given respecting the different poisons and remedies. With regard to the hibernations of the moth which is a mooted point, I believe I was the first to show that it passed the winter in the Southern States in the moth state although I believe some localities are in different years bare of the moth from fall migration or winter killing. With regard to its migrations I believe I was the first to show that it came every year as the perfect moth from more Southern localities and when I read my paper in 1874. I gave my observations

. . Sim. ent. Vot .1 Plate V

Vay

69

previously put forward by me in the Rural Carolinian for 1871 and in a lecture delivered by myself before that time. In my paper I expressly stated that “the region over which, during five seasons I have observed the cotton worm, embraces the central portion of the cotton belt in the States of Georgia and Alabama, and in particular the counties of Marenjo and Greene lying along the Tombigbee and Black Warrior Rivers” (Proc. Am. Ass. Ady. Sci., 14, 1874). My theory did not at any time in my mind apply to south Texas or the edge of our territory washed by the Gulf of Mexico. A great deal of misunderstanding of my statements is owing to a difference in defining the cotton belt into climatic regions. When I speak of the central cotton belt I mean from the Atlantic through Montgomery to the Mississippi. I think still that where cotton is an annual that the worm will not sustain itself permanently, and in all my conclu- sions I haye been guided by the relation between the worm and its food-plant, a relation not appreciated by Prof. Riley in his second and sixth Missouri reports and prior to the reading of my Associa- tion paper. With regard to-the genus Prof. Riley accepts my definition of Aletia, which includes, however, a second species, Aletia hostia, from Texas. Anomis exacta and A. erosa, inhabit our terri- tory ; I identified the former for Prof. Riley from specimens reared in the Department of Agriculture. Pteraetholix bullula and perhaps also Chytolita tecta are allied Noctuidae from the Southern States. And with reference to my original paper I can only assure Professor Riley that any additions made to it were not in consequence of anything Professor Riley may have said, as up to that time Professor Riley knew nothing from personal observation of the cotton worm, I knew itfor 5 years, and my theory was opposed to his, what little he had published with regard toit. In the body of my article as originally read and printed I am quite clear as to that portion of the South where my observations were made; Dr. LeConte’s faunal map was then long published and familiar to me, in which South Florida and Texas were considered as sub-tropical regions. It is probable that the first introduction of the cotton worm was from the French West Indian Islands at the close of the last century At that time the continuous belt of cotton from the Atlantic to Texas did not exist, and from the freedom from the worm which characterized both the early planting of cotton in the U. S., and the occasional years of freedom from it which afterwards occurred, I believe it is only comparatively recently, if yet at all, that it has

70

gained a permanent foot-hold in our territory by producing fertile eggs on the young spring cotton. I do not yet hear of any positive evidence that the moths successfully hibernate in the region lying along the center of Alabama and Georgia; and my original state- ment yet stands. Although the migration theory of the moth originated with*myself from my own observations it has been shown that in the idea of its introduction | am anticipated, as stated by Prof. Riley, by several writers whose communications were generally unknown to entomologists until recently when they have come to light under the efforts of the Department of Washington. Up to the reading of my paper Prof. Riley did not know of the conclu- sions of these former advocates of the migrations of the cotton worm nor many of the facts embodied in my paper as is proved by his second and sixth reports where he treated the moth as a United States species and inveighed against the ignorance of the people of the South as to its natural history.

I visited Washington after the reading of my paper to endeavor to interest the Government in the enquiry since so successfully prosecuted, but my efforts were unavailing at the time. I think that there is still no direct evidence that the moth successfully hibernates any where in the U. 8., though the probabilities are that as we approach the Mexican frontier the chances of its doing so are increased. [I am sorry that Prof. Riley does not give me credit for my observations on the disappearence of the moths and the appear- ance of the first worms, which is the “strongest fact against hiber- nation” and is fully set forth in my papers. It was this fact and that the moth appeared in flights before the appearance of eggs in the plants which made me adopt the theory of introduction from more Southern regions. In the absence of direct evidence of the successful wintering of the moth, the possibility that it yet may do so in certain localities is not denied by me, but all my experiments show that the canebrake region of Alabama is not to be included. Prof. Riley’s report is to be commended for its fullness of detail and the amount of information which it contains. I must protest however against my paper, which embodied the results of my private studies over ‘a naturally restrict portion of the field, for being in details pitted against the detailed statements called forth by the employment of many persons over wide regions and paid by the Government. For instance, on page 16,. my statement as to the appearance of the worm is called “erroneous” and that the date of the appearance accords with “the isochimal lines”. But in my paper I say in effect that the worm appears always to the southward first and as to its appearance in June, I*was writing then particularly of Marengo and Greene Counties where my residence was lengthened. I regret that a disposition to make out every body wrong but him- self prevents Prof. Riley from assuming that impartiality which he should take up to add grace to his reputation as a scientist. ]

ey BOOK NOTICES:

THE CANADIAN ENtTomonoaist, Vol. XI, No. 12, December, 1879,

SAUNDERS Wo. (p. 221.) Entomology for Beginners. [The Author gives the Natural History of Dytiscus Harrisii, and Hydrophilus triangularis, as far as known, with wood-cuts. |

Epwarps; W. HH. (p. 224.) On the larval habits of Limenitis Arthemis with its co-form Proserpina and also of L. dissipus. [From advance sheets of Part VIII., of Vol. 2 of Butterflies of North America. }

ASHMEAD, Wm. H. (p. 228.) On a new Psocus. [The author describes Psocus citricola as new from the Orange tree. ]

Grotr, A. R. (p. 231.) The species of Esotyla, Spragueia Fruva, Xanthoptera, Exyra, and Prothymia. [The author gives the neuration and structural characters of most of the species; he refers onagrus H.-S. fig. 209 as leo Guenee ; and subolivacea as a variety of orgiae. An error has slipped in the text: on page 233, under the head of dama, line 15 from top of page, for ‘“‘onagrus” read ‘“‘leo”’.

