kK LU
: THE GENERA
OF
DIURNAL LEPIDOPTERA:
COMPRISING
THEIR GENERIC CHARACTERS, A NOTICE OF THEIR HABITS AND TRANSFORMATIONS, AND A CATALOGUE OF THE SPECIES OF EACH GENUS.
BY EDWARD DOUBLEDAY, F.L.S. F.Z.S.
ASSISTANT IN THE ZOOLOGICAL DEPARTMENT OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM; SECRETARY OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON;
MEM. ROY. GEOGR. S80C.; ENT. SOC. FRANCE, STETTIN, AND PENNSYLVANIA; V. P. BOT. SOC. LONDON ; HON. MEM. NAT. HIST. SOC. HESSE-DARMSTADT ;
COR. MEM. NAT, HIST. SOC. BOSTON U.S., ROY. SOC. AGR. AND NAT, HIST. LYONS, LINN. SOC. LYONS, ETC. ETC.
AND
JOHN O. WESTWOOD, F.L.S.
PRESIDENT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON ;
HON. MEM. HIST. SOC. QUEBEC, SOC. NAT. HIST. BOSTON U. S., ENT. SOC. PENNSYLVANIA, AND ENT. SOC. STETTIN 5 MEM. SOC. CAS. NAT. CUR. MOSCOW ; PHYSIOGR. SOC. LUND; SOC. ROY. SCI. LILLE; SOC. ROY. LYONS; SOC. HIST. NAT. MAURITIUS ; SOCC. CUVIERR., PHILOMAT., AND ENTOMOL, DE FRANCE, ETC. ETC.
ILLUSTRATED WITH EIGHTY-SIX PLATES,
BY WILLIAM C. HEWI'TSON,
AUTHOR OF “ BRITISH OOLOGY,” ETC.
IN TWO VOLUMES.
VO I:
CONTAINING THE REMAINDER OF THE FAMILY NYMPHALID, AND THE FAMILIES MORPHIDZ, BRASSOLIDA, SATYRIDA, LIBYTHEIDA, ERYCINIDA, LYCANIDA, AND HESPERID ;
WITH A SUPPLEMENT:
BY JOHN O: WEST WOOD:
LONDON: LONGMAN, BROWN, GREEN, AND LONGMANS. 1850—1852.
Loxrpon: | } Srorriswoopes AND SH New-street-Square.
AW,
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CALLIANIRA. 251
Genus XXXVII. CALLIANIRA.
CALLIANIRA Boisd. MS. Evonyme T[Tiibn. Verz. bek. Schinett. Nymenauis (Godt.
Heap not so broad as the thorax, hairy.
Eyes round, moderately prominent, smooth.
Mazille rather slender, scarcely so long as the thorax.
Labial Palpi porrect, ascending, extending beyond the forehead, clothed with rather loose scales; those in front of the first joint very long, the second with a not very well marked dorsal tuft. First joint short, two fifths the length of the second, dilated towards the base, truncate at the apex; second joint subcylindric, slightly curved, slightly swollen before the apex, which is truncate ; third joint less than one third the length of the second, elongate-obovate, the apex somewhat pointed.
Antenne about three fourths the length of the body, slender, terminating in gradually incrassated, rather slender club, rather obtuse at the apex.
THorax oval, moderately stout, densely hairy.
Anterior Wings trigonate. Anterior margin slightly rounded. Outer margin nearly straight, two thirds the length of the anterior. Inner margin equal in length to the outer, very slightly emarginate. Costal nervure dilated at its base, terminating a little before the middle of the anterior margin. Subcostal nervure slender ; its first and second nervules arising just before the end of the cell; the third arising about half way between the end of the cell and the origin of the fourth, terminating at the apex ; the fourth arising rather nearer to the origin of the first than to the outer margin. Cell about one third the length of the wing. Upper disco-cellular nervule very short; middle disco-cellular nervule much curved inwards; outer disco-cellular nervule about twice the length of the middle, curved inwards, terminating at the origin of the third median nervule. Third median nervule considerably curved.
Posterior Wings obovate, the shoulder considerably produced ; anterior margin nearly straight, except at the base; outer margin much rounded, slightly sinuate, nearly equal in length to the anterior. Precostal nervure simple, long, directed forwards. Costal nervure much curved. Discoidal neryule arising from the second subcostal, not far from its origin. Cell closed by a slender disco-cellular nervule. Median nervule curved.
Anterior Legs of the males clothed with hairs of moderate length. Femur slightly curved, nearly cylindric, rather thickened towards the apex, which is obliquely truncate. Tibia not quite so long as the femur, much curved, nearly cylindric, the apex obliquely truncate. Tarsus rather shorter than the tibia, slender, subcylindric, pointed.
Middle and Posterior Legs moderately stout; the femora of the former longer than of the latter, equal to the tibia. Tibize with two interno-lateral series of spines, the spines rather slender and widely placed. Tarsi about equal in length to the tibize, spiny below; the spines on all the joints except the fifth numerous, arranged in four series ; the fifth with only three or four spines on each side. First joint quite as long as, or rather longer than, the rest combined ; second joint less than one third, third joint less than one fourth of the length of the second ; fourth joint about half the length of the second; fifth joint somewhat oval, equal in length to the second. Claws curved, grooved below. Paronychia with the outer lacinia coriaceous, very broad, lancet-shaped, the sides much rounded, very villous; the inner lacinia narrower, shorter, and thinner than the outer, hairy. Pulvillus two-jointed, short ; the second joint broad.
(The typical species of this genus are of a moderate size, and are distinguished by the brilliant blue and purple gloss on the upper side of the wings towards the margins; on the under side they are of dull brown tints, slightly glossed with purple, and varied with black markings, with ocelli in pairs towards the outer angle both of the fore and hind wings, and also towards the anal angle of the latter. C. Amelia and Sophonisba (which I have not seen) differ in having the fore wings traversed, both above and below, by a broad oblique white bar, and in having their under surface much more variegated, but with the markings disposed as in the former. From the Catagramme they are distinguished at once by having the discoidal cell of all the wings entirely closed, in this respect agreeing with the Epicaliz.
The species are inhabitants of the New World, ranging from Mexico to Brazil. There are four undescribed species in
Dr. Boisduval’s collection from Brazil and Columbia. —J. O. W.) CALLIANIRA. I, Cau. Aucmmna E. Doubleday, Gen. Diurn. Lep. pl. 28. f. 1, (1847). P. Eurota Cram, t. 24. f. C. D. (1775). Mexico. B. M. | Nymph. Euphemia Godt. Enc. M. 1x. 418. n. 216. (1819). 2. Carn. Evrora E. Doubleday, List. of Lep. Ins. Brit. Mus. 91. Brazil. B. M.
(1845). | June 1. 1850, 3 X
252 NYMPHALIDZ.
3. Cau. Amewia Boisduval MS. 1 4. Ca. SoPHonisBa. : Papilio Amelia Cram. t. 136. C. D.; Godart, Ene. M. 1x. \| Papilio Sophonisba Cramer, t. 295. A. B.; Godart, Enc. p. 418. (Nymphalis Am.); Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. | M. 1x. p. 824. (Vanessa Soph.) ; Hiibner, Verz. bek. n, 583. (Evonyme Am.). Schmett. n. 584, (Eyonyme Sophonisba). Surinam, Surinam.
Genus XXXVIII. PYRRHOGYRA.
Pyrruocyra Hiibn. Verz. bek. Schmett. Corypas Boisd. MS. NympnHais God.
Heap rather small.
Eyes very prominent, oval when seen sideways, naked.
Forehead with a small tuft in front.
Mawillee long and slender.
Labial Palpi porrect, ascending ; those of the males being elevated to the level of the top of the head, elongate- conic, and pointed, the terminal joint scarcely distinguishable from the preceding, unless denuded of scales, extending in front about the length of the head, covered with fine scales, the base with curved scaly hairs, and the upper part of the middle joint with a slightly defined tuft; those of the female nearly twice as long as the head, with the terminal joint elongate, slender, and horizontal.
Antenne slender, four fifths of the length of the entire body. Club rather small and gradually formed, compressed and grooved. :
THorAx moderately stout, clothed in front and behind with short woolly hairs.
Tippets small. ;
Fore Wings trigonate. Fore margin rather rounded, Outer margin more or less emarginate and sinuated, less so in the females, two thirds of the length of the former. Hind margin nearly straight, and equal in length to the outer margin. Costal vein terminating before reaching the middle of the costa. Subcostal vein rather dilated at the base; the first and second branches arising close together, considerably before the junction of the costal vein with the costa; the third and fourth branches being separated at their origin by a distance nearly equal to that between the insertion of the second and third branches, and also between the fourth and the tip of the wing. The upper disco-cellular veinlet* branches off close below the insertion of the second branch of the submedian; it is almost obsolete, the first discoidal vein arising almost at its base; the middle disco-cellular is longer than the upper one, and oblique, but shorter than the lower disco-cellular, which is also oblique, and closes the discoidal cell, uniting with the third branch of the median vein quite close to its origin, so that the discoidal cell extends about two fifths of the length of the wing.
Hind Wings somewhat oval ; outer margin sinuated and angulated at the extremity of the outer branch of the median vein. Cell closed by the lower disco-cellular veinlet, which is oblique, curved, and united to the median close to the origin of its outer branch. Upper disco-cellular veinlet arising very near the base of the branch of the subcostal vein.
Fore Legs of the male short, pectoral, and clothed with long flossy hairs. The tarsi nearly as long as the tibia, and exarticulate. Fore Legs of the female also short, clothed with close appressed scales. Tarsi rather dilated and obliquely truncate at the tip, where several pairs of spines indicate the articulations which are seen on denuding the limb.
Middle and ITind Legs simple, slender, and rather short. Tibie with very short terminal spurs. Tarsi terminating above in a thin semicircular flap, fringed with eight long sete. Claws small, but very much hooked, and acute at the tips. Paronychia with the outer division nearly equal in length to the claw, broadly knife-shaped, finely setose ; inner division smaller and much more slender, obtuse at the tip. Pulvillus very short, broad, and leathery.
ABDOMEN small and slender, about half the length of the anal margin of the hind wings.
Larva cylindrical, with two long, spiny, straight, erect horns on the head, and with large tubercles at the sides of the body, each emitting two or three short setose spines.
Pura perpendicularly suspended, with a curved protuberance in the middle of the thoracic case, and an angular projection at the base of the abdomen.
* Tn this and the remainder of the generic descriptions, I purpose to adopt the nomenclature proposed by the late Mr. Edward Doubleday for the veins of the wings of the Diurnal Lepidoptera, in order that a uniformity may exist in this respect throughout the work. I must, however, request the entomologist to observe that in doing so I by no means agree with his views, especially with respect to the veins which he terms disco-cellular and discoidal. I have, however, employed the term veins instead of nerves for these organs, the researches of modern physiologists having sufficiently proved them to be portions of the system of circulation, ‘The nervules I indifferently term yeinlets or branches. —J. O. W.
PYRRHOGYRA. LUCINIA. 253
The curious distinction existing between the sexes of these insects in the developement of the labial palpi, together with the vivid red streaks surrounding the white, or very pale green patches on the under side of the wings, are excellent characteristics of this genus. The concentration of the branching off of the first and second branches of the subcostal vein, and of the upper and middle disco-cellular veins within a very small space, at some distance before the junction of the costal vein with the costa, is also to be noticed. ; : ; ; k
The species are black above, with a bar of greater or less width of white or very pale greenish colour traversing all the wings, but broken into two or three patches in the fore wings; on the under side these patches extend to the base of the wings, and are more or less surrounded by a brilliant red edging. The smaller species, P. Newrea, has the fore wings in the female slightly rounded on the outer margin, whilst the new species figured in our Plate 32. has the fore wings much more pointed at the tips than in the typical species.
The Geographical Range of the species extends from Mexico to Brazil including the West Indian Islands. I have not seen the two manuscript species which Dr. Boisduval has added to the group, neither have I seen 12% Sulpitia and Irenza, which also appear to belong to the present genus, having the red margins to the white spots on the under side of the wings replaced by fulvous orange. The last named species is, however, represented by Cramer with the hind wings entire. P. Sulpitia is also very closely allied to Victorina Stelenes.
The transformations of P. Nexrea were observed by Stoll in Guiana. The CATERPILLAR has the head, the thoracic segments, and back yellow, the sides are reddish brown with white spots, and the terminal segments dull yellowish. It feeds on the leaves of the coffee tree. The Curysatis is green tinged with yellow; and the butterfly is produced in nine days.
PYRRHOGY RA. 1. Pyrr. Trenus Linn. Mus. reg. Ulr. p. 308., Syst. Nat. u. p. 776, 4, Pyrr. Ororais Boisduval MS. (P. Tipha); Clerck, Ic. t. 32. f. 3.; Cramer, 1. p. 8. f. Mexico. D. E.; Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 43. n. 379. 5, Pyrr. Merta Boisduval MS. (Pyrrhogyra T.); Godart, Enc. M. 1x. p. 379. (Nym- Cayenne. phalis Typha). > Su P. Newrea var. B Fabricius, Ent. Syst. m1. i. p. 138. Be TE "Papilio Sulpitia Cramer, pl. 328. f. A. B. Honduras, St. Lucia, Guiana, Brazil. Bo | Nymphalis Symachia Godart, Enc. M. 1x. p. 179. 2. Pyrr. Newrea Linn. Mus. Reg. Ulr. p. 297., Syst. Nat. u. p. 732.5 | Aphnea Sym. Boisd. MS. Cramer, 1. pl. 75. C. D.; Stoll, Suppl. pl. 4. f. 3, 3A.5 | Metamorpha Elissa Hiibn. Verz. bek. Schmett. p.43. Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 42.; Fabr. Ent. Syst. Guiana. m1. i, p. 137.; Godart, Enc. M. 1x. p. 580. 7a Pyar Renna Guiana, Brazil. B.M. Papilio Irenea Cramer, pl, 328. f. C. D.; Godart, Ene. M. 3. Pyrr. Enocta FE, Doubl. Gen. Diurn. Lep. pl. 32. f. 5. Ix. p, 419. Venezuela, Bolivia. B. M. Surinam.
Genus XXXIX. LUCINIA.
Lucia [Tiibn. Sammi. ex. Schiett. Bd. ii. Nica E. Doubleday. Autopra Boisd. MS.
Bopy small and weak. Hap small.
Eyes oval, naked.
Antenne rather short. Club small, distinct, suboval, much compressed, concave, with the extreme tip curved outwardly.
Labial Palpi porrect, ascending, rather slender, about as long again in front as the head, the tip being nearly equal with the level of the head, clothed beneath and in front with fine downy hairs and white scales; the upper or hind surface of the middle joint with fine slender hairs; terminal joint short, slender, finely scaly, and destitute of hairs.
Tuorax moderately robust.
Fore Wings subtrigonate. The fore margin slightly rounded. The outer margin very slightly emarginate, with scarcely any sinuations. The costal, median, and submedian veins somewhat swollen at the base. The costal vein not extending above two fifths of the length of the costa. The subcostal vein emitting its first branch at some distance before the junction of the costal vein with the costa, and exactly opposite to the middle of the vein connecting the first and second branches of the median vein; the first. subcostal branch short ; second subcostal branch rising near the former, and not much longer than it; the third and fourth subcostal branches separated from each other at their insertion by a space nearly equal to that between the insertion of the second and third branches, and also between that of the fourth and the tip of the wing. The first and second discoidal veins arise together between the first and second subcostal branches, without the intervention of any disco-cellular veins ; the base of the second discoidal vein being curved, and thus representing the middle disco-cellular, whilst the lower disco-cellular is entirely wanting ; so that the discoidal cell is quite open.
254 NYMPHALID.
Hind Wings subtriangular. Fore margin nearly straight, except at the base. Outer margin rounded and much sinuated. The discoidal vein almost straight, and arising close to the insertion of the subcostal branch. Lower disco-cellular vein obsolete, whence the cell is open.
Fore Legs very small, pectoral, outwardly clothed with very fine silky hairs and scales, those of the female being less hairy. Tarsus in the latter about half the length of the tibia, rather dilated towards the tip, and oblique on one side, where it is armed with several fine short bristles.