Epwarps, W. H. (p. 238.) Description of a new species of Pamphila. [The author describes as new P. Dion occupying a belt of country extending from Canada to Nebraska; the species is allied to Arpa, with which the author had previously considered it iden- tical. ]

PsycuHeE. Vol. 3. No. 69. January, 1880.

Epwarps, W. H. (p. 3.) Experiments upon the effect of cold applied to Chrysalids of Butterflies. [The author gives results ob- tained from experiments with Papilio ajaa and its varieties. |

THe American EntTomotocist, Vol. 1, No. 1, January, 1880.

MurtFELpt, Mary E. (p. 14.) Rose-feeding Tortricidae. [The author describes Tortrix cyanana as new, the “Rose Leaf-tyer’’. |

Cresson, E. 'T. (p. 24.) Notice of three new Hymenopterous Parasites. [The author describes as new Anisopelma lycti parasitic on the larva of Lyctus striatus and A. utilis and A. minima from the larva of Trogoxylon parallelopipedum. |

THE CANADIAN Entomo.ocist, Vol. XII, No. 1, January, 1880.

FLETCHER, JAMES (p. 1.) Nature-painted Butterflies.

SAUNDERS, Wm. (p. 4.) Entomology for Beginners, No. 2. [The author gives the Natural History of Catocala ultronia, <Aegeria tipuliformis and Psenocerus supernotatus with good wood-cuts. The text is simple and excellent and we hope the series will be con- tinued. |

Lyman, H. H. (p, 7.) List of diurnal Lepidoptera taken in the vicinity of Portland, Maine.

Epwarps, W. H. (p. 7.) Description of the preparatory stages of Grapta Progne, Cramer,

ty

SF

=z ta)

FRENCH, G. H. (p. 15.) Notes on the larva of Agrotis lubricans.

Grots, A. R. (p. 15.) Crambidae. [The author describes as new Chilo crambidoides from Kansas. This is a large species with wide wings, the primaries with straighter external margin than usual; Prof. Zeller suspects the larva in cane (7). The author records the capture of the South American Schoenobius macrinellus by Mr. Schwarz in Florida and gives notes on Crambus interruptus, C. Leachellus, C. vulgivagellus, and C. topiarius and describes as new C. dissectus, C. occidentalis, C. exesus, C. Goodellianus, C. oregonicus, C. anceps, C. attennatus, C. laciniellus and C. edonis, the latter is referred to a new group Propexus, comprising the species with very long labial palpi and pectinated antennae in the male. C. laciniellus is a common species in Maine, belonging to the fuscicostellus group, without the median longitudinal gray shading and showing inferiorly the terminal dots along external margin. |

THE COLEOPTERA OF THE ALPINE Rocky Mountain REGIONS; Part Il. By John L. LeConte, M. D. Washington Nov. 30, 1879. [Contains a list of the species collected by HE. A. Schwarz in the Rocky Mountains and descriptions of 47 species new to science. Among the most noteworthy are Bembidium rubiginosum, Deliphrum expansum, Pseudopsis obliterata, Eimphylus americanus, HHypocoprus formicetorum, Gastrallus marginipennis. Among the species enumerated by the author are a few from Idaho and Wyoming received from Mr. O. Reinecke of Buffalo.]

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL CONTRIBUTIONS OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY No. Il. The Entomological Libraries of the United States by 8S. H. Scudder, 1880, pamphlet, pp. 6. [The author remarks on the dif- ferent libraries and gives a list of rare works in Cambridge and Boston. |

EPG) Re a AL ea

Zuphium americanum, Ptychodes vittata. Thalpius dorsalis & pygmaeus. Phyton pallidum. Dynastes Tityus. Pteroplatus (Sallei) variabilis, MrEGALOSOMA ELAPHAS, male, Callichroma splendidum, Body d5inches long by 2 1{16 inch wide. Leptura erythroptera. Sandalus niger. Plectrodera scalator. Goes tigrina Acanthocinus nodosus. Goes tessalata. Cylas formicarius. Ischnocerus infuscatus and all other Louisiana coleoptera at reasonable rates. — Apply to WM. MISCHE, 3t 350 St. Peter Street, New Orleans, La.

The North American Entomologist, An illustrated Monthly, for the use of students of Entomology and Agriculturists, issued on the 1st of every month. PUBLISHED By REINECKE & ZESCH, Terms, $2.00 yearly. 500 Main Street, Burrato. Entered st the post office at Buffalo, N. Y:, as second-class matter.

gH

North American Entomologist

Editor: A. R. GROTE. Publishers: REINECKE & ZESCH. Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences. 500 Main Street, Buffalo, N.Y. Vol. 1. APRIL, 1880. INo. 10.

Biological and other notes on Pseudococcus aceris.

By Entry A. SuirH, Peoria, Ils. (Plate VI.) See NON O Mie:

Chermes aceris ovatus, Geoffroy. Geoffroy Histoire abrigde des insectes. Paris 1762. 4°, T. 1. p. 509.

Pseudococcus aceris, Geoffroy. V. Signoret, “Essai sur les Co- chenilles.” (1875) p. 329.

HIES TORY.

The first account 1 have been able to find of this species is that of Geoffroy, in 1763, a celebrated French physician and ento- mologist, who made the following remark concerning the species:

“This small species is quite flat and oval. It is of a clear brown color and has in the middle a lengthy brown and richly colored stripe, on both sides of which are stripes of a white ash color. It is found on the underside of the leaves of the maple.”

The next account is a brief one by Fourcroy in “Entomologia Parisiensis”” 1785, 12°, and is only an extract of Geoffroy as Chermes aceris, T’. I. p. 230. Also Latreille “Histoire naturelle du Crust. et. insect”? Paris, (1804) Vol. 12, p. 389, makes a repetition of Geoffroy.