Four hind Legs slender; femora slightly dilated towards the base. Spurs at the tip of the tibiee very small. Tarsi slender; basal joint more than half the length of the tarsus. Ungues and paronychia very small, curved, and wide apart. Pulvillus very short and broad.
AxpoMEN small and slender.
Larva and Pupa unknown.
This is a genus of small and rather plain-looking butterflies, so far as the upper surface of the wings is concerned, being of a fulvous colour with broad confluent patches of brown upon the outer portion of the fore wings ; beneath, however, they are more elegantly marked, the hind wings being silky white with orange bars, and with large circular spots enclosing silvery green and rich purple eyelets; a pair towards the outer angle, and another pair towards the anal angle, agreeing in this respect with the Callianire and Catagramme.
Of their habits in the perfect state, or their transformations, nothing has hitherto been recorded.
The species appear to be confined to the West Indian Islands.
They are nearly related in general habit to Epiphile and Myscelia, and, like some of the species of the former genus, the males have the wings glossed with purple. From all these, however, they differ in having the discoidal cell, both in the fore and hind wings, open. An approach to this character is indeed indicated in several of the former, by the lower disco-cellular vein being almost obliterated.
LUCINIA. 1. Luc. Capma Gen. Diurn. Lep. pl. 30. f. 6. } 2, Luc. Sma Hiibner, Samml. ex. Schmett. Bd. 11.5 Doubleday, List. Lep. Papilio Cadma Drury, mu. pl. xviii. f. 1, 2.3; Fabricius, | B. Mus. App. p. 28. (Nica 8.). Ent. S. iii. 1. 241.; Godart, Enc. M. 1x. p. 421. (Nym- Haiti. B.M.
phalis C.). Nica Cadma E. Doubleday, List. Lep. B. Mus. App. p. 23. Jamaica. B.M.
Genus XL. ETEONA.
Errona Boisd. MS. Panopma LTiibn. Zutr. Evurerre p. Boisd. Species Ins. Lep.
Bopy small and slender. Heap small.
Antenne moderately long and slender. Club slender, about one fourth of the entire length of the antenne, gradually formed, slightly curved, with a slight keel running along the inside.
Eyes hairy.
Labial Palpi rather elongate, directed upwards, and extending considerably above the level of the top of the head. Middle joint long and slender, compressed, and thickly hairy in front; terminal joint elongate, oval, and also hairy.
Tuorax slender.
Fore Wings subtrigonate. Fore margin slightly rounded. Outer margin four sevenths of the length of the fore margin, angulated below the tip. Costal vein extending two thirds the length of the costa. Subcostal with the first branch arising beyond the middle of the wing; second branch arising at a small distance beyond it; third branch arising nearly opposite to the junction of the costal vein with the costa; fourth branch extending to the tip of the wings. Upper disco-cellular vein obliterated. The first discoidal vein arising at a very little distance beyond the insertion of the second branch of the subcostal. Middle and lower disco-cellular of nearly equal length (closing the long discoidal cell), the former with its anterior two thirds straight and transverse, then suddenly angulated outwardly, throwing off a branch into the discoidal cell from the angle; outer disco-cellular oblique, and joining the third branch of the median vein at about the same distance from the origin of the third branch as between the latter and the second submedian branch.
Hind Wings subovate, rather elongate. Fore margin slightly rounded. Outer margin very much sinuated. The discoidal vein long and united to the subcostal, at a very little distance from the origin of the branch of the subcostal, by a very short transverse upper disco-cellular, and throwing off a short branch into the
MORPHEIS. 255
discoidal cell. Lower disco-cellular rising at about one third of the length of the discoidal vein, oblique and short, being about as long as the basal part of the third branch of the median vein, where it is united to it. Fore Legs of the male? small, pectoral. Tarsus minute, slender, oblong, apparently consisting of a single joint, and very hairy. Hind Legs moderately long. ABDomEN small, extending as far as the extremity of the anal vein of the hind wings.
Larva and Pupa unknown.
The species on which this genus is founded possesses so much the general appearance of some of the species of Euterpe that M. Boisduval described it in his “ Species” as a member of that genus, without any expression of doubt. The structure of the fore legs at once, however, removes it from the family to which Euterpe belongs. It bears considerable affinity to the genus Synchloe, but is at once distinguished by the hind wings having the discoidal cell closed, and by the second branch of the subcostal vein of the fore wings being inserted beyond the insertion of the first discoidal vein. It bears a miniature kind of resemblance to Papilio Semire Cr. (Hippolyte Drury), a species nearly allied to the genus Diadema. On the under side the fore wings are coloured as above, but paler at the tips and with dark streaks; and the hind wings are much varied with white spots, and buff, yellow, and brown shades, with slender longitudinal black lines between the veins.
The only species which I have yet seen belonging to the genus inhabits Chili and Brazil.
ETEONA. 1. Ersona Tisrpnone Boisduval MS.; Doubleday, List. of Lep. Brit. | Panopea Tisiphone Hiibner, Zutr. pt. 5. p. 28. f. O11, Mus. Append, p. 21.; Doubl. Westw. & Hewitson, 912.
Genera of Diurn. Lep. pl. 42. f. 3. Chili, Brazil. BM. Euterpe Tisiphone Boisduval, Species, 1. p. 411. |
Genus XLI. MORPHEIS.
Moreuers [Hiibn. (Papilio Nymphalis Lemonias dubia Morpheis. )
Bopy rather long and hairy, not robust. Heap rather small, hairy, without any decided frontal tuft.
Eyes naked.
Labial Palpi porrected to more than twice the length of the head, slightly ascending, not reaching above the level of the middle of the eyes; alike in both sexes, compressed, very hairy, especially beneath; terminal joint nearly half as long as the preceding, slender, and with short hairs above and long ones beneath.
Antenne not quite half the length of the fore wings, rather robust, and terminated by a large, very compressed, oblong-ovate club, deeply grooved within at the base, the outside clothed with white scales.
Tuorax rather small, rather hairy, especially in front.
Fore Wings elongate subtrigonate. Anterior margin rather rounded. Outer margin about two thirds of the length of the anterior, rounded externally, with the portion occupied by the extremity of the discoidal veins more evidently rounded. Costal vein rather strong, reaching a little beyond the middle of the costa. Subcostal vein slender; its first branch arising at about one third of its length from the base of the wing; second branch arising a little beyond the middle; third branch arising at a little distance beyond the second ; fourth branch arising at about the distance of three quarters of the length of the wing. The vein between the first and second branches is rather. deflexed, emitting the upper disco-cellular nearer to the first than to the second branch. This upper disco-cellular is very short and transverse, but distinct ; the middle disco-cellular is also short and curved; and the lower disco-cellular is longer, straight, and running obliquely, so that it closes the discoidal cell at about the middle of the wing, uniting with the third branch of the median vein at a little distance from its origin, the latter being but little curved.
Hind Wings subtriangular. The costal margin nearly straight. Outer margin regularly rounded. Anal margin forming a groove for the reception of the abdomen. Precostal vein bent at a nearly right angle, its tip reaching the margin of the wing. Branch of subcostal vein emitted near the base of the wing. Discvidal vein arising at a little distance beyond, without any upper disco-cellular vein; lower disco-cellular wanting, so that the discoidal cell, which is very narrow, is open. Branches of the median vein almost straight.
Fore Legs of the male minute and pectoral, clothed with long black hairs; the tarsus reduced to a single short joint. Fore legs of the female nearly twice the length of those of the male, scaly. The tarsus as long as the tibia, well articulated, five-jointed; the tips of the joints within armed with two short spines; terminal joint destitute of ungues and pulvillus and much shorter than the preceding.
Four Hind Legs moderately long, slender. The tibise with a double row of short spines on the inside ; tibial
July 1. 1850. 3 Y
256 NYMPHALID.
spurs rather long and slender. Tarsi with short slender spines on the under side. Claws long, curved, and acute at the tip, sickle-shaped. Paronychia with the outer lacinia shorter than the claws, slender, pointed, and finely setose ; inner division shorter and pointed. Pulvillus broadly transverse-ovate.
AspomEN rather long, silky, furnished on the under side near the extremity, in the female, with two patches of pale woolly down.
This is one of the most remarkable species of butterflies with which I am acquainted, not only on account of the peculiarity of its colouring, but also of its structural characters, which remove it from all the preceding genera of the present family. At first sight, indeed, it might be mistaken for some singular species of Euterpe; it does not, however, belong to the family which contains that genus; nor can I consider it as belonging to Acrwa, to some of the aberrant species of which it bears a certain resemblance, such as Acr. Ozomene Godart, and A. Hylonome of E. Doubleday, both represented in Plate X VIII.* of this work. The large club of the antenne, the long very hairy palpi, the very short narrow and open cell of the hind wings, and the well developed legs of the female, are the essential characters of the genus; whilst the black colour of both surfaces of the wings, marked near the tips of the fore wings with a few longitudinal dashes of pale buff, which on the under side are considerably increased in size, the hind wings also being marked by longitudinal streaks of the same colour extending from the base to the fringe, the patch of bright red colour at the base of all the wings, the red colour of all the legs in the female and of the four hind ones in the male (the fore legs of the latter sex being black), give to the species a very peculiar appearance. In several circumstances, such as the comparatively small size, and dark colours varied with pale markings, it agrees with Eteona; and it is on this account that I have placed it in this position, rather than postpone its description to the end of the present family, where it would break the chain of affinities extending through Amathusia, Morpho, &c.
The only specimens I have seen of the species are a pair (male and female) in my own collection, most kindly presented to me, with an extensive series of Mexican insects, by E. P. Coffin, Esq.
MORPHEIS.
1. Moren. Exrenseren Hiibner, Sammi. exot. Schmett. Bad. iii. pl. —.; Doubl. Westw. & Hewitson, Gen. Diurn. Lep, pl. 43. f. 1. Mexico.
Genus XLII. EPICALIA.
Ertcatta Boisd. MS. CATONEPHELE and Nerssaa LZiibn. Nympuauis p. God.
Bopy robust ; wings large and strong. Heap not so broad as the thorax, hairy, with a slight frontal tuft extending between the labial palpi as far as the extremity of the second joint.
Eyes oval, moderately prominent, naked.
Labial Palpi projecting beyond the forehead, ascending, but not reaching to the level of the top of the eyes; the third joint directed forwards, clothed with short appressed scales, except on the under side of the basal joint, and the extremity of the upper side of the second joint, where the scales are looser and longer. First joint two fifths of the length of the second, nearly reniform ; second Joint not so stout as the first, nearly cylindrical, when denuded of scales a little curved, the base rounded, the apex rather obliquely truncate; third joint about one third of the length of the second, subconic, the base rounded.
Antenne fully three fourths of the length of the body, thickening insensibly into a slender elongate club which is compressed and slightly curved, obliquely pointed at the apex, not grooved below.
THoRAX oval, robust, hairy ; the hairs of the metathorax very long.
Anterior Wings trigonate, the apex sometimes truncate. Fore margin considerably rounded. Outer margin sometimes nearly straight, sometimes emarginate, two thirds the length of the anterior margin. Inner margin rather longer than. the outer, more or less emarginate. Costal vein rather stout, extending two thirds of the length of the fore margin. Subcostal vein slender ; its first and second branches arising before the end of the cell, and at some distance apart; third branch arising at some distance beyond the cell, and nearly opposite to the junction of the costal with the costa, and terminating at the apex of the wing; its fourth branch arising nearer to the tip of the wing than to the origin of the third branch. Upper disco-cellular vein extremely short, oblique, and arising at a little distance beyond the origin of the second branch of the subcostal vein ; middle disco-cellular vein rather short and curved; lower disco-cellular about. twice the length of the middle one, nearly straight, running rather obliquely outwards, and joining the third branch of the median vein at about the same distance from its origin as exists between the second and third branches. Third branch of the median nerve considerably curved.
Hind Wings trigonate-ovate. Costal margin curved. Outer margin rounded, generally more or less sinuated.
EPICALIA. 257
Precostal vein forked. Costal vein much arched. Subcostal vein branching at a short distance from its base. Discoidal vein arising near the base of the branch of the subcostal. Disco-cellular distinct, arched, united with the median vein very near the base of its outer branch.
Fore Legs very slender, pectoral, clothed at the sides with long, delicate, silky, white hairs. Tarsi exarticulate ; nearly as long as, and of equal thickness with, the tibia. "ore Legs of the female rather longer than those of the male; clothed with short scaly hairs, except at the base of the femora beneath, where they are more hairy. Tarsus nearly as long as the tibia, flattened, and obliquely truncate at the extremity ; the terminal one third of the tarsus being articulated into five joints, each armed on the inside with very short spines; the terminal joint short, and destitute of claws.
Four Hind Legs moderately long, scaly. The tibia with a few very small spines in irregular longitudinal series. Tarsus more distinctly spined; the spines on the first joint forming four series; the second to the fifth joints with lateral rows of short spines, and with numerous spines of irregular size between the rows; the under side of the last joint nearly destitute of spines. Claws short, much curved, and grooved below. Paronychia with the outer lacinia shorter than the claw; inner lacinia nearly as long as the outer, and broader than it at the base.
ABDOMEN scarcely longer than the head and thorax united.
Larva long, cylindrical; head armed with two erect verticillated spines; segments of the body armed with short spiny fascicles.
This is a genus composed of moderate-sized butterflies, remarkable for the rich contrast of their colours, the ground of the wings being generally velvet black, with large regular-shaped patches of the brightest orange. On the under side the wings are much less striking, the various dark marks being ill defined. Ep. Ancwa differs from the other species in having the fore wings marked by an oblique bar of the most delicate pale greenish blue, the hind wings of the male haying a broad fascia of orange which is wanting in the female, which sex of a dull brown colour above with the pale fascia of the fore wings as in the male; the discoidal cell of the fore wings is also marked in the female across the middle with an oblong transverse patch of dark red edged with black lines, and with a lunate mark of the same kind at the extremity of the cell. This species differs from the more typical ones, such as Numilius, in having the second branch of the subcostal vein and the upper disco-cellular arising both close together, and by the middle and lower disco-cellular forming together a regular curve. This species differs in the extent of the pale markings in the male, sometimes occurring with a very broad orange bar across the hind wings occupying nearly the whole of the base, whilst sometimes it is much narrower, haying one third of the base of the wings black. The specimen in the British Museum from Mexico, figured in our Plate X XIX. under the name of E. Aglaura, differs only from the ordinary males of Ancza in having the pale band of the fore wings very slightly narrower, in having a small pale oblique mark near the tip of the fore wings (as in the female of Ancwa), and in having the orange mark of the hind wings confined to the costal portion of the disc. Even if permanent in these characters, I can only regard it as a geographical variety of E. Anca.
Epicalia Nyctimus has the orange marking on the upper surface of the wings formed into a nearly equally broad orange bar extending obliquely across all the wings. The palpi are longer in this species than in the others, and the extremity of the fore wings is angulated, although much less so than in E. Pierretii (Plate X XIX. f. 4.)
The males of Ep. Acontius are remarkable for the peculiar dilatation of the inner margin of the fore wings and of the costal margin of the hind wings, the submedian vein of the former being furnished on the under side with a very wide fascicle of delicate hairs nearly a third of an inch in Jength, lying close upon the lower dise of the wing, the corresponding space of the upper surface of the hind wing having the scales much larger, and arranged in ridges. The observation of the insect in a state of nature will alone explain the use of this singular structure.
The Larva of Ep. Acontius, figured by Stoll, is long, cylindrical, and of a green colour, the under surface and sides of the body and legs being dark yellow; the head is black, with two large white spots, and with two long, straight, erect, verticillated, and pointed horns; the second and following segments of the body are also furnished with several short, spinose, black spines. It feeds on the tamarind tree, and is transformed into a perpendicular chrysalis, which Stoll has omitted to figure.
The larva of Ep. Ancea resembles the former, but it is green, with a reddish streak along the sides of the body ; the head dirty yellow, with two erect yellowish horns, more spinose than in the former; and each segment of the body has a tuft of green spiny hairs. It feeds on the citron tree, and is transformed into a suspended chrysalis of a green colour, the butterfly appearing in about ten days.
I have not seen the three manuscript species of M. Boisduval, at the end of the genus. E. Cerambus may, however, prove to be identical with the variety of Ep. Ancea named Aglaura.
The species are exclusively natives of the hotter regions of the New World.
EPICALIA. 1. Ep. Nyctimus Westw. MS. Ins. u. p. 53. n. 253., Mant. Ins. u. p. 26. n. 269., Mexico, Guayaquil, Venezuela. B.M. Ent. Syst. ur. pl. 1. 44. n. 154; Drury, Til. exot. Ent. 2. Ep. Pirrretu E. Doubleday MS. 11. Appendix pl. 7. f. 3, 4.; Donovan, Ins. China, pl. Doubl, Westw. & Hewitson, Gen. D. Lep. pl. 29. f. 4 37. f.2.; Godt. Enc. M. 1x. p. 410. 196. (Nymphalis A.) Bolivia. B.M. Papilio Eupalemion Cramer, pl. 143. f. B.C. (1782) ; Pe a ae Ses pie es 1, f. 8. (larva); Lucas, H. N. : , : : ep. exot. pl. 72. f. 4. Baa Autinoe Godart, Enc. M. 1x. p. 410. BM | Catonephele Eupalemena Hiibn. Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 40. “ Dives n. 349. 4. Ep, Aconrius. : Brazil (not China, as stated by Fabricius, &c.). B.M. we eteein Hane Ins. 1.537. (1775), (nee Syst. me oN at. 11. p. .n. 12.). Papilio Numilia Cramer, pl. 8. f. 3. F.
Pap. Antiochus Fabricius, Syst. Ent. 480. (1771), Sp.
258 NYMPHALID#.
Papilio Numilius Fabricius, Ent. Syst. ut. i. 53. n. 614; Donovan, Naturalist’s Repos. u. pl. 55. f. 2.; Godart, Enc. M. rx. 409. n. 198.
p- 766. n.113.; Clerck, Icon. t. 31. f. 8.3 Fabricius, Ent. Syst. 1. i. 154. n. 475.; Cramer, Pap. pl. 49. f. E. F.; Stoll, Suppl. Cram. pl. 6. f. 5. (larva).
Brazil. B.M. Brazil. B.M. Var. Ep. Aglaura E. Doubleday, MS.; Doubl. Westw.
6. Ep. AnczA. p $ Papilio Ancea Linn. Syst. Nat. u. p. 781. n. 184. ; Hewitson, Gen. D. Lep. pl. 29. f. 3. Clerck, Icon. t. 31. f. 2.; Fabricius, Ent. Syst. ut. i. Mexico. B.M. t. 154, n. 474. 7.? Ep. Lyersrus Boisduval MS. Papilio Obrinus Naturf. v1. 128. t.6. f.1, 2.; Sulzer, Hist. Bogota.
Ins. t. 16. f. 1, 2.; Cramer, Pap. t. 338. C. D.; Dono-
van, Ins. India, pl. 37. f. 3. Mexi Nessa Ancea Hiibn. Verz. bek. Schmett. no. 360.; Godart, este
Enc. M. ix. p. 409. 9.? Ep, Corinnete Boisduval MS.
2 Papilio obrinus Linn. Mus. Reg. Lud. 255., Syst. Nat. 1. Peru.
8.? Ep, Cerampus Boisduval MS.
Genus XLII. CALLITHEA.
CatuiTHEa Boisd. Vanessa and Arcynnis Godt. AstErore p. fiibn.
Bopy robust ; wings large and rounded. Heap moderate-sized, larger in the males than in the females, with a frontal tuft before the antenne.
Eyes prominent and naked.
Labial Palpi porrect, directed upwards, but not reaching the level of the top of the eyes; subcylindrical, covered with scales, the upper side of the second joint being clothed with short distinct hairs; terminal joint small and slender.
Antenne short, slender, not more than two fifths the length of the fore wings, terminated by a short, very large, compressed, and somewhat spoon-shaped club, composed of about ten joints, slightly keeled.
Tuorax robust; the collar and metathorax clothed with short woolly hair.
Fore Wings large, ovate-trigonate. Fore margin much arched. Apical margin about two thirds of the length of the fore margin, much rounded. Inner margin rather longer than the apical, subemarginate, or sometimes very slightly rounded. Costal vein extending to the middle of the costa. Subcostal vein with the first branch arising at about one third of the length of the wing from the base; second branch arising at a very little distance beyond the first ; third branch arising at about three fourths of the distance from the base of the wing, and extending to the tip; fourth branch arising half way between the third and the tip. First disco- cellular very short, almost indistinct ; branching off from the subcostal vein just beyond the origin of its second branch, at the distance of two fifths from the base of the wing ; middle disco-cellular short, curved; lower disco-cellular very. slender, oblique, and slightly curved, joining the median vein close to the base of its third branch, thus closing the cell at a little distance before the middle of the wing. Third branch of the median vein gradually curved for about one-third of its basal length.
Hind Wings subtriangular, rounded along the costal margin. Outer margin very much rounded and entire. Anal margin deeply grooved. Precostal vein much curved outwardly ; as is also the costal, especially along its basal half. Subcostal vein branching at the distance of about one third from the base of the wing. Discoidal vein arising very near the fork of the subcostal, the upper disco-cellular forming its base; the lower disco- cellular curved, very slender, and arising at about the same distance from the base of the upper disco-cellular as between the latter and the fork of the subcostal, uniting with the median vein close to the origin of its third branch, the pointed extremity of the cell extending to the middle of the wing.
Fore Legs of the male small, pectoral, densely clothed with slender, white, silky hairs. Femora slender. Tibia and tarsus rather broader, somewhat flattened, and of nearly equal length. Fore Legs of the female rather shorter than those of the male, scaly. The femur slightly clothed beneath with hairs. Tibia shorter and rather thicker than the femur at its extremity. Tarsus rather shorter than the tibia, its extremity distinctly articulated when denuded of scales. The tip of the first joint simple; the second, third, and fourth, with two short spines at the extremity of each, on the under side; terminal joint small, conical, and destitute of claws.
Four IHind Legs rather short and stout. Femora and tibiae not spined, and rather slightly clothed with scales. Tarsi with several rows of very short spines on the under side. Claws very much curved, sickle-shaped. Paronychia with the outer lacinia rather slender, and obtuse at the tip; inner lacinia somewhat conical, finely setose.
ABDOMEN rather large.
Larva and Pura unknown.
CALLITHEA. AMNOSIA. 259
Nothing can exceed the brilliancy of the beautiful insects comprising this genus. Our Plate XXIV. fig. 1. represents the female of C, Sapphira, the male of which has the upper surface of the wings of the most intense purple blue, with a large patch of velvety black on the disc of each; on the under side the wings are of a remarkable glaucous bronze colour, with black spots arranged in three rows, the base of the hind wings in both sexes, and the disc of the fore wings in the female, being orange colour. The specimen which served for our figure was unfortunately deficient in its palpi, and the clubs of the antennz are not represented sufficiently large. C. Leprieurii is of the same size as the preceding, but differs from it in several structural characters. The fore wings are considerably broader even than in C. Sapphira, and the discoidal cell in the hind wings of the male is clothed with black hairs, lying flat on the surface of the wing. The labial palpi are also greatly elongated in both sexes, extending to nearly twice the length of the head. The upper side of the wings in both sexes is black, with a tinge of dark blue, and a subapical bar of silky glaucous green; the male being distinguished by an intense blue gloss on the disc of the fore wings. Beneath, both sexes are of a glaucous bronzed green with black streaks and spots, and with the base of all the wings marked with small vivid carmine patches.
Mr. Wallace, who has recently met with both these splendid species on the banks of the river Amazon, informs us that the males frequent the tops of trees like the Purple Emperor butterfly of Europe, and are consequently extremely difficult to capture, the females being found nearer the ground.
The structure and clothing of the labial palpi at once remove this genus from the neighbourhood both of Argynnis and Vanessa, in which genera the typical species was successively placed by Godart.
CALLITHEA. 1. Cau. Sapruira. | (6. B. f. 4, m. 5. f.).; Doubl. Westw. & Hewitson, Gen. Oreas Corusca Sapphira Hiibn. Samml. exot. Schm. Band i. D. Lep, pl. 24. f. 1. (fem.). f, —. (m. and f.). Interior of South America, Santarem, River Amazon. Asterope Sapphira Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schm. p. 66. n. 641. / , ys Vanewe Callithea Gada Enc. M. 1x. f. 304.5 Guérin, 2. Catt. Leprizurn Feisthamel in Guérin, Mag. de Zoologie, 1835, pl. Iconogr. R. An. Ins. pl. 78. f. 1. a (fem. ). 122. (male). f Argynnis Call. Godart, Enc. M. 1x. p. 807. Central Guiana, Monteallegre, River Amazon.
Callithea Sapphira Boisduval, Sp. Gen. des Lép. pl. 10.
Genus XLIV. AMNOSTA. Amnosia Boisd. MS.
Bopy rather slender; wings large. Heap narrower than the thorax, rather smaller in the female than in the male, with a well defined frontal tuft.
Eyes oval, naked.
Labial Palpi porrected to nearly twice the length of the head, directed upwards, but not reaching to the level of the top of the eyes, cylindrical, forming, when applied against each other, an elongate conical beak, scaly outside, finely setose within, and with a slight dorsal tuft of setee at the extremity of the second joint ; terminal joint ovate-conical.
Antenne half the length of the fore wings, slender, porrected, nearly straight, terminated by a very slender elongated club, gradually thickening for a considerable distance, rather obliquely truncate at the tip, and not
rooved. aed oval, with the collar woolly, and the metathorax clothed with rather short hairs.
Fore Wings large, trigonate. Anterior margin curved. Apical margin straight. Inner margin nearly straight, and very slightly longer than the apical one. Veins not strong. Costal vein rather the strongest, extending to the middle of the fore margin. Subcostal vein slender; its first branch arising at some distance before the extremity of the discoidal cell; second branch arising at the distance of one third from the base of the wing ; third branch arising near the middle of the wing, and just opposite to the extremity of the costal vein ; fourth branch arising at three fourths of the length of the wing. Upper disco-cellular exceedingly short, almost obsolete, arising close beyond the base of the second branch of the subcostal; middle and outer disco-cellular forming a nearly continuous arch, with the curve towards the base of the wing, closing the discoidal cell, which does not extend beyond one third of the entire length of the wing; the lower disco-cellular being longer than the middle one, and joining the median vein close to the origin of its third branch, which is not much curved at its base.
Hind Wings somewhat quadrangular ovate; the costal margin being nearly straight ; the outer margin entire and not sinuated, but obsoletely angulated at the extremity of the third branch of the median vein, or rather the space between it and the anal angle is nearly straight. Precostal vein forming a short straight spur. Subcostal vein branching at the distance of one fourth of the length of the wing from the base. The upper disco-cellular arising at a very little distance beyond the branch, and forming the base of the discoidal vein ; lower disco-cellular very slender, oblique, slightly curved, and rising at the same distance from the base of the upper disco-cellular as between the base of the latter and of the branch of the subcostal, closing the discoidal cell exactly at the base of the third branch of the median vein.
July 1. 1850. 3 Z
260 NYMPHALID.
Fore Legs of the male small and pectoral, slightly hairy, with the tarsus exarticulate, and not above half the length of the tibia. Fore Legs of the female closely clothed with small scales. Femur and tibia rather longer than those of the male. Tarsus as long as the tibia, rather dilated and compressed at the extremity, which is articulated, the articulations indicated before the limb is denuded by very small spines at the tips of the joints beneath ; terminal joint very small, and destitute of claws.
Four Hind Legs moderately long, scaly. Tarsi as long as the tibizw, clothed with scaly hairs. Claws small, much curved; not extending beyond the upper flap of the terminal joint of the tarsus, which is fringed with long hairs. Paronychia small, with unequal-sized, obtuse, finely setose lacinie.
TRANSFORMATIONS unknown.
The handsome insect forming the type of the present genus is somewhat larger than those immediately preceding, and although pos- sessing a pale blue oblique bar extending across the fore wings from the middle of the fore margin to the anal angle, as in Epicalia Ancea (with which it also agrees in the length and slenderness of the antennz), yet the ocellated spots on the hind wings give it more the appearance of an Agrias or Smyrna. A fine variety of the male having the ocelli strongly marked is represented in our Plate LI. The female differs in being paler brown, with the eyes still more strongly defined, and the fascia of the fore wings white, powdered at the sides with pale blue atoms. The head of this sex is evidently smaller than that of the male. The under surface of the wings is still paler, and similarly but more strongly marked, having several small additional indistinct eyes near the tip of the fore wings, and the fascia of the wings in the male suffused with brown.
AMNOSIA. 1. AmNnosta DEcoRA Boisduval MS.
Doubl. Westw. & Hewitson Gen. D. L. pl. 51. f. 3. (male). Jaya, Serampore. B.M.
Genus XLV. CYRESTIS.
Cyrestis Boisd.
Marpesta p. Hiibn.
Paputa p. Horsfield.
Amartuusia p. Zinken-Sommer, Kollar.
Bopy small, slender ; wings large and delicate. Heap small, broader than the neck, but narrower than the middle of the thorax, strongly tufted in front.
Eyes very prominent, naked.
Antenne not half the length of the fore wings, very slender, and terminated by an elongated, very gradually formed, slender club. : ‘
Labial Palpi long, slender, directed upwards to about two thirds of the height of the eyes, and porrected to nearly twice the length of the head ; somewhat cylindrical, scaly. Basal joint clothed beneath with rather short woolly hairs; second joint also similarly clothed on the upper side, the joints not being apparent unless denuded of scales; terminal joint nearly as long as the second, slender.
THORAX squamose, slightly hirsute behind. Collar narrow and distinct.
Fore Wings large, subtriangular. Fore margin slightly rounded. Apical margin somewhat truncate or slightly rounded, five sixths of the length of the fore margin, sinuated along its greater part; apical angle rather acute ; anal angle emarginate and somewhat lobed. Inner margin not above two thirds of the length of the anterior, rather rounded outwardly towards the base, but emarginate beyond the middle. Costal vein slender, extending to the middle of the fore margin. Subcostal vein rather thicker ; its first branch arising at the distance of one third of the length of the wing from its base; second branch arising at a very little distance beyond the first, close to the anterior extremity of the discoidal cell; third branch arising at about two thirds of the length of the wing; fourth branch arising half way between the base of the third and the tip of the wing, to which it extends, the terminal division of the vein itself being rather deflexed. Upper disco-cellular very short, and longitudinal, forming the base of the upper discoidal vein ; middle and lower disco-cellular veins forming a straight transverse termination to the discoidal cell, which forms a triangle occupying about one third of the length of the wing; the lower disco-cellular being about three times the length of the middle one, very slender, ‘some- times almost or entirely obsolete, and united with the median vein exactly at the base of its third branch which is regularly arched.
Hind Wings somewhat hexagonal, elongated. The costal margin nearly straight for more than half its length, when it is emarginate to the outer angle. Outer margin sinuated from the outer angle to the extremity of the third branch of the median vein, where the wing is produced into a short, narrow, curved, and obtuse tail ;
CYRESTIS. 261
thence to the anal angle the wing appears truncate, the anal angle itself being developed into a short, broad, spatulated tail. Precostal vein forming a slender, curved, simple spur. Costal vein much curved along its basal portion, then straight to the commencement of the emargination at the outer angle of the wing. Sub- costal branched at about one fourth of the length of the wing from the base, emitting the upper disco-cellular (close to the origin of its branch) which forms the base of the discoidal vein ; the lower disco-cellular arising at the same distance from the base of the upper disco-cellular as exists between the base of the subcostal vein and its branch ; lower disco-cellular straight, very thin, and united to the median vein at the base of its third branch.
Fore Legs of the male very slender, short, and pectoral. The femur as long as the remainder of the limb, eurved outwardly about the middle, and clothed beneath with long silky hairs. Tibia very slender, scaly, clothed within with short hairs, as is also the tarsus, which is not above the fifth of the length of the tibia, very slender, simple, and exarticulate. Fore Legs of the female considerably longer than those of the male, slender, and pectoral. Femur thickly clothed beneath with short silky hairs. Tibia slender, gradually thickened towards the tip, finely scaly. Tarsus gradually thickened, short, with several pairs of minute spines near the tip beneath, indicating the very short articulations, the three terminal ones being extremely short, last joint without any claws or their appendages.