Curtis in the Britanic Entomology gives the male of Lecanium for that of coceus—Westwood likewise, 1n his Introduction to Ento- mology 11, p. 446, seems to have described the male of the Leca- nium.

V. Signoret in his “Essai sur les Cochenilles” (1875) p. 329, 330 gives, under the name of Psewdococcus aceris, a short description of the young larvae and grown female, but says the male is not known to him. In America I find nothing written on the subject, and neither can I learn of specimens in any of the collections. Letters

I would like to return thanks to Dr. H. A. HAGEN, for his kindness in assist- ing me in obtaining the History of the Species.

a ac

from H. A. Hagen, and P. R. Uhler have greatly assisted me in seeking information regarding the species. In only two localities have I found the insect in Peoria and my attention was first called to the subject through the kindness of Col. D. P. Grier of this city in December 1877.

The Acer saccharinum, Hard Maple, is the only tree I have thus far met the species on. V. Signoret says: It is one of the com- monest species in all the countries and is peculiar to the Maple, although found on many other trees as the Elm, Linden and Chest- nut. The scarcity of the insect in America and their abundance on the few trees here, together with the short account of the life habits, and the male not haying heretofore been described, have all com- bined to bring my attention to the insect with the following result. Although the Embryology and Internal Anatomy have received con- aiderable attention, I will leave the description until a future time.*]

THE EGG.

The egg is regular and suboyate, the widest part near the center, Fig. I. The size varies, but is from 5 to 6 millimeters long and 3 to 4 wide. When first deposited, the egg is of a light yellow color, nearly cretaceous, but soon attains a dull, yellow brown, as the embryo developes, as in Fig. II. From fourteen to twenty one days are required for the development of the embryo, the condition of the weather and the season of the year haying much influence upon

the time. THE LARVA.

The young larva, Fig. III, is twice as long as wide, and is from 7 to § mill. long and 3 to 4 mill. wide. The width increases from the head, is broadest at the mesothorax, and decreases pos- teriorly. The segments of the body are quite indistinct, the inden- tures only defined after the body is boiled in turpentine or ,, % of caustic potash and mounted in Canada Balsam. The entire number of segments in the body are thirteen, one, or head, three thoracic and nine abdominal segments. When first hatched, the insect is of a uniform yellowish color, the sides are regular, and admit ofa slight compression at segmentations. The body is sparsely covered with hairs; several long and stout ones project from the head, as also from the sides of thorax and abdomen, but from the last two seg-

*] Since the above has gone to press I learn through Mr. Putnam of Davenport, that Dr. §. S. Rathvon of Lancaster, Pa., has found tke Pseudococcus aceris on the

Hard Maple in that city, and from the specimens of the egg mass furnished I judge it to be the same.

(6)

ments of the abdomen they are more specially observable. The surface of the insect is covered with small tubes or round openings from which no hairs issue.

The head, when examined under a low power, appears rounded in front, but, when highly magnified, is composed of five circular waves, the central one smaller then the others.

The eyes, two in number, are situated behind the antennae and the outer extremity of the head, making them visible from both above and below. They are globular and very dark, if not black, and form a prominent contrast against the yellow of the in- sect. The antennae, Fig, IV., are situated a short distance from the margin, and arise from slight fleshy tubercles, their outline admits of slight waves but they are otherwise quite smooth, yet form- ing no regular number of hairs. The number of the joints are six. The first five are of nearly equal] size, the second and fifth slightly longer than the others, the sixth and last joint equal in length to the first four combined. From the first five segments one or two strong hairs project from the sides usually from a small tubercle or pro- jection of the skin and from the sixth joint as many ag twelve hairs issue, which are ‘of nearly equal length, the apical one the longest and they all proceed from a slight elevation.

Beneath, the clypeus is nearly of a triangular shape, rounded on the anterior margin, the sides nearly straight, the buccal setae are evidently supported by the frame work of the clypeus.

The labiwm, or beak, is similar to that described by Mr. J. D. Putnam in his treatise on Pulvinaris innumerabilis, Proc. D. A. N. S., Vol. 11, p. 301, “it consists of a single joint which appears to be formed by the sides of the labium being turned forward and then inward, becoming united to form a flattened conical sheath through which the buccal setae are eventually thrust.” The sheath however is more triangular than conical in this species as compared with innumerabilis, Fig. V.

The thorax is nearly as long as the head and abdomen together and is the widest part of the insect. The prothorax is closely united to the head, and is nearly as long as the meso- and meta- thorax combined, the w:dest part is gained in the mesothorax. The metathorax is as wide as the prothorax and half as long. The sides of the body admit of a compression at these segmentations. The legs are situated the same distance from the sides and from each other, and are set well under the body. The anterior pair are at- tached to the prothorax, just at the side and a little below the la-

76

bium. ‘The coxa, Fig. VI., (ea.) is quite distinct and bears upon its surface several small hairs. The trochanter (t7.), when in the bent position as in the figure forms a triangular shape, but when in motion becomes nearly square; this joint is firmly united to the femur, and is movable with the coxa.

The femur (/r.) is stout but not longer than the tibia (t7.), both joints are of good size. The tarsus (ts.) is longer than the tibia, the claw at the end of the tarsus is strong and single, the joints are all furnished with hairs, which, although strong, are not as stout as those on the antennae. The two posterior pair of legs are simi- Jar in proportion and size to the one just described, the metathoracic pair having the joints proportionately larger than the two preceding pairs.

The nine abdominal segments are quite easily traced, the width is greater at the sides than in the middle of the body, and the decline of the first eight is a gradual depression occurring at the intersection of each segment. The ninth and last segment is smaller than the others and ends in a deep half circular fissure, as in Fig. Il]. One long and strong spinous hair projects from each side of the commencement of thé fissure and these are followed by many shorter and less strong ones, which become in the centre thick and cemented together, at times in one body as seen at e in Fig. VIT. and again these hairs are divided into two or more parts.

Habits. When first hatched the young larvae remain upon the leaf and beside the unhatched eggs of the remainder of the egg- mass, and thrusting their slender setae into the leaf, they commence drawing the sap, which sustains their life. There‘is no uniformity with reference to the position assumed by the newly hatched insect, neither is there a choice shown for any part of the leaf, whether beside a vein or midway, they remain on the lower side of the leaf and do not settle on the upper side eyen temporarily. When first hatched there is no appreciable difference between the larvae, they are all of the same bright yellow color before described, but soon after a white substance issues from the body and gives the insects a powdered appearance. Shortly after red and yellow ones are found. The insects which become red are the males, Fig. VIII. and are of the same length and width as the yellow, the appendages are similar, with the exception of the antennae which have seven joints instead of six Fig. IX. The white coating appears upon these as well as on the yellow ones or females.. When the number of insects upon a leaf becomes greater than it can furnish food for, those first

Lay

hatched pass down the stem and seek food from some uninhabited leaf. After fifteen or twenty days, the insects have increased their size two fold, the body has accumulated a quantity of food, globulesic adipose tissue, until its thickness has also increased and the two setae are coiled spirally on each side of the head. There is nothing by which a moult can be determined at this time, yet the general appearance of the insect is changed. This is more par- ticularly true of the female larvae. The spines upon the integu- ment have become stronger, and from each segment at the side from three to five strong spines project, while the hairs except from about the head and anus are more rare.

The head is less rounded, and from between the eyes thirteen hairs of an unequal length project, and in addition to these are four quite strong spines. The fissure of the last segment has be- come deeper and the central part thickened. The hairs projecting from the sides of the fissure are both longer and stronger. From the division of the last two segments, two long spinous hairs extend below the body, and. from the lobes strong spines and numerous pores are scattered irregularly over the surface.

The antennae have also gained one joint more and now present seven, Fig. X., the last article shorter than in the newly hatched larva. The legs have increased in strength, and the tarsi become shorter while the tibia lengthens.

With the red or male larvae there is less change, the body has be- come narrower and longer, and no apparent change has taken place with the posterior portion. The white coating has not increased in quantity and the color of the insect can at once be determined.

THE MALE PUPA.

Soon after birth, the sex of Psewdococcus aceris can be deter- mined by the difference in color; the females retaining the yellow color throughout their entire existence, while the males as decidedly retain the red color. They change slightly in structure and the number of articles in the antennae remain the same. ‘They soon be- come restless and wander aimlessly about over leaf and limb, they are met by the young females, who partake also of their restlessness and together they wander about over the trunk and the limbs of the tree for from seven to ten days, when the females return to the leaves and the red males secrete themselves underneath the roughened out- side bark of the tree and undergo their transformation to the imago. A limited number of them return to the leaves and change thereon. From the spines and pores of the integument of the body issues a

78

white substance in which the larva is enveloped. This covering soon assumes an oval form, and is composed of threads, the inner coat cemented closely together, while the outer threads are irregularly arranged, although the form is retained perfectly, The entire cocoon is held in place by attached threads to the bark or leaf. Inside of the cocoon the larva gradually changes from the wingless insect to the mature or winged state, the rostrum disappears and two wings form. The transformation is gradual, the pupa, Fig. XI., is of a solid red color and measures from 9 to 10 millimeters long and 8 to 4 wide. The antennae, eyes and legs change their form and after about fifteen days one end of the cocoon opens and the perfect male comes out; the opening through which it emerges is circular and covers the entire end of the cocoon. . THE MALE.

When the male first issues from the cocoon it is inactive and does not fly readily, but after drying the wings by vibrating them, and exercising the other appendages, it is ready for flight and action. The male, Fig. XII., is very beautiful, the same red color which characterized the larva and pupa remaining in the imago. ‘The insect measures 8 mill. long, exclusive of the penis, and with it 9 millimeters and is nearly 3 millimeters wide across the mesothorax. The wings are large in comparison to the body, the appendages strong and of the same color as the body.

The head is closely connected with the thorax, is somewhat glo- bular in form and slightly pointed in front. The eyes are situated on each side of the middle, they are nearly round and full, so that they extend over the side of the head thus enabling the insect to see both above and below. Farther back on the head are two more eyes, larger and more prominent than the first pair. They are of a dark reddish brown color, and form a striking contrast to the bright red of the head. ‘The mouth-parts are obsolete in the male, having disappeared during the transition of the matured larva to the imago.

The antennae are situated close to each other and arise from small tubercular projections, they are jointed, of a reddish cast, and the central part is deeper and darker than the edges. The joints are long and the antenna, itself is nearly as long as the body, the first or basal joint, Fig. XIII. at 1, is short and stout, having but few fine hairs issuing from the sides, the second joint is something over twice as long as the first joint and, approaching the apex, there is one abrupt enlargement terminating in a squarely cut joint; the hairs increase until five and six are found on each side. The

Plate VI.

N.Am. Ent. Vol. 1.

Smith—Pseudococews acerts and Parasite.

ag third joint is nearly three times as long as the first and is narrower throughout, near the apex and on the outer edge is an abrupt en- largement, which at once resumes the former width, the sides are quite thickly filled with strong and long hairs. The fourth to tenth joints are similar in size and form, each decreasing in length and haying the surface covered with hairs, the tenth and last joint haying the apex rounded. The surface of the antennae is quite re- gular, the variations slight.

The thorax is large and rounded at the sides, the greatest en- largement being at the mesothorax. The sides are smooth and uni- form, the entire portion thick, and the central portion of a deeper red than at the sides. The prothorax is rounded in front, is at that point the smallest, and increases rapidly until the posterior margin is twice the size of the anterior.