Hind Legs moderately long and slender, scaly. Tibia with a few very minute spines, arranged wide apart in two rows; tibial spurs very short. Tarsi equal in length to the tibiae, with several rows of minute spines on the under surface ; basal joint about half the length of the tarsus; terminal joint furnished with long sete on its upper side at the tip. Claws small, much curved. Paronychia bilaciniated, finely setose ; the outer lacinia curved, broader, and obtuse ; the inner lacinia small, narrow, slender, and rather pointed.
ABDOMEN small, and slender, not above one third of the length of the hind wings.
TRANSFORMATIONS unknown.
The insects of this genus are amongst the most delicately formed and elegant species amongst the Nymphalide; the two species represented in our Plate X XXII. being the most extreme in their forms, as well as exhibiting the general style of colours and marking of these pretty insects, which, in addition to these circumstances, are distinguished by the elongated palpi, and tailed and lobed structure of the hind wings. In this latter respect they approach Timetes; but the insects of that genus have the tails longer, and are at once distinguished by having the discoidal cell of all the wings open, the lower disco-cellular vein being obsolete.
The typical species, C. Hylas, well figured by Clerck, has been confounded with a distinct insect from Java, which is remarkable for the difference of the ground colour of the wings in the two sexes, those of the males being orange, and those of the females white, whence Zinken-Sommer was led to regard the sexes as distinct species. There is a remarkable monstrous specimen of this Javanese species in the collection of the British Museum, having the subcostal and discoidal veins and the extremity of the left fore wing abortive, so that the branches of the median vein are obliged to perform their office, and are accordingly bent forwards, the terminal branch extending to the tip of the wing, which is oval at the extremity. In some of the smaller species, such as C. Risa B. Doubleday, and a small Javanese species for which I am indebted to Dr. Horsfield, to which I have applied the name of C. Rahria, the second branch of the subcostal vein of the fore wings, instead of arising before the extremity of the discoidal cell, arises half way between its extremity and the base of the third subcostal branch, agreeing in this respect with Timetes. The lower disco-cellular vein of the fore wings closing the discoidal cell is shown by the insects of this genus to be of inconstant value, being very well defined in C. Camillus, extremely slender but apparent in C. Thyodamas, and quite obsolete in C. Recaranus.
The greater number of the species of this genus are natives of India, the islands of the Indian Archipelago, and New Guinea; one very elegant species, C. elegans, has been described by Dr. Boisduval from Madagascar ; whilst C. Camillus, the largest species in the genus, is a native of Tropical Western Africa.
CYRESTIS.
1. Cyr. Hywas Clerck, Icon. t. 40. f. 4. 4a, (nee Godt.) Cyrestis Thyoneus Boisduval, Voy. de U Astrolabe, Entomol. 2. Cyr. Manauis Erichs. Nov. Act. Acad. Ces. Nat. Cur. xv1., Suppl. p. 117. 402. tab. u. f. 3. Amboyna, Bourou. Philippine Islands. B.M. | 6. Cyr. evecans Boisduval, Faun. Entom. de Madagascar, p. 42. pl. 7. 3.,Cyr. Recaranus Westw. f. 4.; Blanchard, Hist. Nat. Ins. 11. 446.; Hiibner, Marpesia Hylas Hiibner, Samml. exot. Schmett. Band iii. Zutrage, pt. 5. p. 31. f. 923, 924. (Marpesia eleg.)
f. —. (m. and fem.) ; Godart, Ene. M. 1x. 361. n. 41. (Nymphalis H.). Cyrestis Hylas? E. Doubleday, List. Lep. Brit. Mus. p. 88. ¢ Amathusia lutea Zink. in Nova Acta, xvi. t. 14. f. 1. 2 Amathusia nivea Zinck. in Nova Acta, xvi. t. 14. f. 2. Java. B. M.
4. Cyr. Tuyopamas Boisduval in Cuv. R. An. edit. Crochard, Ins. t. 138. f. 4.; E. Doubleday, List. Lep. B. Mus. p. 88.; Doubl. Westw. § Hewitson, Genera Diurn, Lep. pl. 32.
St. Marie, Foule Pointe, Tamatave, Madagascar. B.M.
Papilio (N.) Cocles Fabricius, Ent. Syst. u1. pt. 1. p. 65.; Donovan, Ins. of India, pl. 23. f£. 2.3; Godart, Ene. M. 1x. 362. (Nymphalis C.).
Siam.
8. Cyr. Pertanper.
| | 7. Cyr. Cocres. | | Papilio Periander Fabricius, Ent. Syst. m1. pt. 1. p. 67.;
f. 31. Godart, Ene. M. 1x. 362. (Nymphalis P.) ; Donovan, Amathusia Ganeschia Kollar in Hugel, Reise nach Kasch- Hie ARE ve a f.1.; Horsfield, Lep. Ins. of Java, pl. mir, p. 430. pl. 7. f. 3, 4. | Ne a oe 3a. (Paphia P.). Nepaul, Sylhet, Northern India. B.M. | Me Mft pas CANAD 5. Cyr. Tuyonneus. | 9. Cyr, Actnia Boisduval, Voy. de lV Astrolabe, Entomologie, p. 117. pl.
Papilio Thyonneus Cramer, Pap. pl. 220. f. E. F. BS ale PH Marpesia Thyonnea Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schm. p. 47. n. 430. | Nymphalis Acilia Godart, Enc. M. 1x. 378. Nymphalis Thyone Godart, Ene. M. 1x. 361. n. 40. New Guinea.
262 NYMPHALID.
10. Cyr. Risa E. Doubleday MS. (1781), Ent. Syst. un. i. p. 62.; Godart, Enc. M. 1x. Doubl. Westw. & Hewitson, Gen. D. Lep. pl. 32. f., 4. 361. n. 39. (Nymphalis C.) : Assam, Java, Moulmein. B.M. Papilio (Eq. Ach ) Pantheus Drury, App. vol. 11. (1783), oe tw. MS. vol. 1. pl. 6. f. 4. : acre ae (Dea): B.M. Sierra Leone, Ashanti, and Tropical Western Africa, B. M. 12. Cyr. CamILius. 13. Cyr.? Nepuna? De Haan MS. Papilio Camillus Fabricius, Spec. Ins. t.2. p. 11. 0.42. | Java.
Genus XLVI. TIMETES.
Tretes Boisd.
Mecatura Blanchard.
Marresta p. Hiibn.
Marius Swainson.
Tivetes and Marrssta £. Doubleday, List. Lep. B. Mus.
Bopy rather small, woolly ; hind wings with long tails. Heap nearly as broad as the thorax, hairy.
Eyes prominent, naked.
Antenne about half the length of the fore wings, terminated by a rather long and gradually formed club, slightly grooved along the inside.
Labial Palpi about twice the length of the head, directed upwards, but not extending above the level of two thirds of the height of the eyes, porrected in front, and forming when applied together a conical beak, rather flattened beneath, and clothed with short scaly hairs; the under side of the basal joint, and the extremity of the second joint above, with much longer hairs ; terminal joint not distinct except on denuding the palpus, acute at the tip.
Tuorax of moderate size, rather thickly clothed with woolly hairs.
Fore Wings rather elongate-trigonate. The fore margin more or less rounded. The outer margin about three fourths the length of the fore margin, more or less sinuated, and more or less angulated below the apex; the angle being very strong in T. Coresia, T. Eleucha, and especially in T. Thetis, whilst this margin is nearly straight in T. Harmonia and T. Orsilochus. Costal vein slender, extending to about one half the length of the costa. Sub- costal vein slender ; its first branch arising at nearly one third of the length of the wing from the base ; second branch arising at about the same distance beyond the origin of the upper disco-cellular; the third branch arising at about three fourths, and the fourth branch arising at about seven eighths, of the length of the wing. Upper disco-cellular nearly obliterated, forming the base of the upper discoidal vein ; middle disco-cellular also converted into the base of the lower discoidal vein ; lower disco-cellular vein also obsolete, the discoidal cell being quite open. Median vein rather strong, its third branch arched for more than half its length. SS
Hind Wings elongated, produced into a long straight tail, traversed by the outer branch of the median vein; the anal angle also produced into a short tail at the extremity of the inner branch of the median vein. Precostal vein forming a short curved spur. Costal vein much curved at its base, then straight to the outer angle of the wing. The outer margin slightly sinuated. Subcostal vein branched at a very short distance from its origin. Discoidal vein curved at its base, and united with the subcostal close beyond its branch, without any distinct disco-cellular vein, the cell being entirely open.
Fore Legs of the male minute and pectoral. The femur clothed beneath with long, loose, white, silky hairs. Tibia nearly equal in length to the femur, slightly curved, slender, and clothed with long thin hairs, as well as the tarsus, which is not above one fourth of the length of the tibia, simple and exarticulate. Fore Legs of the female one third longer than those of the male, very slender. Femur nearly straight, gradually attenuated, being thickest towards the base, clothed with fine scales, and furnished beneath with a row of long fine hairs set on transversely. ‘Tibia equal in length to the femur, nearly straight, clothed, as well as the tarsus, with very fine scales, rather dilated at the apex. Tarsus about two thirds the length of the tibia, much compressed at the extremity into a rounded palette twice the width of the base of the tarsus, armed with six pairs of small spines, each joint, except the first and last, being indicated by two pairs of these spines set on the edge wide apart; terminal joint without claws or their appendages.
Four Hind Legs \ong and slender, covered with fine scales. The tibia rather shorter than the femur, also scaly, and with a few minute spines arranged in a double series. Tarsus longer than the tibia, with four rows of minute spines on the under side. Ungues small, but extending beyond the dorsal, setose, and terminal flap of the last joint of the tarsus, much curved. Paronychia bilobed and setose, the outer lobe largest and curved. Pulvillus very short, wide, and leathery.
CarerPIzzar cylindrical, with two long horns on the head, and four long erect spines on the back. Curysarts with long filiform appendages at the sides of the head and thorax, and shorter ones down the back.
TIMETES. 263
This is a genus of handsome, moderate-sized butterflies, allied to Cyrestis, but distinguished from them by the great length of the tail of the hind wings, as well as by the style of the markings of the wings, which for the most part consist of transverse bars of darker and lighter colour. Some of the species, as T. Marius, T. Coresia, and T. Orsilochus, have the basal half of the under surface of all the wings of a white or pearly tint, contrasting strongly with the darker apical half. Other species have the wings more or less strongly glossed with rich purple in the males, as in T. Tole, T. ichalia W. (from Bolivia, very closely allied to Tole), T. Corinna, and T. Corita W., a Mexican species, closely allied to Corinna, but at once distinguished by the white fringe to the hind wings. In T. Harmonia the males are rich orange above, whilst the females are dark brown, with black fasciz. According to Stoll the female of T. Chiron (Marius Cr.) differs from the male in having several small bluish white spots near the extremity of the fore wings, and at the anal angle of the hind ones; the males have, however, two bluish longitudinal stripes on the under side of the wings, which are scarcely discernible in the females.
After very careful examination I can find no structural difference (beyond a little more elongation of the fore wings) to separate Thetys and Eleucha from the other species, as has been done by Hiibner and E. Doubleday. The genus thus extended agrees with Mr. Swainson’s group Marius, a name which, haying the priority, I should have adopted, had it not been established contrary to the recognised rules of nomenclature. The veining of the wings, and the structure of the palpi and legs, are identical; and it is only in the different style of their markings that a trivial difference can be traced.
The transformations of T. Thetys are represented by Stoll. The CarerprLiar is cylindrical, with two very long, erect, setose, black, horn-like spines on the head, and with a long erect spine on the fifth, seventh, ninth, and eleventh segments of the body, the last being curved like the tail of some of the Sphingidz. The head is dark yellow, with two black stripes; the four following segments are red brown, spotted with black; the under surface is white, and the fore lees black. The sixth and five following segments are yellow on the back, and red brown on the sides, which are marked with oblique black and white bars. It feeds on the leaves of a tree called Cachou in Guiana, and is transformed into a perpendicular yellow-coloured CuRysatis, spotted with black, and armed with long black spines on the head and sides of the thorax, and shorter erect ones on the back of the abdomen. When the butterfly is nearly ready to appear, the yellow colour of the chrysalis becomes white.
The species are confined to the tropical regions of the New World, including the West Indian islands.
TIMETES.
Section I. ZsMeres PROPER. 8. Tim. Corinna.
1. Tim. Coresta. Nymphalis Coresia Godart, Enc. M. 1x. 359. n. 31. Megalura Coresia Blanchard in Laporte, Hist. Nat. Ins. 1, 447. Marpesia Zerynthia Hiibner, Sammi. exot. Schm, Band ii.
Brazil, Mexico. B.M.
2. Tim. Tuemistocres. Papilio Themistocles Fabricius, Ent. Syst. m1. i. p. 66. n. 207.; Jones, Icon. v. t. 70. f. 2.; Godart, Enc. M. 1x. 360. n. 33. (Nymphalis Th.); Hiibner Zutrage, pt. 4. p. 8. f. 607, 608. Brazil.
3. Tr. Catron.
Papilio Chiron Fabricius, Ent. Syst. p. 452. n. 40., Spee. Ins. 11. p. 16. 60., Ent. Syst. 1. pt. i. p. 26. n. 78.5 Jones, Icon. v. t. 78. f. 1, 2.; Godart, Enc. M. 1x. 359, n. 32.
Papilio Marius Cramer, t. 200. f. D. E.g; Stoll. Suppl. Cram. pl. 30, f. 1. 1a. 2
Marpesia Chironias Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schm, 47. n. 439.
Brazil, West Indian Islands, Guayaquil, Mexico, Colombia,
B.M.
B.M. 4. Tim. Merops Boisduval in Cuv. R. An. edit. Crochard. Ins. pl. 139. f. 1. Colombia, Bolivia. B. M.
5. Tin. Harmontra. Nymphalis Harmonia Klug, Neue Schmett. t. 2. f. 3, 4. Var. Doubl. Westw. & Hewitson, Genera Diurn. Lep. pl. 32. f. 2. Bolivia. 6. Tim. Creruon. Papilio Crethon Fabricius, Gen. Ins, Mantiss. p. 252., Ent. Syst. ut. pl. 1. p. 27. n. 79.3 Godart, Enc. M. 1x. p- 361. (Nymphalis C.). Surinam, Cayenne.
B. M.
7. Tim. Orstnocuus.
Papilio Orsilochus Fabricius, Gen. Ins. Mantissa, p. 254. (1776), Ent. Syst. 11. i. p. 27. n. 80.; Godart, Enc. M. 1x. p. 360. f. 37.
Papilio Cinna Cramer, pl. 200. f. F.G. (1782).
Potamis mirabilis Cinna Hiibner, Sammi. eaot. Schm. Bd. i.
Marius Cinna Swains. Zool. Til. 2nd. series, pl. 45.
Marpesia Cinna Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schm. p. 47. n. 440.
Brazil. B.M.
July 1. 1850.
} Vanessa Corinna Latreille in Humb. et Bonpl. Obs. de
Zool. 11. p. 84. t. 36. £. 5, 0.; Godart, Enc. M. 1x. 300. nes Nymphalis Corinna Godart, Op. cit. 1x. 360. n. 35. Var. Doubl. Westw. & Hewitson, Genera Diurn. Lep. pl. S2ip fe le Colombia, Bogota.
9. Tim. Coritra Westw. Mexico. B.M.
10. Tim. Tour. Papilio Iole Drury, App. vol. iii. pl. 38. f. 2.; Stoll, Suppl. Cram. pl. 29. f. 4. 4. D. Papilio Furcula Fabricius, Ent. Syst. ut. i. p. 79. n. 246.; Donovan, Nat. Repos. v. 151.3; Godart, Ene. M. 1x. p- 360. 36. (Nymphalis F.).
B.M.
Jamaica. B.M. 11. Tim. Gcaaria Westw.
Bolivia. B, M. 12. Tim. ? E. Doubleday, List Lep. Brit. Mus. p. 87.
Honduras. B.M. 13. Tim. Psopuus Boisduval MS.
Oaxaca, 14, Tim. Tuonis Boisduval MS.
Colombia.