The wings are two in number, they are joined to the prothorax, and are membraneous and delicate. When compared with the size of the body they are very large, and extend over the abdomen. When folded at rest, they are nearly half as wide as long, and the superior margin is nearly a straight line, having near the middle a reflex nerve.

The ends are rounded, and the inferior margin is concave. 'The marginal vein is strong but decreases as it extends. Near this marginal yein a sub-marginal vein commences which soon subdivides into two parts, the former following near the marginal vein and parallel with it, having also the reflex curve, while the second division follows the inferior vein and both end abruptly a short distance from the end of the wing. The entire wing is evenly covered with a whitish, mealy substance, and forms a striking contrast to the deep red of the body and serves to make them conspicuous when in repose on the trunks of the tree; seen in the sunlight the wings haye a metalic lustre and are as beautiful as conspicuous.

The balancers, Fig. XIV., are prominent and large and are at- tached to the mesothorax. ‘They are two jointed, the first is large, while the second joint is slender and flexible, the end is often seen curled up instead of lengthened out as in the figure.

The legs are long and slender, and covered with hairs. The anterior pair, Fig. XV., show distinctly the five joints. The coxae are large in all six legs but in the anterior pair they are smaller than in the two posterior. The trochanter is prominent and is firmly united to the femur, which is itself long and becomes larger apically, the tibia is one third longer than the femur and retains a uniform sleriderness throughout. The tarsus is nearly one half as long as

80)

the tibia and gradually decreases in width until it terminates in a single movable claw, which ends in a sharp point. The two pos- terior pair resemble the anterior in all respects save that they are longer and the difference allready aluded to in the coxa. The colors of the legs are red, the deepest hue is in the centre.

The abdomen is longer than the thorax and consists of nine segments, the same as that of the female. The integument is co- vered with fine short hairs, at the sides they become longer and project beyond the body. From the first to the sixth segment there is a gradual increase in size, which then as gradually decreases until the ninth and last segment is only one half the width of the eighth. When the male has nearly completed its transformation, from the division of the seventh and eighth segment a pair of thick spines issue, and as the insect matures, they increase in size until in the perfect insect they extend to the end of the ninth segment; these spines are surrounded by two long flexible hairs, twice the length of the spines. When the male first emerges from the cocoon, two long waxy filaments issue from the division of the eighth and ninth seg- ments. They are pure white and longer than the entire insect. I am of the opinion that they consist of a number of filaments united together. These extended filaments are observed only on males who have recently issued from the cocoon, and are soon dropped off when the insect flies about, and become soluble when mounted.

; From the ninth segment projects the penis, this organ is slen- der and slightly curved. The segments of the abdomen are flexible and possess the power of expansion and dilation.

Habits, ‘The trees from which I haye made the study of the Pseu- dococeus aceris were yery badly infested and the number of males compared to the females were nearly equal. When they first emerge from the cocoon they are sluggish, but soon become active and fly about the tree with rapidity. They seek the females who have become likewise fully matured and are still wandering about the tree, some of them hiding in the crevices of the trunk while others seek the base of the larger limbs, and when in excessive numbers settle upon the ground at the base of the tree. In these places they partially conceal themselves by a white secretion exuded from the body. There they are sought by the males and at this time the impregnation of the female takes place. Ten days after the first appearance of the male, they have all disappeared, the probable life of each individual not exceeding two or three days. ‘I'he mouth parts having become

81

‘obsolete during the transition, the males take no nourishment, and the short life obviates all necessity for food. THE FEMALE.

The growth of the female is very rapid after the appearance of the male. There is no distinguishable metamorphosis and the female does not acquire wings. - The dorsal and ventral integument are of the same bright yellow color that has characterized the sex from the be- ginning of the larval form. The divisions of the body become less distinct as the development proceeds until it is only after mounting that the insect can be studied with accuracy.

The dorsal integument is smooth, of uniform color throughout and the divisions of the body obscure. The sides are even in outline, with a slight restriction at the divisions and with short hairs irregu- larly projecting from the body. The small pores are more numerous and larger than in the earlier stages of the insect, and from all parts of the integument short, slender hairs extend which issue from circular projections.

The body of the female, Figure XVI, is nearly oval and haeniee almost round as it fills with eggs.

The eyes are small and quite round, they are inserted a short distance back of the antennae and at the margin of the head. They are dark red, and appear black when mounted.

The antennae are situated on the underside and widely separated. They are nine jointed, having numerous long flexible hairs on the surface. The color of the antennae is the same as the body and uniform throughout.

The first joint of the antennae Fig. XVII is large and well secured to the body, the seven following become gradually shorter, the last and ninth is as long as the third and terminates in a point. Thus with the growth of the female an addition of three joints haye been made. The female, unlike the male, has had no perceptible pupa state neither regular moults, and in the antennae do we find the greatest change of the appendages.

The deak consists of four long slender setae.

The thorax increases in size every way. The six legs are present, but the body becomes so distended that it is utterly impossible for the female when in the process of deposition to walk any distance, yet she can, with difficulty, proceed. The legs have not developed with the body and yet have not lost their use. hey are quite simi- larly constructed and Fig. X VIJI is a representation of one of them. The coxa is strong, and is both long and stout, with only a few hairs

a

on its surface. he trochuter is of corresponding size and has one hair on the outer surface. The femur is widest at the base, and gradually decreases until at the apex it is only one half the size. ‘The tibia is of uniform width, is longer than the femur and both are equally distributed over with flexible hairs. The tarsus is one half the length of the tibia without the claw, from the tibia it gradually tapers and is more thickly covered with hairs, and the elaw which terminates the tarsus is single and strong.

The abdomen occupies a trifle over one half of the entire insect and consists of nine segments, they decrease gradually. The vulva is oval, Fig. XIX, and surrounded by a narrow chitinous band with five or six long strong spines and numerous small perforations. In the figure the sixth spine is removed, the circular base present, surrounding the yulva and band, have also many small _perfo- rations and less strong spines. I feel quite sure that the seeretion peculiar to the female comes largely from these pores about the vulva, and in less quantities from the pores on the body.

Habits. As soon as the males and females have united, the latter, if not already settled on the underside of the leaf, at once do so. Care is taken by the insects that not more than three or four remain on one leaf. As soon as settled the setae are inserted under the epidermis of the leaf and the position of the insect is determined for life. They make no particular choice on the leaf, and if they have a preference it is for the portion between the midrib of the leaf and the next rib in size.

The direction of the head is also immaterial with the insect. Soon after settling the dorsal integument is covered with a white substance and is equally distributed over the body. ‘The insect also increases in thickness. In a few days the secretion becomes greater posteriorly and the insect is soon concealed from view. ‘This secre- tion does not assume a regular form but is loosely formed and flatu- lent. The eggs as soon as laid become enveloped in the mass, and as the number of eggs increase, the quantity of secretion increases and those eggs first laid are pushed outward by the pressure of the others. The eggs form more rapidly in the body of the female than can be deposited, and thus the body becomes greatly distended. With the development of the body the female pushes the setae under the epider- mis until the head is in close contact with the leaf, and when raised this organ will support the leaf on which it is situated. The white secretion is composed of a number of fine threads which are

53

elastic and admit of being drawn out. The number of eggs de- posited by one female depends entirely upon the strength of the individual, since only a general wearing out of the system, or an untimely death through foreign agencies seem to control the number, They range from five hundred to the number which the strength of the insect admits of, ‘The cottony secretion is soluble in alcohol, ether etc. and insoluble in water, glycerine ete. The deposition con- tinues from fifteen to twenty days, the embryo is developed outside of the body and is much influenced by the temperature of the weather; the time required is less when the days are even and dry than when in- terrupted and irregular, it usually requires a little less than three weeks and it is not unfrequent that the young lice are crawling about on the leaf while the mother is still in the act of deposition.

When at length she is obliged to yield to the failing strength, her body dries beneath the cottony covering and, as frequently happens, the leaf has become so weakened that it can no longer remain attached to the tree, and falls to the ground conveying also the dead body, the young insects having previously left for more palatable food. At times the leaf is unable to remain until deposition has ceased and the female is then starved. This, however, more frequently follows a storm.

PARASITES.

The female is often stayed in her act of deposition by the presence of guests in her body. She commences her labor and at times proceeds until a portion of the egg mass is formed, when she yields to the lives within and becomes a victim to the enemy who gains an existence through her own life.

I regret the insect is unknown to science and that we have no specialist at this time who is describing the Chalcididae. Having sub- mitted specimens to Mr. E. T. Cresson and others, who failed to re- cognize the insect, I supply the following descriptions in order to give so important an insect, as this species has proved to be, in the life of the Pseudococcus aceris, a place.

Acerophagus Noy. Genus, one species.

Head wider than thorax. Antennae nine jointed, second joint one third as long as the remaining eight taken together. First, third, fifth, sixth, seventh, and eighth joints shortest, ninth large and forms »club. The antennae inserted a distance apart. Tarsi five jointed:

the stigmal branch long, strong and straight, Oviposit exserted,

54

Acerophagus cocosis N. 5. described from fifteen bred specimens. Imago ¢ Length 9 to 10 mill. and 3 to 4 mill. wide, Figure XX. Body of a yellowish cast. Head solid, yellowish brown, wide as thorax, and wider than long, opaque. ‘The antennae are not closely united, are pubescent and nine jointed, all the joints are of uniform color, a trifle lighter than the head (Figure XXI) first and second joints slender, second joint one third as long as the remaining eight, short hairs issue from the sides, the third joint increases in width at once and becomes at the apex twice the width as at the base. ‘The fourth» fifth, sixth, seventh and eighth joints are short and increase both in length and width. The ninth and last joint is oblong and very large, the articles are not united closely and especially the last six, these are somewhat pedunculated.

The compound eyes are large, and are situated at the posterior portion of the head, reaching to the neck and sides, they are pear-shaped having a dark round spot on the inner and upper portion of each eye. The ocelli are three in number, triangular and of a brownish red.

The thorax is broad and stout. A shield extends from the shoulder to the metathorax and from the termination a second shield, less dense, projects slightly over the abdomen. When the insect draws’ itself together, the head presses down to the shield, making it appear as though it had no neck. The wings are membranous, hyaline, and ciliated. The fore wings have the rib-vein running parallel with the margin, one half its length, when it unites and extending outward and downward forms a stigma. About one third the distance from the base there is slight space extending across the wing free from pubescence. The upper and lower basal of the margin ends in a thickened edge, the remainder having a fringe of hairs.

The lower wings are smaller, without veins and form a fringe on the lower portion.

The six legs are of the same color as the body. The mesotho- racic legs, Fig. XXII, have the coxa large, the trochanter, femur and tibia long, the apical spur of tibia strong, ‘The tarsus is five jointed, the first jomt longest, and the last ending in two claws. The apical spurs of the metathoracic tibiae are longer, Fig. XXIII., than of the two preceding tibiae and the first joint of the tarsus is as long as the remaining four together. The legs are hairy, the: tarsi provided with the strongest and greatest number ‘of hairs.”

§5

The abdomen is of uniform color throughout, the sides are furnished with long and strong hairs. On the dorsal side about one half the distance from the base to the apex and to the sides, a small black projection extends below the abdomen. It commen- ces on the underside at the base ‘of the abdomen and consists of two lateral valves, elongated and forming the sheaths of the oviposi- tor, which is nearly cylindrical and, as far as can be discovered, plain.