Section II. Manrrzesra (Athena Hiibner, Petreus Swainson).
15. Tim. (Marresta) Tuerys.
Papilio Thetys Fabr. Ent. Syst. ut. i. 77. n. 241.; Godart, Ene, M. 1x. 358. n. 28. (Nymphalis Th.); Swainson, Zool. Til. 2nd ser. pl. 59. 110. (Marius Petreus Th.) ; Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schm. p. 36. n. 308. (Athena Th.).
Papilio Petreus Cramer, pl. 87. f. D. E.; Stoll, Suppl. Cram. pl. 2. f. 2a, 2b, 2c. (larva and pupa).
Papilio Peleus Sulz. Hist. Ins. t. 13. f. 4.
Brazil to Mexico. B.M.
16. Tim. (Marpesta) Exevona Hiibner, Sammi. exot. Schmett. Band ii. pl. —.; Hiibner, Zutrage, pt. 1. p. 32. f. 197, 198.; Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. pt. 48. n. 437.3; E. Doubleday, List Lep. Ins. Brit. Mus. p. 86.3; Doubl. Westw. & Hewitson, Gen. Diurn. Lep. pl. 33. f. 3. Nympbalis Pellenis Godart, Enc. M. 1x. p. 359. n. 29. | Jamaica, Cuba, B.M.
264 NYMPHALID#.
Genus XLVI. VICTORINA.
Victormna Blanchard.
Apunaus and AmpHtrENe Boisd., EL. Doubleday. Meramorpua and Srproeta Hiibn.
Vanessa and Nymeuauis God.
Bopy moderately stout ; wings large, hind ones with short tails. Heap broad, nearly as wide as the thorax; forehead hairy, not decidedly tufted.
Eyes prominent, naked.
Labial Palpi ascending, but not reaching the level of the top of the eyes, porrected to about twice the length of the head, flattened on the under side or front, scaly ; the base beneath with short hairs; the back of the second joint also hairy as well as the inner surface, which causes their extremities to be apart, not forming a conical beak ; terminal joint short, slender, and cylindrical.
Antenne about two fifths of the length of the fore wings, rather slender, nearly straight, with an elongated, slender, gradually formed club ; with a shallow narrow groove running down the whole antennz on the inside ; apex terminated rather obliquely.
Tuorax woolly ; metathorax clothed with rather short hairs.
Fore Wings large, subtriangular. Fore margin much rounded. Apical margin scalloped, rather angulated below the apex, and emarginate below the angle. Inner margin nearly straight. Costal vein moderately strong, extending rather beyond the middle of the wing. Subcostal vein slender ; its first branch arising at about one third of the distance from the base; second branch arising very close beyond the preceding, uniting with the costa at about three fifths of its length, its basal half running close to the continuation of the subcostal vein ; third branch arising at about two thirds of the length of the wing, and extending to the tip; fourth branch arising rather beyond three fourths of the length of the wing; terminal division of the post-costal vein obliquely deflexed. Upper disco-cellular extremely short, arising close beyond the second branch of the post- costal ; middle disco-cellular also short, but rather directed towards the base of the wing; lower disco-cellular obsolete, or represented by a short spur directed backwards towards the base of the wing, the cell being open, but the position of its extremity indicated by a silvery waved streak edged with black lines. Median vein strong, its third branch strongly arched at its base.
Hind Wings rather deeply scalloped along the outer margin. The outer branch of the median vein terminating in a short distinct tail. Costal margin curved. Precostal vein forming a short nearly straight spur. _ Costal vein curved. Post-costal vein branched at one fourth of the length of the wing from the base. Upper disco-cellular vein forming the base of the discoidal vein, arising at about one sixth of an inch from the base of the subcostal branch; lower disco-cellular vein obsolete, so that the cell of the hind wing is also open. Median vein with the third branch emitted considerably beyond the base of the discoidal vein.
Fore Legs of the male extremely small, pectoral, scaly, with lateral fringe of fine hairs. Tibia nearly as long as the femur. Tarsus not more than one third of the length of the tibia, simple, exarticulate, and destitute of claws. Fore Leg of the female twice the length of that of the male, and fully equal to half the length of the middle legs, slender, scaly. Femur hairy beneath. Tibia rather shorter than the femur, scaly. Tarsus about equal in length to the tibia, rather dilated at the extremity, the articulations indicated by small spines on the inside. Claws obsolete.
Four Hind Legs long and rather slender, scaly, and thickly armed with short sharp spines, arranged both internally and on the outside of the tibia in rows. ‘Tibial spurs rather strong. Tarsus longer than the tibia, with several rows of strong spines beneath, and a few scattered on the back of the basal joints. Claws large, strong, and hooked, nearly as long as the terminal fringe of sete, arising on the upper extremity of the last joint. Paronychia well defined, bifid; the outer lacinia as long as the claw, slender, obtuse ; the inner one smaller, more acute, finely setose.
ABpoMEN smaller and shorter than the thorax.
This genus is nearly allied to Timetes, from which it differs in the larger-sized wings, the shorter tails, the more spinose legs, and the more gaping extremity of the palpi. I can discover no character to separate Stelenes from the other species, all agreeing torethier in the general form of the wings, antennz, palpi, and also in the curious, slender, silver marking, indicating the position of the extremity of the discoidal cell. V. Stelenes possesses, however, a little spur running into the discoidal cell, from the extremity of the middle disco-cellular vein, which is absent in V. Epaphus. M. Boisduval, in his MS., unites P. Sulpitia of Cramer (which I have given
eee the genus Pyrrhogyra, ante, p. 253.) in the same genus with Stelenes, to which it certainly bears considerable affinity in its mar Ings.
The description given by Fabricius of the Larva of V. Stelenes is taken from Madame Merian, whose figure clearly represents
VICTORINA. MINETRA. 265
Colenis Dido (ante, p. 149.). As the description of this larva is omitted in the page just referred to, it may here be stated that it is green, with white and red striew, and has the tail armed with two spines.
The species of this genus inhabit Tropical America, from Brazil to Mexico.
VICTORINA. 1. Vict, STELENEs. Papilio (Eq. Ach.) Lavinia Fabr. Ent. Syst. mm. pt. 1. p. Papilio Stelenes Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. x. p. 465. n. 39.; 22. n. 64. Clerck, Icon. t. 35. f. 2.; Linn. Mus. Lud. Reg. p. 218. Brazil, Guiana, Surinam, Jamaica. B.M. n. 37.; Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. xu. v. 2. p. 750. n. 30. 2. Vict. Epapuus. (P. Sthenelus) ; Petiver, Gaz. 20. t. 13. f. 1. (Papilio Vanessa Epaphus Latreille in Humboldt et Bonpl. Obs. Jamaicensis, &c.); Sloane, Jamaica, 2. p. 217. t. 239. Zool. 1. t. 35. f. 3, 4. f.9, 10.; Fabricius, Ent. Syst. mt. i. p. 84. n, 263. ; Vanessa Epaphea Godart, Enc. M. 1x. 299. n. 10.; Godt. Cramer, Pap. t. 79. f. A. B.; Godart, Enc. M. 1x. 378. Op. cit. p. 379. n. 96. (Nymphalis Ep.). n. 95. (Nymphalis St.) ; Lucas, Hist. Nat. Lep. exot. Amphirene Epaphus Boisduval MS.; E. Doubleday, List pl. 67. f. 2. Lep. Brit. Mus. p, 86.; Doubl. Westw. & Hewitson, Metamorpha Sthenele Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schm. n. 382. Gen. Diurn. Lep. pl. 33. f. 2.
Aphneus Stelenes Boisduval MS. South America, Mexico. B.M. Viciorina) Steneles “Blanchard an BATS JER ene ae 3. Vier. Traysa E. Doubleday, List Lep. Bri. Mus. p.86. (Amphirene Tr.) iu. p. 447.; E. Doubleday, List. Lep. Brit. Mus. p. 86. ; Sintbota (IMAniauEGha Suan Dace Saale Doubl. Westw. § Hewitson, Gen. Diurn, Lep. pl. 33. f. 1. are ssa are See ee ie 3
Genus XLVI. MINETRA.
Minetra Boisd. Partuenos L[Hiibn. Verz. bek. Schmett. Nympnauis God.
Bopy robust ; abdomen small; wings elongated. Heap broad, hairy, without a frontal tuft.
Lyes large and naked.
Labial Palpi compressed, parallel, not forming a conical projecting beak, directed upwards. The terminal joint nearly erect, and elevated to the level of the top of the eyes, thickly clothed with short scaly hairs, and with longer loose hairs on the whole of the front surface of the middle joint, and with a tuft of hairs at the extremity of the upper side; terminal joint small and conical.
Antenne half the length of the fore wings, nearly straight, terminated by a very long and slender, gradually formed club, slightly grooved on its interior lower surface.
Tuorax robust, thickly clothed with short woolly hairs, and marked with transverse bars of different colours.
Fore Wings elongate triangular. Fore margin slightly arched. Apical margin three fourths of the length of the anterior, scarcely emarginate, and slightly scalloped, inner angle rounded, not much more than half the length of the fore margin, very slightly emarginate. Costal vein strong, and extending more than two thirds the length of the wings. Subcostal vein slender; its first branch arising at the distance of one fourth of the length of the wing from the base; the second branch arising at two fifths of the length of the wing, beyond which for a short distance the subcostal vein is a little deflexed, it then runs parallel with the costa, until the branching off of the third branch at the distance of two thirds from the base of the wing; which is immediately followed by the branching off of the fourth branch. The upper disco-cellular vein is almost obsolete, it branches off from the subcostal nearly at half the length of the wing, just beyond the origin of the second branch of the subcostal ; middle disco-cellular vein short, straight, and rather oblique, being directed from the side of the costa towards the base of the wing ; the lower disco-cellular vein much longer, obliquely arched, so that it closes the dis- coidal cell by uniting with the median vein close beyond the origin of its third branch (being preceded on the upper surface of the wing by a slender, arched, black line, dividing the second white subcostal patch into two irregular-shaped portions). Median vein strong ; its third branch strongly angulated at about one third of its length from its origin. Submedian vein considerably curved.
Hind Wings subquadrangular ovate. Costal margin nearly straight. Outer margin rather deeply scalloped, with the portion between the first and third branches of the median vein somewhat prolonged. Anal angle rounded. Precostal vein distinct from the base, throwing off a forked branch towards the costa immediately before its junction with the costal vein, which is considerably arched. Subcostal vein branched at not more than one eighth of an inch from its base. Upper disco-cellular curved at its base, which is at about the same distance from the base of the branch of the subcostal vein ; outer disco-cellular slightly arched, closing the short and narrow discoidal cell with an acute point, terminating at the base of the third branch of the median vein.
Fore Legs of the male small, pectoral, very hairy. Tarsus about half the length of the tibia, slender, cylindrical,
266 NYMPHALIDZ.
simple, exarticulate. ore Legs of the female small, not much longer than those of the male, rather slender, scaly. Femur beneath with long hairs. Tibia as long as the femur, with delicate sete on the outside. Tarsus nearly as long as the tibia, slightly dilated towards the apex, with the articulations distinguished by slightly elongated spines beneath; the basal joint about three fourths the length of the limb; apex destitute of claws.
Four Hind Legs moderately long and strong, scaly, and very much spined. The middle tibise with a patch of short incurved hairs on the under side near the base; spines on the under side of the tibiae forming two rows. Tibial spurs long. Tarsi more numerously spined, especially at the sides, where the spines form longitudinal rows, beneath with two rows of smaller spines, except on the terminal joint. Claws large, hooked, as long as the sete at the extremity of the upper side of the last joint of the tarsus. Paronychia with two divisions, the outer nearly as long the claw, slightly curved, finely setose ; inner lacinia shorter, obtuse. Pulvillus broad, short.
ABDOMEN small, rather slender.
TRANSFORMATIONS unknown.
The handsome insects forming this genus are distinguished from the preceding by the almost erect labial palpi, the very slender club to the antennz, the elongated base to the first branch, and the close proximity of the third and fourth branches of the post-costal vein ; the much angulated third branch of the median vein, and the well developed precostal vein of the hind wings. A peculiarity is to be observed in the markings of the upper surface of the Gambrizius and Sylvia, namely the extension of several of the black bars at the base of the wings across the thorax and base of the abdomen. The markings on the under side of the wings resemble those of the upper, but they are much less decided; those of the base of the wings being obliterated, and the colours on this side are much less brilliant.
The species are natives of India, and the islands of the Indian Ocean,
In strictness probably Hiibner’s name Parthenos ought to be applied to the genus, but as Boisduyal’s name has been used in the Plate it may be retained, although in this as in many other instances which have already occurred in our pages, the only merit which either of these authors possesses is that of haying pointed out certain groups which appear distinct, but of which no essential or detailed characters have been published till the present time, and which, consequently, their proposers have not tested by analysis.
I have little doubt that it will ultimately be ascertained that M. Gambrisius and Sylvia are only local varieties of one species.
MINETRA. 1. Mivetra Syryia. 2. Minerra Gamprisius.
Papilio Sylvia Cramer, Pap. pl. 43. f. F.G.; Hiibner, Verz. Papilio Gambrisius Fabricius, Ent. Syst. ui. p. 85. n. bek. Schmett. p. 38. n, 335. (Parthenos D.); Blanchard 264.; Donovan, Insects of China, pl. 38.; E. Doubleday, in Lap. Hist. Nat. An, Art. u1. p. 448. (Phyllophasis List Lep. Brit. Mus. p. 86. ; Doubl. Westw. & Hewitson, $.); Boisduval, Entomol. Voy. de Ul’ Astrolabe, p. 127. Gen. Diurn. Lep. pl. 51. f. 2.
(Minetra S.) ; E. Doubleday, List Lep. Brit. Mus. p. East India, Moulmein, Assam. B.M. 86. (Minetra S§.). | M N iBoiedueal ee Astrolih :
NyinphalislSylvina Gouaré lene we ay S81 108! | 3. Minptra poeten oisduval, Voy. de l Astrolabe, Entomologie, p.
, Coromandel, Amb New Guinea. : He Java, Coromandel, Amboyna, New Guinea BM New Guinea, Bourou.
Genus XLIX. PROTHOE.
Prornor Liibn. AutonemMa Boisd. Paputa p. Horsf.
Bony small and rather slender ; wings large, hind ones slightly tailed; palpi applied close to the face. Hap as broad as the thorax, clothed with short hairs, and destitute of a frontal tuft.
Eyes large and naked.
Antenne very nearly half the length of the fore wings, straight, slender, terminated by a long, very slender, and gradually formed club, slightly grooved.
Labial Palpi short, erect, rather compressed, scaly ; the inside furnished with short hairs, so that the tips are not apphed close together but slightly incurved. Basal joint not furnished with long hairs; extremity of the second joint hairy on the side applied to the face; terminal joint small and conical.
THORAX small, woolly ; tippets very small; metathorax slightly hairy.
Fore Wings large, triangular. Fore margin slightly rounded. Apical margin three fourths of the length of the
anterior, nearly straight, very slightly scalloped. Inner margin the same length as the apical one, nearly
PROTHOE. MYNES. 267
straight. Costal vein strong, extending to half the length of the costa. Discoidal cell extending to the length of two fifths of the base of the wings. Subcostal vein slender, with its first branch arising at about one third of the length of the wing ; second branch arising a little beyond, and extending to about four fifths of the length of the costa, beyond this second branch the subcostal vein is obliquely deflexed for a short distance (to the branching off of the disco-cellular vein); the third and fourth branches rise almost close together near the middle of the vein, the third running in a bent manner to the tip of the wing, and the fourth also bent, running into the apical margin. The upper disco-cellular vein is very short and oblique; the middle one is short and transverse ; and the outer one is curved in an oblique direction outwards, joining to the third branch of the median vein at some little distance beyond its origin, this branch is but little curved at its base. Submedian vein scarcely curved.
Hind Wings somewhat oval, the space between the extremities of the second and third branches of the median vein being produced into a short, broad, outwardly curved tail. Costal margin curved. Outer margin nearly straight from the outer angle to the tail, from the tail to the anal angle it has two rather deep scallops. Precostal vein reduced to a short, straight, transverse spur arising near the base of the subcostal vein, and extending to the costal margin. Subcostal vein branched at a short distance (not more than one seventh of an inch) from its base. Disco-cellular forming the base of the discoidal vein, and branching from the subcostal at a still shorter distance; the outer disco-cellular wanting, so that the cell, which is long and narrow, is open. Median vein branched considerably below the branching off of the discoidal vein, its second and third branches extending to either side of the short tail.