Habits. When the female of the Pseudococcus aceris is in the act of deposition, and concealed by the white covering, the parasite discovers it and thrusting its long ovipositor through to the insect beneath deposits from six to twelve eggs in the body. The larvae as soon as hatched feed upon their victim and pass through all stages of life within the body, issuing at last in the winged state. The young lice are not attacked by the parasite and only when the female is in the advanced state of deposition are traces of their presence to be found From the external appearance no indication is visible that they are beneath, the female aceris becomes dried and hard even though the color remains the same. When the para- sites are matured they break open the dried body and make their escape. They can both leap and fly.

NATURAL ENEMIES,

A species of Syrphus fly is beneficial by feeding, while in the larval state, upon the young lice and is in considerable numbers upon the tree. From the cocoon made by the fly, I have bred a species of Hulophus Geoff. of the 'Chalcididae. I am unable at this writing to identify these two species, neither am I satisfied that they are new species.

The Hyperaspis signaia, Olivier, is abundant as also the Chilo- corus bivulnerus Muls. The Anatis 15—punclata and a species of Chrysopa are found in limited numbers, all of whom assist in the destruction of the Pseudococcus aceris,

NUMBER OF BROODS.

There are three generations each year. In the winter mouths they are found in the larval form in the crevices of the bark of the trunk and at the base of the larger limbs, and are of two colors, red and yellow. During the warm days of winter they crawl on the out- side and are quite active. They make a lining in the crevices of the cottony secretion and remain therein the greater part of the time from October to May. They also convert the empty Chrysopa

86

cocoons into a place of resort and concealment. The second brood is hatched in June, the third in August, and it is from the matured females of this third brood, that the young, who remain over winter, issue. The habit of emigrating to the trunk of the trees is notice- able in the young of each generation, although for a short period, except the brood who pass the winter months there. A short time before the males enter the pupae, both sexes wander up and down the trunk and larger branches of the tree for a few days, when the males make their cocoon, and the females repair to the leaves where they become stationary.

REMEDIES.

The natural enemies are efficient in limiting the destruction by the Pseudococcus aceris, but when they require artificial assis- tance I find the following wash effectual. To every three gallons of water add one eighth of a pound of white hellebore and a small teaspoonful of crude carbolic acid, The wash should only be ap- plied when the young insects are on the trunk and larger branches of the tree. By the aid of a white-wash brush, the wash should be rubbed thoroughly in to all the crevices and freely applied. First commencing as high in the tree as neccessary to reach the larger limbs and working downward the wash will find its way to the trunk. The wash may be applied with advantage during the warm days in winter and early spring, as also in the summer when the young are wandering about.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE VI.

Pseudococcus aceris Geoffroy. Fig. I. Shape of egg when first deposited, Fig. Il. Egg in later development, Fig. III. Young female Pseudococcus aceris G, Fig. IV. Antenna of young female. Fig. V. Mouth parts of young female. Fig. VI. Leg of young female, cx-coxa, tr-trochanter, fr-femul, ti-tibia, ts-tarsus, Fig. VII. Posterior part of young female. Fig. VIII. Young male. Eig. Ix. Antenna of young male. Fig. X. Antenna of female after first change or moult. Fig. XI. Pupa of male. Fig. XII. Male of Pseudococcos aceris. Fig. XIII. Antenna of male. Fig. XIV. Halter of male. Fig. XV. Leg of male, 1-coxa, 2-trochanter, 3-femur, 4-tibia, 5-tarsus, Fig. XVI. Grown female. eo at Fig. XViI, Antenna of female. Fig. XVIIL Leg of female.

. a

Pig, XIX. Vulva of grown female.

Fig. XX. Acerophagus coccois.

Fig. XXI. Antenna of Acerophagus coccois. Fig. XXII. Mesothoracic leg of same.

Fig. XXIII. Metathoracie leg of same.

The prothoracie pair of legs in Fig. III, should turn upward as Fig. VIII. The drawings were made from mounted specimens and in this case were pressed down- ward,

BOGE TOBE BS.

THE CRAYFISH, by T. H. Huxley, F. R. 8. (This book, which forms the twenty eighth volume of the International Scientific Series, contains an exhaustive monograph with figures of Astacus fluviatilis. It is a model of perfect biological work and fully redeems its sub-title ‘‘An Introduction to the study of Zoology’. Nothing is neglected bearing on the structure, development, geographical distribution of the Crayfish, its connection with fossil species and probable evolution. In publishing this work Messrs Appleton & Co. have conferred a favor on students of Natural History and it is to be hoped that the work will meet with the sale it merits and find its way into the hands of every teacher of zoology in the country.]

PROCEEDINGS OF THE BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY, Oct. 1879,

MAGEN, Dr. H. A., [p. 305.] A new species of Simulium with remarkable Nympha case. (The Author describes as new Simulium pictipes. a species much larger than any known American species of Sumulium with a pupal pouch of peculiar construction found in the Ausable River, Adirondacks, ,in August. ]

PROCEEDINGS OF THE MONTHLY MEETINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SECTION OF THE ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES, PHILADELPHIA. April to December 151,

CRESSON, E. T., [p. IV. et seq. This Author describes as new forty species of Hymenoptera and one new genus: Huparagia. }

BEAKE, CG: A., [p. IV. This Author describes one new Hymenopteron, Mutilla Gabdbii, from Costa Rica and on p. [X., a new butterfly Pamphila dukolum trom the same locality.]

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, Vol. XII., No. 2.