Fore Legs of the male very short and pectoral, thickly clothed to the tip with short hairs. The tibia shorter than the femur. ‘Tarsus fully as long as the tibia, cylindrical, simple, exarticulate, and destitute of claws. Fore Legs of the female short, scaly. Tibia about two thirds of the length of the femur. ‘Tarsus as long as the tibia, internally dilated at the extremity, where it is obliquely truncate, with slight indications of the joints.
Four Hind Legs moderately long, and rather thickly clothed with scales; the tarsus being nearly as thick as the tibia. Femur a little curved, thickest at the base. Tibia as long as the femur, straight, furnished on the under side with two rows of short spines. Tarsus of the same length as the tibia, rather thickly beset with short spines, especially on the under side, where they form several distinct rows. Claws small, slender, sickle- shaped. Paronychia with the outer division as long as the claws, slender, rather pointed and setose; inner division shorter and more obtuse. Pulvillus small, broadly heart-shaped.
ABDOMEN small.
TRANSFORMA TIONS unknown.
The beautiful insect upon which this genus is founded is well distinguished, not only by the peculiar character of its colours, but by its short palpi closely applied to the face, the slender club to its antenne, and the great and nearly equal length of the third and fourth branches of the subcostal vein of the fore wings, which run close together for a considerable distance, and then widen, seeming to take the place of the fourth branch and terminal division of the subcostal vein, as arranged in Cyrestis, Timetes, &c. The colouring of the under surface of the wings is still more remarkable and equally beautiful, the ground colour being a very pale buff marked with a vast number of spots and angulated lines of different forms, of deeper or lighter shades of brown, with several green and orange spots near the anal angle. The hind wings beyond the middle are also marked with an irregular series of very finely powdered arches.
PROT HOE.
1. Prornor Franext.
| Westw. S§ Hewitson, Gen. Diurn, Lep. pl. 51. f. 3.; Nymphalis Franck. Godart, Enc. M. 1x. p. 825.; Hiibner, |
Horsfield, Lep. of Java, t. 5. f. 4, 4a, (Paphia Fr.). Autonema Franckii Boisduval MS. Java. B.M.
Sammi. exot. Schm. Band ii. pl. —. (Prothoe Franckii) ; E. Doubleday, List Lep. Brit. Mus. p. 88.; Doub. }
Genus L. MYNES.
Mynes Botsduval, Guéerin-Ménéville. Nympuauis Guérin-Meénéville.
Bopy rather robust; wings strong. Heap moderate. Eyes naked. Antenne rather long, nearly straight, and rather slender; terminated by a long, gradually formed, and slender, straight club.
Labial Palpi slightly porrect, directed upwards, and elevated nearly to the level of the top of the head; not August 1. 1850. 4B
268 NYMPHALIDA.
compressed ; hairy on the inside of the extremity of the second joint, with fine scaly hairs on the outside and beneath. Terminal joint small and conical, much more slender than the preceding joint when covered with its scales.
Tuorax oval, clothed with flossy hairs on the metathorax.
Fore Wings rather large and wide. Anterior margin slightly rounded. Apical margin about two thirds of the length of the anterior, entire, slightly rounded. Inner margin nearly straight. Costal vein extending to about two fifths of the length of the costa; first and second branches arising close together, at about one third of the length of wing; third branch arising about the middle of the wing, and extending nearly to the tip of the costal margin; fourth branch emitted very near the tip of the wing; the vein itself is deflexed and slightly angulated just beyond the base of its second branch, where the upper disco-cellular vein is emitted, which 1s very short and very oblique. The middle and lower disco-cellular veins are in the same line, and in an oblique direction; the middle one very short, and the lower one more elongated, uniting with the third branch of the median vein at a little distance from its origin, and closing the discoidal cell with an acute point at a little distance before the middle of the wing, the third branch itself being angulated at the point of union.
Hind Wings broadly subtriangular, furnished with a short obtuse tail directed outwardly; or rather the space between the extremity of the discoidal vein and the third branch of the median vein is very deeply emarginate. The costal margin rounded towards the base. The outer margin regularly rounded from the outer angle to the extremity of the third branch of the median vein, which extends along the outside of the short tail, from which point to the anal angle the outer margin of the wing is scalloped. Precostal vein short and arched. Costal vein curved, extending to the outer angle of the wing. Subcostal vein branching at about one fourth of its length from the base, and emitting the discoidal vein close to the base of its branch; the upper disco- cellular forming the base of the discoidal vein, and being slightly curved; the lower disco-cellular obsolete, so that the cell is entirely open. Third branch of the median vein but little curved at the base.
Fore Legs of the female (the only sex which I have seen) short, pectoral, thickly clothed with scales. Femur nearly straight, with numerous rather scaly hairs on the under side. Tibia nearly as long as the femur, slightly curved, squamose. Tarsus about three fourths of the length of the tibia, and rather narrower than it, subcompressed ; basal joint occupying two thirds of the base, the remaining one third occupied by the articulations which are suboblique, indicated on the under side by short spines seen beyond the scales; terminal joint destitute of claws and pulvilli.
Four Hind Legs long and strong. Femur very squamose, curved. Tibia as long as the femur, more finely squamose, and furnished with a few irregularly placed, short, acute, and slender spines ; tibial spurs very short. Tarsus equal in length and nearly equal in thickness to the tibia; basal joint rather more than half the entire length, finely squamose, the under side armed with several rows of numerous, small, sharp, and slender spines. Claws rather large, very much hooked, and very acute at the tips. Paronychia with the outer lobe as long as the claw, slightly curved, and obtuse at the tip, finely setose; inner lobe shorter, curved towards the outer, acute. Pulvillus broad, dilated at the extremity, leathery.
ABDOMEN scarcely longer than the thorax.
The few species of butterflies of which this hitherto uncharacterised genus is composed are yery rare in collections, and are natives of some of the islands of the Eastern Ocean. They bear considerable resemblance in the form of their wings to Argynnis Egista, as well as to Prothoe Frankii, to which latter they are certainly closely related, differing from it, however, in having the fourth branch of the subcostal vein of the fore wings arising near the tip of the wing, instead of close to the third as in that genus; the straight but oblique direction, also, of the disco-cellular veins produces a differently formed termination to the discoidal cell, the extremity of which is irregular in Prothoe.” The colouring of the under side of the wings (which affords a character to which too little importance has been given) is very remarkable. The fore wings are nearly coloured as above; but they have, in addition to the subapical yellow spots, a patch of red near the middle of the apical margin. The hind wings are dark brown on the disc, glossed with purple towards the costa, and with a band of yellow lunate marks preceding the outer margin, thus differing entirely from the elaborate markings of Prothoe Frankii. Mynes Leucis has the upper surface of the wings blue black, the fore ones with two rows of yellowish spots, and the hind ones with a discoidal patch of yellowish; the under side of the fore wings has a number of white dots, the hind wings are spotted with white at the base, and the disc is marked with three flexuous interrupted strigz of a whitish green.
MYNES.
1. M. Leucis Boisduval, Voy. del Astrolabe, Entomologie, p. 129.; Guérin- Meénéville, Voy. de la Coquille, Zool. Ins. p. 279. Nymphalis Australis Guérin-Ménéville, Voy. de la Coquille, Insectes, pl. 14. bis f. 4. Offack, Papua.
| 2. M. Grorrroyi. | Nymphalis Geoffroyii Guérin-Ménéville, Voy. de la Coquille, Ins. pl. 16. f. 1.; Boisduval, Voy. de U Astrolabe, Ento- | mologie, p. 130, n. 2. Offack, Papua. B.M.
TAERA. 269
Genus LI. LTAERA.
Tarra LTiibn.
Limenttis p. EL. Doubleday. Evena and Limenitis p. Boisd. Nymenaris Godt.
Bopy rather slender ; head large; fore wings long ; hind wings rather broad but short. Heap large, nearly as broad as the thorax, hairy on the crown, without a decided frontal tuft ; head of the female rather smaller.
Eyes very large and prominent in both sexes, naked.
Antenne very long, nearly equal to two thirds of the length of the fore wings, and also equal to the entire body, slender, nearly straight ; terminated by an elongated, slightly curved, and gradually formed club, with a slender keel along the inner edge.
Labial Palpi small, slender, directed upwards, scarcely projecting more than one third of the length of the head, but with the tip elevated rather above the level of the top of the eyes, thickly clothed with short hairs. Basal joint short, curved, and furnished with longer hairs on the under side; middle joint elongate, slender, somewhat compressed, with a slight elongated tuft of short hairs on the upper side next the face; terminal joint very short, slender, and acute at the tip.
Tuorax small, oval, finely hairy, slightly tufted at the sides of the metathorax.
Fore Wings long, narrow. Fore margin considerably arched, apical angle rounded. Apical margin scarcely more than half the length of the fore margin, slightly convex, and very slightly sinuated. Inner margin two thirds of the length of the latter, slightly convex from the base to beyond the middle, subemarginate towards the anal angle. Costal vein extending nearly to three fifths of the length of the fore margin, to which it is united by an angle. Subcostal vein slender; the first branch emitted before the anterior extremity of the discoidal cell, and extending to three fourths of the length of the fore margin; the second branch emitted considerably beyond the discoidal cell, rather beyond the point of union of the costal vein with the costa; second, third, and fourth branches arising at equal distances apart, the fourth being as long as the space between its base and that of the third subcostal branch. Upper disco-cellular vein almost obsolete, emitted from the subcostal vein just beyond the origin of the first subcostal branch. Middle disco-cellular short, slightly arched, and forming a continuous line with the lower disco-cellular, which is considerably elongated, oblique, quite distinct, and united to the third branch of the median vein at a little distance from its base, closing the discoidal cell with a rather obtuse point. Median vein and its branches strong and wide apart, the third branch considerably arched.
Hind Wings broad, short, subtriangular. Fore margin nearly straight, but much curved at the base; outer angle rather acute. Apical margin slightly sinuated, and very slightly convex. Precostal vein short, nearly straight. Subcostal vein branching at about one fourth of the length of the wing from the base. Upper disco-cellular vein forming the curved base of the discoidal vein, and arising very near the branch of the subcostal vein. Lower disco-cellular wanting, the discoidal cell being open and narrow. (It is, however, distinct but very slender in I. Ceenobita, arched, and arising at a little distance from the subcostal branch, and uniting with the third median branch at a little distance from its origin. )
Fore Legs of the male very sinall and slender, pectoral; clothed from the base to the extremity with long, slender, white hairs. Tibia slightly curved, as long as the femur. Tarsus nearly as long as the tibia in I. Crithea, but very short in I. Ceenobita. Fore Legs of the female small, denuded of long hairs; with the tarsus about two thirds of the length of the tibia, slightly dilated, and obliquely truncate at the tip, with short spines indicating the tarsal joints.
Four Hind Legs very long and slender. Femur finely squamose. Tibia clothed with narrow scales, and armed, especially beneath, with numerous short spines. Tibial spurs long and slender. Tarsus long, thickly armed beneath with short spines, those of the apical joints nearly equal to the following joints in length. Claws very much curved, acute, and slender, dilated at base. Paronychia bilobed ; outer lobe as long as the claw, setose. Pulvillus very short and broad.
AxspomeN slender and elongated, marked with pale transverse fasciz.
TRANSFORMATIONS unknown.
The extraordinary length of the antenne and legs, the almost recurved very acutely tipped labial palpi, the elongated fore wings, the larger head, and the arrangement of the branches of the subcostal vein of the fore wings, are the chief characteristics which have induced me to separate these insects from Limenitis, with which they have been united by Boisduyal and E, Doubleday, and to which
270 NYMPHALIDZ.
I have restored Hiibner’s name Iaera, which he gave to the two insects mentioned below, to which he added P. Afra Drury, which belongs to the genus Aterica.
The species inhabit tropical Western Africa, and differ considerably in the style of their colouring; I. Crithea having dark brown wings with paler buff-coloured markings, the hind wings having a broad bar of buff; whilst I. Coenobita has black-coloured wings with bluish-white transverse bars, more like the typical Neptides, to which indeed it more closely approximates, especially in the very minute size of the tarsi of its fore legs. I. Crithea bears a very great resemblance to some species of Adolias, especially those of the subgenus Euryphene of Boisduval.
ITAERA. 1. Tarra Critnea Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schm, p. 38. n. 333. | Nymphalis Opis Godart, Enc. M. 1x. p. 381. n. 104
Papilio Crithea Drury, Illust. vol. 1. pl. 16. f. 5, 6. and } Sierra Leone. B. M. Appendix ; Fabricius, Ent. Syst. m. pt J. p. 132. n. | 2. Tarra Canosita Doubl. Westw. & Hewitson, Gen. D. Lep. pl. 43. f. 2. 406. ; Cramer, Pap. pl. 138. f. C.D. ; Papilio Coenobita Fabricius, Ent. Syst. ui. pt. 1. p. 247.
Limenitis Crithea E. Doubleday, List. Lrp. Brit. Mus. | n. 769.; Jones, Icon. v. t. 27. f. 2.3 Donov. Ins. of RED A | India, p. 53. pl. 35. f. 3. (edit. Westw.)
Nymphalis Opis var. y. Godart, Ene. M. 1x. p. 381. n. | Nymphalis Coenobita Godart, Enc. M. 1x. p. 433. but not 104. : | of Cramer.
?92Papilio Opis Drury, Ill. vol. u. pl. 17. f. 5, 6. and Limenitis ? Coenobita E. Doubl. List. Lep. B. M. p. 93.
Appendix ; Cramer, Pap. pl. 138. f. A.B. Sineratlcone: B.M.
Genus LI. NEPTIS.
Neptis Fabricius (Systema Glossatorum), Horsfield. Limventtis p. Boisd., Doubleday.
Acca Hiibn.
Nympuauis God.
Bopy slender ; fore wings long; antenne short; palpi small, hairy, and very acute. Heap rather broad, with a frontal tuft.
Eyes large, prominent, and naked.
Antenne rather short, not half the length of the fore wings; terminated by a short, slender, gradually formed club, the tip of which is curved outwardly, finely keeled beneath.
Labial Palpi small, directed obliquely upwards, scarcely reaching above the level of the middle of the eyes. The terminal joint in the same line as the preceding, compressed, clothed with long loose hairs along the whole of the fore edge, and also on the hinder side at the extremity of the second joint; basal joint short; second joint broader and slightly curved at the base ; terminal joint, in the typical species, nearly as long as the preceding, slender, and very acute at the tip.
Tnorax rather slender, scarcely broader than the head, oval, very slightly hirsute, often clothed with metallic scales.
Fore Wings elongate, triangular. The anterior margin very slightly arched; apical angle rounded. Apical margin rounded, not, or but slightly, sinuated. Inner margin three fourths of the length of the anterior, more or less emarginate towards the middle. Costal vein moderately strong, not extending to the middle of the costa. Subcostal vein slender; its first branch arising at about one third of the length of the wing, and uniting with the costa a little beyond the middle; second branch, in the typical species, arising close beyond the first, before the anterior extremity of the discoidal cell; third branch arising at about two thirds of the length of the wing and extending to the tip; fourth branch arising at about three fourths of the length of the wing and reaching to the apical margin below the apex, the apical portion of the vein being deflexed. Upper disco-cellular vein almost obliterated, arising close beyond the origin of the second subcostal branch. Middle disco-cellular short, arched towards the base of the wing in the typical species. Lower disco-cellular obsolete, so that the discoidal cell is open, its place often indicated by a dark bar having a slightly curved paler line dividing the pale discoidal patch into two parts, and extending to the median vein just before the origin of its third branch, which is slightly arched.
Hind Wings very oval. The costal margin much arched. The outer margin rounded, slightly scalloped. Precostal vein forming a short straight spur forked at its extremity. Costal vein slightly curved, reaching only to the middle of the costal margin. Subcostal vein arising from the costal just beyond the origin of the precostal, and emitting its branch almost at its base. The upper disco-cellular forming the curved base of the discoidal vein. The lower disco-cellular wanting, so that the narrow discoidal cell is open. Median vein branching below the branches of the subcostal vein, with the spaces between the extremities of the branches along the outer margin of the wing wider than usual, in consequence of the costal vein extending only to the middle of the costa.