EDWARDS, W. H., [p. 21.] On certain species of Satyrus. [The Author finds Alcpe and Nephele to intergrude. About Butlalo we have both well-marked Alope and Nepheie. Details of a large number of experiments with larvae and eggs are given by Mr. Edwards. A small reddish banded form found on Nautucket Island is called maritima. |

FLETCHER, JAMES, [p. 32] Entomology for Beginners. [The Author gives cuts of Calosoma calidum and C. serutaton. The latter and its ally C. Wilcozi, are foften found On the beach near Buffalo. |

GROTE, A. R., [p. 36,] Three new species of Botis. [The author describes as new B. oppitalis, oscitalis and dissectalis, the latter-submedialis, Grote. }

Thaxter, Roland, (p. 38,) Correspondence on the swarming of archippus, observed in Apalachicola, Florida, with wood-cnt of branches covered with the butterfly.

Errata to No. 9.

P. 68. line 37 for ,,believe'‘ read ,,believed“*. P. 69, line 6, for ,,marenjo‘ read »marengo.'* P. 69, line 23, for ,.Chytolita‘‘ read ,,Chitoryza‘. P. 70, line 36, for ,,restrict** read ,,restricted.‘* P. 70, line 36, for ,,being in“ read ,,being in minor‘. P. 71, line 12, for ,,Esotyla’ read .,Erotyla. P. 72, line 10, for ,,altennatus‘ read ,,allenuatus**

Check List of N. Am. Noctuidze, BY A. R. GROTE, A. M. In two parts, with lithographic plate, mailed free at $1.50. Address REINECKE & ZESCH, . 500 Main St., Buffalo, N. Y. “The work will be welcome to every one wishing information on the North American Noctuid fauna’.—Dr. A. Speyer, St. Ent. Zeit., 200.

FOR SALE.

Insects of all orders and in particular Coleoptera from Washington Territory, Nevada and California. List of species and prices given on application. Specimens in perfect condition, correctly named and sent by mail or express to any part of the United States.

Address: H. K. MORRISON, Olympia, ‘Thurston, Co., Washington, Terr.

Tortricidae wanted.

I am desirous of obtaining as many North American Torrricip as possible for the purpose of studying this family. I will be glad to name and return to any who will forward to me their Torrricip® for this purpose, all save such as may prove new and desireable to retain for description.

Address PROF. C. H. FERNALD, Orono, Maine.

N. Am, Pyralidac.

I wish to recive Pyralidae and will determine any collections sent to me for the privilege of retaining specimens which may be new. A. R. GROTH.

New monthly Pricelists of North American Coleoptera, a

for sale and exchange, sent on receipt of stamp. G. W. BELFRAGE, Clifton, Bosque Co., Texas

J Pe eee a eae

Zuphium americanum, Ptychodes vittata. Thalpius dorsalis & pygmaeus. Phyton pallidum. Dynastes 'Tityus, Pteroplatus (Sallei) variabilis, MEGALOSOMA ELAPHAS, male, Callichroma splendidum, Body 5inches long by 2 1{16 inch w ide, Leptura erythroptera. Sandalus niger, Plectrodera scalator, Goes tierina Acanthocinus nodosus, Goes tessalata. Cylas formicarius. Ischnocerus infuscatus and all other Louisiana coleoptera at reasonable rates. — Apply to WM. MISCHE, 3t 350 St. Peter Street, New Orleans, La.

The North American Entomologist,

An illustrated Monthly, for the use of students of Entomology and Agriculturists, issued on the 1st of every month. PuBLISHED BY REINECKE & ZESCH, Terms, $2.00 yearly. 500 Main Street, BUFFALO Entered at the post office at Buffalo, N. Y., as second-class matter.

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North American Entomologist

7 . Editor: A. R. GROTE. Publishers: REINECKE & ZESCH. Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences. 500 Main Street, Buffalo, N.Y.

Vol. 1. MAY, 180. INo. Il.

~ An Observation on the habits of the Black Ant. By JoHn T. HumpHreys, M. A.

In the year 1875, while on a professional visit to the iron beds of Amherst Co. Va., I saw before me in the middle of a sandy road a moving colony of black ants (Yormica fusca). My instant apprehension was that the line would cross over the road and disappear amid the meadow grasses not far beyond, but to my great delight it turned out otherwise. This then was a long sought opportunity for unob- structed experimentation as the colony slowly advanced along the centre of and with the trend of a dry clear road perfectly free from grass, brush or other obstructions. The column was several feet in length, a few inches in breadth, but sufficiently compact so as to resemble under an August afternoon sun a beautiful stream of ani- mated jet or tourmaline beads.

It was rather too late to find out the location of their freshly vacated dwelling, for not a solitary straggler remained behind. The advancing column, in solid marching array, was fairly in a desert of yellow sand in which I could find no trace of their exit from the woods not far behind. The cause of their migration was soon ap- parent, for kneeling down in the road, I noticed that each indivi- dual bore along in its mandibles a newly hatched larva. The former dwelling could not accomodate the increase of population and they were therefore Argonauting to a new El Dorado. Their movement was not hurried but regular and gradual, somewhat like that of an emigrant train crossing a Western prairie.

Picking up one of the foremost ants (and removing its larva) I dropped it about six inches in rear of the column. The little fellow hesitating a moment started out at full speed, but on reaching the main body he was instantly left to himself by a simultaneous movement of his comrades, six or more, whom he had just rejoined. None of them stopped to befriend or pity him or even ask the cause

90

of his unusual position. There was no curiosity manifested but an instinctive impulse pervading all alike to avoid the luckless Pariah.

Why was he thus avoided? Possibly because he was a laggard and had left his brethern behind. Let us see. Taking up a second one from the front but allowing it to retain the larva, I dropped it like its predecessor behind the advancing army. On reaching the rearmost file or platoon, it was shunned like a pestilence and left to itself. Probably from the fact that it was out of place. Perhaps

ye touch of my fingers left an impression, making it offensive to he extremely delicate nerves of its comrades. I thenrepeated these experiments, with the single difference of using a pair of pincers in- stead of my naked fingers, but the result