Fore Legs of the male very slender and short, more or less clothed with very delicate white hairs. Femur
NEPTIS. 2H
slightly curved; tibia scarcely half its length. Tarsus very short, not above one third of the length of the tibia, forming a minute, oval, exarticulate joint, destitute of claws. Fore Legs of the female more robust, and much longer than those of the male, scaly, with but few fine hairs. Femur slightly curved. Tibia also a little curved, about two thirds of the length of the femur. Tarsus nearly as long as the tibia, well articulated; the basal joint half the length of the tarsus, the remainder rather dilated, with strong spines on the inside ; the terminal joint minute, spined, but without claws. i Middle and Hind Legs rather short, scaly. Tibia spined beneath, with long tibial spurs. Tarsus with four rows of strong spines beneath. Claws rather long and very much bent, and acute at the tip. Paronychia and : pulvillus small. AxspomEN slender, elongated.
Larva slightly elongated ; head armed above with two short conical points ; second and third segments of the body with a pair of diverging, obtuse, setose, fleshy spines, the hinder pair being the largest; an erect tubercle near the extremity of the body.
CurysAzrs with the head bifid, and with the base of the abdomen-case much swollen.
The peculiar character of the colouring of several of the typical species of this, as well as of some of the preceding and following genera, consisting of three transverse, more or less interrupted, white or pale-coloured bands running across the wings (as shown in the upper figures of our Plates XX XIV. and XX XY.), have made me long hesitate as to the propriety of generically separating the insects by which they are exhibited. But although it cannot be denied that uniformity in the general character of the markings of an extensive series of species ought usually to be considered as indicative of generic affinity, yet an investigation of the structural characters of the insects now before us has, from their superior importance, shown the necessity of separating them into at least three genera. Fabricius, indeed, long ago proposed the genus Neptis, which I have here adopted, giving Melicerta and Aceris as his types ; but his characters were taken from the structure of the palpi alone, and, except by Dr. Horsfield in his List of the Genera of Diurnal Lepidoptera, published in the first part of his work on the Butterflies of Java, the genus Neptis has been entirely sunk. His character of the slender and very acute hairy palpi is, however, accompanied by two other peculiarities, which haye led me to resuscitate the genus in its present limits, namely the non-extension of the costal vein of the hind wings beyond the middle of the costa (a circumstance not occurring in any of the neighbouring groups), and the extreme minuteness of the tarsi of the fore legs of the males. Dr. Horsfield, indeed, appears to have been chiefly guided by the form of the larva in his short treatment of this genus, which, it is proper to add, he has not described in detail. Thus he gives as an illustration of the imago a species which he names “ Neptis Vikasi,” which has not the structure of the palpi, nor the arrangement of the veins in the hind wings of the species with acute palpi. His dissections of the Javanese species, which he names “ Neptis Aceris?” (plate vit. fig. 9, 9a—9h.), agree with the characters above laid down; but in his Generic List, as well as in the definition of his third plate (containing the remarkable progressive diagram of the forms of the larve of the Diurnal Lepidoptera), he has mentioned a new genus, allied to Limenitis in the normal series of Chilopodiform genera, figuring the same larva of “ Neptis Aceris?” as its example, although he had given Neptis as an aberrant genus of the group. He has moreover given figures from Résel of the transformations of Papilio Populi Zinn., which he describes as “Neptis?” apparently from the general similarity between its larva and that of Neptis Aceris?; and at the same time has given Procris and Leucothoe as illustrations of another genus, to which he applies the name of Biblis (proposed by Fabricius in the Systema Glossatorum with P. Biblis as its type, which, from the heterogeneous nature of its contents, it will be advisable either to suppress or to restrict to its typical species, as has been done by Godart, viz. Biblis Thadana Godart, Didonis Biblis Hiibner); so that the genus Limenitis appears restricted by Dr. Horsfield to P. Sibilla, of which he gives a figure of the larva from Résel, which, however, from comparison with Hiibner’s figure of the larva of P. Camilla copied by Curtis and Boisduval, must be very inaccurate.
The species of this genus, as here restricted, appear to be confined to Asia and the Indian Islands, Western Africa, Madagascar, and Mauritius. The pretty species forming my first section are of small size, and marked with orange-coloured spots and bars on a dark brown ground; the second section comprises larger insects, having white or whitish spots on a black or blackish ground. There are several undescribed species of the genus in our collections.
NEPTIS.
Section A. Wings spotted with orange. Fore wings with the second Godart, Ene. M. 1x. 429. n. 253.; E. Doubleday, List
branch of the subcostal vein arising considerably beyond the extremity of the discoidal cell.
Subsection a. All the wings without a transverse orange bar in the middle.
1. Nepris Fropenta. Papilio Frobenia Fabricius, Suppl. Ent. Syst. p. 425. n. 400, 401.; Godart, Enc. M. 1x. p. 430. n. 254, (Nym- phalis Fr.) ; Boisduval, Faune Ent. de Madag. p. 51. (Limenitis Fr.) Pantoporia Frobenia Hiibner, Zutr. pt. 4. p. 38. f. 773, 774. Mauritius, Madagascar, B.M.
2. Neptis Dumetorum. Limenitis Dumetorum Boisduval, Faune Ent. de Madag. p- 50. pl. 7. f. 6.; Doubleday, List Lep. B. M. Ap- pend. p. 25. Madagascar, Isle of Bourbon. B.M. Subsection b. All the wings with a transverse bar in the middle. 3, Neptis Horponta. Papilio Hordonia Stoll, Suppl. Cram. t. 33. f. 4. 4D.; August 1. 1850.
Lep. B. M. p. 93. Java, East India (not Guinea). B.M.
4. Neptis Heviopore. Papilio Heliodore Fabricius, Ent. Syst. 11. pt. 1. p. 130. n. 401.; Jones, Icon, 1v. t. 76. f. 2.; Godart, Enc. M. 1x. 429. n. 252.2 (Nymphalis Heliod. but not Heliodore of Cramer, pl. 212. f. E. F.) Penang, Java, Siam. B. M.
Section B. Wings generally spotted with white. Tore wings with the second branch of the subcostal vein arising before the extremity of the discoidal cell.
5. Nepris Acenis.
Papilio Aceris Esper, Pap. t. 81. f. 3. 4. (minor ex Hun- garia) ; Ernst, Pap. 1. pl. 11., Suppl. ur f. 12. a—d. bis; Fabricius, Ent. Syst. m1. pl. 1. p. 245. n. 763.3 Godart, Enc. M. 1x. p. 430. n. 255. ex parte (Nym- phalis Ac.) ; Hiibner, Verz. bek. Sch. p. 44. n. 393. (Acca Aceris) ; Boisduval, Icon. Hist. t. 18. f. 2., Ind. Meth. p. 16. n. 119. (Limenitis Aceris).
4 C
272 NYMPHALIDA.
Papilio Plautilla Hiibner, Europ. Schmett. Pap. f. 99, || Nymphalis Melinoe, Godart, Enc. M. 1x. 432. n. 261. 100. Sierra Leone. . B.M. Germany, Hungary, South Russia. B.M. | Ail, IN GE. 6. Neptis Maturta. Papilio Agatha Cramer, Ins. t. 327. f. A. B.; Hiibner, Acca Matuta Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schm. p. 44, n. 392. | Verz. bek. Schm. p. 44. n. 390. (Acca Agatha). Papilio Leucothoe Cramer, Ins. pl. 296. f. E. F. (but not Papilio Melicerta Fab. Ent. Syst. ut. pt. 1. p- 244. n. 762. of Linneus. ) (ex parte) ; Godart, Enc. M. 1x. p. 492. 0. 266. (Nym- Nymphalis Aceris (ex parte) Godart, Enc. M, 1x. p. 450. phalis M. but not P. Melicerta Drury). Bees z - Pe rie Hea | Sierra Leone. B. M. Papilio Aceris Esper, Pap. t. 82. f. 1. (major ex In ia. ); x Tabriun Ent. Syst. ut. pt. 1. p. 245. n. 763. (ex 12. SNEems KEE aah : parte); Esper, Ausl. Schmett. t. ile Gas, Gil, Sy Ce Limenitis Kikideli Boisduval, Faune Ent. de Madag. p.
‘he 50. ; } fe .M. ¥ Java, China, Coromandel B.M | Bei Marieeianinreye: 7. Nepris CoLuMELLA.
Papilio Columella Cramer, Ins. pl. 206. f. A.B. | 13. Nepris Merecna. Acca Columena Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 44. n. Limenitis Metella E. Doubleday MS.; Doubl. Westw. 5 391.; Doubleday, List Lep. B. Mus. p. 95. : Hewitson, Gen. Diurn. Lep. pl. 35. f. 2. China, Nepaul, India. B.M. Sierra Leone. B.M. 8. Nepris Lucina. 14. Nepris OpHi0Nne. Papilio Lucilla Wiener Verz. 173. 4.; Fabricius, Ent. | Papilio Ophione Cramer, Ins. t. 114. f. E.F.; Fabricius, Syst. m. pt. 1. p. 246, n. 768.; Ernst, Pap. 1. pl. 10. Ent. Syst. u1. 1. p. 131. n. 402.; Godart, Enc. M. 1x. f. 12. a.b.3; Godart, Enc. M. 1x. p. 431. n. 259. p- 432. n. 262, (Nymphalis Oph.); Hiibner, Verz. bek. (Nymphalis L.); Hiibner, Pap. f. 101, 102, Verz. Schm. p. 44, n. 398. (Acca Oph.); E. Doubleday, List bek. Schmett. p 44, n. 394. (Acca Lucilla) ; Boisduval, Lep. B. M. p. 95. (Limenitis Oph.) Gen. et Ind. Meth. p. 16 (Limenitis L.) Papilio Aceris Jones, Icon. 1v. t. 31. f. 1. Papilio Camilla Esper, Pap. t. 59. f. 1. Sierra Leone, Ashanti. B.M.
Papilio Sappho Pallas, Iter, 1. App. P- 19. n. 62. Papilio Coenobita Cramer, Ins. pl. 296. f. C.D. (but not of Fabricius and Donovan).
15. Nepris VALENTINA. Papilio Valentina Cramer, Ins. t. 327. f. C.D.; Hiibner, Verz. bek. Sch. p. 44. nu. 399. (Acca Val.)
Austria, South Russia, Wolga, China, Cramer. B. M. Nymphalis Ophione var. Godart, Enc. M. 1x. p. 432. 0. 9. Nepris Zama. 262. Limenitis Zaida E. Doubleday MS.; Doubl. Westw. § Variety of N. Ophione ? Hewitson, Gen. Diurn. Lep. pl. 35. f. 3. Guinea. Northern India. B.M. l
16. Neptis PRaAsuini. Limenitis Praslini Boisd. Voy. de U’Astrol. Ent. p. 131. New Ireland, Port Praslin.
10. Nepris Mericerta. . Papilio Melicerta Drury, Tilust. vol. u. pl. 19. f. 5, 4. (1773) ; Fabr. Ent. Syst. ni. pt. 1. p. 244. (ex parte)
nec Melicerta Godart. | 17. Nepris CONSIMILIS, i Papilio Blandina Cramer, Ins. 28. t. 827. f. E. F.; Limenitis consimilis Boisd. Voy. de UAstrol. Ent. p. 133. Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 44. n. 389. (Acca Bland.) New Ireland, New Holland.
Genus LIT. ATHYMA Westw.
Liventtis p. Boisd. Doubleday. Neptis p. Blanchard.
Acca p. Hiibn.
3rBLIs p. Horsjield. Nympuatis p. God'.
Bopy robust ; wings large and strong, generally with transverse white marks on a black ground. Heap moderate, with a few long hairs in front. Eyes rather prominent, generally naked, but finely hirsute in some species.
‘Antenne not more than half the length of the fore wings, straight; terminated by a long and gradually formed slender club, slightly obliquely truncate at the tip, and with a fine keel-like line down the under side.
Labial Palpi vather slender, obliquely directed upwards, but not reaching above the middle of the eye; the tips horizontally porrected and slightly incurved, clothed with closely adpressed scaly hairs, with longer hairs at the base beneath, and towards the extremity of the second joint on the upper side; the terminal joint very short and obtuse.
Tuorax robust; collar often variously coloured ; dorsum often marked with white spots. Metathorax large, deeply grooved down the middle, finely hairy.
Fore Wings large, subtriangular.. Anterior margin rounded; apical angle rounded. Outer margin three fifths of the length of the anterior, slightly convex, straight, or but very slightly concave, and slightly scalloped. Inner margin nearly straight, three fourths of the length of the anterior margin. Costal vein strong, reaching to the middle of the costa. Subcostal vein with its first branch arising at about one fourth of the length of the wing, followed immediately by the second branch; third branch arising at about two thirds of the length of the wing, extending to the apex; fourth branch arising at about five sixths of the length of the wing, and
ATHYMA.
bo =~ ow
extending below the apex ; the terminal portion of the vein rather deflexed. Upper disco-cellular vein almost obliterated, arising from the subcostal at one third of the length of the wing; middle disco-cellular very short, curved, forming the base of the lower discoidal vein ; lower disco-cellular obsolete in the typical species, the discoidal cell being open. In others it is, however, distinct, although very slender, arising from the extremity of the middle disco-cellular, which is in such species curved obliquely towards the base of the wing, and joining the median vein close to the origin of the third branch. In other species, e.g. L. Vikasi, the middle disco-cellular (owing to the greater length of the basal portion of the median vein) is obliquely directed towards the anal angle of the fore wing, and the outer disco-cellular is emitted much nearer to the middle of the wing, but is nevertheless united to the median vein close to the origin of the third branch.
Hind Wings subtriangular. Costal margin rather rounded. Outer margin rounded, and more strongly scalloped. Precostal vein strongly curved outwards. Costal vein arched, and extending to the outer angle. Subcostal vein branching very near to its base, and also emitting the upper disco-cellular very near to.the base of its branch. Upper disco-cellular forming the base of the discoidal vein. Lower disco-cellular obsolete.
Fore Legs of the male small, pectoral, fmely hairy. Tibia not so long as the femur. Tarsus rather more than two thirds of the length of the tibia; when denuded it is cylindrical, simple, exarticulate, and destitute of claws or spines, as is also the tip of the tibia. More Legs of the female rather longer and thicker, scaly. Tarsus with well developed joints; the first being half the length of the tarsus, without spines at the tip beneath ; second, third, and fourth joints with strong short spines on the under side.
Four Hind Legs moderately long. ‘Tibia spined beneath; tibial spurs strong. ‘Tarsi more thickly spined beneath ; the spines arranged in rows. Claws and their appendages of the same form as in the allied genera.
AxspomeEN moderately robust, often party-coloured, especially at the base.
Larva long, cylindrical, with setose warts at the sides. Head spinose; each of the second and third segments with two long, erect, sharp, setose spines; remaining joints with similar spines, but those of the fourth, sixth, eighth, and tenth joints are shorter than the intermediate ones.
Pura suspended by the tail. Head fureate. Body with a conical protuberance on the dorsal portion of the thorax, and another at the base of the abdomen.
The insects of which I propose to form the present genus seem sufficiently distinct both from Neptis and Limenitis to warrant its adoption. From the former they are distinguished by their larger size, more robust structure, larger and shorter wings, more squamose and obtuse palpi, and especially by the costal vein of the hind wings extending to their outer angle, and the longer tarsi of the fore legs. From Limenitis they are structurally distinguished with much less facility ; the form of the fore wings, however, and the style of their markings, the open discoidal cell in the typical species, and especially the form of the larva, armed along the whole length of its body with erect setose spines (judging from Dr. Horsfield’s figures of the transformations of Leucothoe), together with the exarticulated condition of the anterior tarsi of the males, appear to be their chief points of distinction. Dr. Horsfield, who has generically separated Leucothoe from Neptis as well as from Limenitis, has taken up the Fabrician name of Biblis for this group. If, however, the Fabrician generic name is to be retained, it ought strictly to be given to the Fabrician typical species, P. Biblis (Biblis Thadana Boisduval), which consideration has induced me to propose a new name for this group, in allusion to the melancholy style of colouring. Dr. Horsfield, in addition to Leucothoe, has given Procris, as belonging to the same genus; but that species has so entirely the habit of Camilla and Sibilla, that I cannot consider it advisable to separate them, especially as it is evident that Dr. Horsfield’s views of the position of the two latter species were influenced by the very incorrect figure which he has copied of the larva and pupa of Sibilla,
The variations in the structure of the eyes and the disco-cellular veins of the fore wings in the species of this genus, as mentioned in the generic description, together with those afforded by the palpi and the markings of the body, will furnish better points of distinction than have hitherto been employed to determine the various species, a task hitherto of great difficulty. In addition to these, it may be mentioned, that the sexes of Athyma Nefte and A. Inara differ considerably in their colouring ; the females being black, with rich orange markings, whilst the male of Nefte has white markings, and that of Inara (figured in our Plate XXXIV. fig. 3.) has the anterior and middle row of markings white, with a purplish tinge. A. Vikasi (which Dr. Horsfield unites with Neptis) is dark brown, with the markings of the ordinary type, but suffused with dusky brown. I have not seen A. Venilia, which may be the male of a species allied to Inara, with the middle pale bar of the wings suffused at the edges with blue scales; but it is represented by Cramer as having very much rounded wings.
There are a considerable number of new species in our collections, especially from Northern India, Sylhet, Mussooree, &c. The British Museum is rich in these ; but, as they are undescribed, I have not thought it necessary to swell the list with MS. names, or indications of species without names, which it would be difficult to identify. For the like reason, I have omitted several quite distinct in my own collection from Assam, which I owe to the liberality of Major F. Jenkins.
ATHYMA. 1, Atayma LeucoTHor.
Papilio Leucothoe Linn. Mus. Lud. Ulr. 292., Syst. Nat. Najas hilaris Erosine Hiibner, Sammi. exot Schm. Band i. ed. 12. vol. u. p. 780. n. 179.; Fab. Ent. Syst. 11. pt. pl. —. 1. p, 129. n. 395.; Sulzer, Hist. Ins. t. 18. f. 2, 3.5 Papilio Polyxena Donovan, Ins. China, pl. 35. f. 3. (1st ed.) Godart, Enc. M. 1x. p. 430. n. 256. (Nymphalis L. | Limenitis Leucothoe Westwood in Donovan, Ins. China, but not Leucothoe of Cramer). ] Qnd edit.
Var. 3. Papilio Hylas * Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 10. 11. p. 486. | Acca Leucothoe Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p, 44. n. 397.
Papilio Erosine Cramer, Ins. t. 203, f. E. F. India, China, Java. B.M.
* There is a strange confusion in the works of Linneus and Clerck as to Papilio Hylas, Clerck having figured our Cyrestes Hylas under that name, with a reference to the Linnean n. 173., which figure Linneus subsequently quoted as a variety of his P. Leucothoe.
274 NYMPHALIDZ.
2. Atayma Eurynome. Limenitis Eurynome Westw. in Donovan, Ins. of China, 2nd edit. p. 66. t. 35. f. 4. Papilio Leucothoe Donov. Op. cit. 1st edit. (but not of Linneus). China. B.M.
3. ArHyma He icopis. Nymphalis Helicopis Godart, Enc. M. 1x. p. 431. n. 258. Papilio Heliodora Cramer, Ins. pl. 212. f. E. F. (not of Fabricius, &c.) Acca Heliodora Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schm. p. 44. n. 396. Amboyna.
4, ATHyMa STROPHIA. Nymphalis Strophia Godart, Enc. M. 1x. p. 431. n. 257. Papilio Sulpitia Cramer, Ins. pl. 214. f. E. F.; Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schm. p. 44, n. 400. (Acca Sulp. but not of Fabricius). China, India. 5. ATHYMA OPALINA. Limenitis opalina Kollar in Hugel’s Reise durch Kaschmir, &c. p. 427. Mussooree (Himalaya). 6. Arayma Sankara. Limenitis Sankara Kollar in Hugel’s Reise durch Kaschmir, &e. p. 428. Himalaya. Atayma Larymna. Limenitis Larymna- E. Doubleday MS.; Doubl. Westw. & Hewitson, Gen. Diurn. Lep. pl. 35. f. 1. Northern India. B.M.
at
8. Arayma VENILIA. Limenitis Venilia. Papilio Venilia Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 10. n. 120. ed. 12.; Clerck, Icon. t. 32. n. 120.: Fabricius, Ent. Syst. 11. i. 134, n. 411.; Cramer, Ins. pl. 219. f. B.C.; Godart, Ene. M. 1x. p. 433, n, 263. (Nymphalis V.) Java, India.
9. AtHyMA Sacnava. Limenitis Saclaya Boisduval, Faune Ent. de Madag. p. 49. ‘Tamatave. .
10. Arpyma Vixast. Limenitis Vikasi Horsfield, Lep. Ins. of Java, t. 5. f. 2. Limenitis Nefte Boisduval, Sp. Gen. Lep. pl. 8. (4 B.) f. 6. Java, India, Singapore. B. M.
11. Arayma Nerre. Papilio Nefte Cramer, Ins. pl. 256. f. E.F. 9 ; Hibner, Verz. bek. Schm. p. 44, n. 386. (Pantoporia Nefte.) Nymphalis Nefte Godart, Enc. M. 1x. p. 429. n. 251. Java, India. B.M. 12. Aruyma Inara. Limenitis Inara E. Doubleday MS.; Doubl. Westw. §& Hewitson, Gen. Diurn, Lep. pl. 34. f. 3. Northern India. B.M.
ATHYMA MELALEUCA. Limenitis melaleuca Boisd. Voy. de l’Astrol. Ent. p. 181. Amboyna, Rawak.
18
14. Atuyma Bresissonit Limenitis Brebissonii Boisd. Voy. de Astrol. Ent. p. 132. New Guinea.
Genus LIV. LIMENITIS.
Livenitis Fabricius, Syst. Gloss.
Acca and Limentrtis /Hiibn.
Nympuauis Boisd. Ind. Meth., E. Doubleday, List Lep. B.M.
Limenitis p. Boisd. Ind. Meth.
Bopy moderate ; abdomen rather short ; wings long, trigonate. Heap rather small, with a small tuft of hair at the base of each antenna, and a small, conical, frontal tuft.
Eyes but slightly prominent, naked.
Labial Palpi rather short, thick, directed obliquely upwards, reaching rather above the middle of the eyes; the tips convergent, thickly clothed with short hairs, especially upon the under side of the basal joint, and the upper side of the terminal half of the second joint; the third joint short, oval, obtuse at the tip.
Antenne scarcely half the length of the costal margin of the fore wings, straight; terminated by a very slender, gradually formed club, which is nearly one third of the length of the whole antenna, rather obliquely truncate at the tip, with a very shallow double groove on the under side. Spiral tongue long and strong.
THorax oval, hairy ; tippets and sides of the metathorax more hirsute.
Fore Wings elongate-trigonate. Fore margin very little arched; apical angle rounded. Apical margin rather more than two thirds of the length of the anterior, emarginate, and very slightly scalloped. Inner margin a very little longer than the apical one, nearly straight. Costal vein strong, extending to three fifths of the length of the costa. Subcostal vein with the first and second branches arising close together before the extremity of the discoidal cell; third branch arising just beyond the place of junction of the costal vein with the costa, and extending to the tip of the wing ; fourth branch arising at about four fifths of the length of the wing, reaching the apical margin a little below the apex. The terminal portion of the subcostal vein very slightly deflexed. Upper disco-cellular arising at four ninths of the length of the wing, extremely short ; middle disco-cellular vein short, curved outwards; lower disco-cellular slender, nearly straight, uniting with the third branch of the median vein just beyond its origin, closing the discoidal cell, which is rather narrow, and reaches nearly to half the length of the wing. Median vein strong; its branches wide apart ; the third gradually arched.
Hind Wings subtriangular. The costal margin not much curved. The outer margin of the same length as the costal, somewhat truncate from the extremity of the subcostal vein to that of the first branch of the median, scalloped. The precostal vein well defined and curved outwardly. Costal vein arched, extending to the outer angle of the wing. Subcostal vein arising just before the precostal ; its branches arising at the same distance
LIMENITIS. 2
“1 oy
from its base as exists between the base of the wing and that of the precostal vein. Upper disco-cellular vein forming the base of the discoidal one, and arising at a similar distance from the base of the subcostal branch ; lower disco-cellular wanting, so that the cell is open. Median vein and its branches moderately robust.
Fore Legs of the male small, pectoral, clothed with rather short loose hairs. Femur slightly thickened at the base. Tibia nearly straight, as long as the femur, slightly thickened at the tip. Tarsus two thirds of the length of the tibia, gradually attenuated, and, when denuded of scales and hairs, consisting of three distinct joints ; the basal joint more than half the length of the tarsus; the second and third of nearly equal length. Fore Legs of the female longer than in the male, more scaly, and much less hairy. The femur and tibia of nearly equal length. The tarsus two thirds of the length of the tibia, and of equal thickness with it to the tip; composed of five joints; the basal joint occupying half the length of the tarsus; the second, third, and fourth gradually shortening ; each with a pair of short spines at the tip, on the lower side; the terminal joint very small, with two very short straight spines.
Feur Hind Legs moderately long and robust, scaly. Femur hairy beneath. Tibia of equal length with the femur, with strong spines beneath (except at the basal one third) and at the tip; tibial spurs strong. Tarsus equal to the tibia in length and thickness, with four rows of spines beneath. Claws rather large, but not so long as the terminal sete of the tarsus, strongly curved, and very acute. Paronychia bifid, setose, nearly as long as the claws. Pulvillus short.
ABDOMEN rather small.
Larva subcylindrical, narrowed behind, with setose tubercles on the sides of the body, and with several pairs of elongated, obtuse, hairy spines on the back ; those towards the head being the longest. Pura suspended by the tail. Head-case beaked or bifid; gibbose on the back of the thorax.
Regarding, with Fabricius, Papilio Populi as the type of this genus, it will consist of a scries of species generally of larger size, and much more varied in their colours, and consequently handsomer than those of the two preceding groups. The propriety of this step has been recognised; Boisduval and E. Doubleday (List Lep. B. M.) having given Populi and its American allies as a genus distinct from Limenitis, under the name of Nymphalis (a name which must be restored to the Charaxes, as has been judiciously done by KE. Doubleday in the plates already published of this work). Boisduval and Doubleday, however, remove Camilla and Sibilla to their magazine genus Limenitis ; a step which I cannot approve, considering the genus in the same light as M. E. Blanchard, in the Histoire des Animaux articulés. It is proper to observe, however, that the discoidal cell is not open, as he states, in the species which he gives as belonging to the genus, namely, Sibilla, Camilla, Populi, and Arthemis; nor are the fore legs alike in both sexes, nor terminated by a single claw, as stated by Mr. Curtis.* From the preceding genus the species are distinguished by their longer fore wings, generally concave along the apical margin; the short discoidal cell of the fore wings, the generally oblique position of the pale markings or bars running across the wings, the more hairy palpi, the articulation of the fore tarsi of the males, and the form of the larvee, also appear to be characteristic.
The Caterpillar of L. Populi, as figured by Hiibner (copied by Boisduval, Sp. Gen. Lep, pl. 111. fig. 8.), is green, varied with brown; the head with two points; the second segment of the body with two thick, erect, somewhat divergent, obtuse, fleshy spines ; the third, fifth, and seventh segments with setose tubercles on the back; and the terminal segments gradually acuminated; the penultimate with two rather sharp tubercles, directed backwards; the sides of the body also furnished with setose tubercles. It feeds on poplars and willows. The Chrysalis is thick, and with a thick tubercle at the base of the abdomen-case. The head is but slightly elongated. This species is widely spread over the northern half of Europe, although not a native of England.
The Larva of the North American species, L. Ursula, is represented by Abbot and Smith as more elongated, with the head somewhat serrated at the sides and top; the second segment of the body with two long, diverging, setose, obtuse horns, and the following segments of the body appear irregularly furnished with dorsal tubercles. The Chrysalis nearly resembles that of Populi. The species is remarkable for entirely wanting the white fascie so characteristic of the genus, the upper surface of the wings being black, the extremities covered with blue scales, with several subapical rows of black lunules; on the under side it is glossed with purple, and elegantly ornamented with bright orange spots at the base and beyond the middle of the wings. It bears, in fact, a singularly strong analogy in its colours to the North American Papilio Philenor, whilst the allied species, Limenitis Disippus (P. Archippus Cramer), bears an equally strong analogy to Danais Archippus in its dark orange-red colour, with a black border to all the wings, spotted with white.
The Larva of Limenitis Sibilla feeds upon different species of honeysuckle (Lonicera), and, as figured by Hiibner and copied by Curtis, has the head subbifid; and the second, third, fifth, tenth, and eleventh segments of the body respectively furnished with a pair of obtuse, fleshy, setose spines, all of nearly equal length; the other segments, as well as the sides of the body, bearing small setose tubercles. The Chrysalis has the head-case deeply bifid, the back of the thorax gibbose, and the base of the dorsal surface of the abdomen furnished with a large obtuse prominence.
The transformations of Limenitis Procris, an Eastern species closely allied to L. Camilla, are figured in Dr. Horsfield’s work on the Lepidoptera of Java. The head-case of the Chrysalis is deeply bifid, each of the horns being dilated into a broad truncate lobe, acute at the tips; the wing-cases are singularly dilated towards the dorsal surface, with a short tooth at the base of each, and the sezments of the abdomen are very irregular. The Larya has the body very rugose ; each segment with thick, obtuse, erect tubercles; those of the second and third segments very much elongated, and the head is also spined at the sides.
The species are natives of Europe, Asia, the Indian Islands, and North America. Several of the finest species, hitherto undescribed,
* Linneus rightly detected the difference of structure in the fore legs of the sexes of these insects. In his description of L. Sibilla (L. Camilla Mus. Reg. Ulr. p. 302.), he says, “ Pedes antici mutici,” whilst he describes the other sex (p. 302. P. Prorsa) as having six perfect legs. his, coupled with other characters given in his detailed description, especially the double rows of black dots beyond the white fascia of the hind wings on the under side, is sufficient to prove that in this work he was describing the two sexes of the species hitherto known in England under the name of L. Camilla, having no knowledge of the southern European species to which Fabricius inappropriately applied the name of Camilla.
August 1, 1850. 4D
276 NYMPHALIDA.
have been received within the last few years from Assam, Sylhet, and Northern India; most of these are figured in our Plates.
Quite recently, Mr. Fortune has brought another large new species from China.
The species which E. Doubleday has named L.
Eulalia, a native of Venezuela, appears to me to be more properly referable to the genus Heterochroa.
LIMENITIS.
1. Limenrtis Poputi.
Papilio Populi Eannaus, Faun. Suec. p, 277. n. 1055., Syst. Nat. u. p. 776. n. 162.; Fabricius, Ent. Syst. ut. pt. 1. pe ui n: 343. Rasel, iRelust. TOD Bb tee bas US CE 31.f. 1. 5. larva and pupa 5 Esper, Pap. pt.1.t. 12. f.1., ejusd. t. 31. Supp. 7. f. 1.; Panzer, Ee Ins. Germ. fase. 28. n. 22.; Hiibner, Exot. Schm. t. 23. f. 108, 109, 110.; Ochsenheimer, Schmett. von Europa, Band i. p. 145.; Godart, Lépidopt. de France, 1. t. 6. f.1., Ene. M. Ix. p. 401. n.175.; Boisduval, Sp. Gen. Lep. pl. 3. f. 8. and pl. 8. f.5., Index Meth. n. 123. (Nymphalis wy)
Germany, France, and North Europe. B.N
2. Limenitis Ursuna.
Papilio Ursula Fabricius, Ent. Syst. m1. pt. 1. p. 82. n. 257.; Abbott §& Smith, Ins. of Georgia, 1. t. 19. n. 10.; Godart, Enc. M. 1x. p. 380. n. 101.; Boisduval et Leconte, Icon. Lép. et Chen. de V Amér. Sept. t. 53.
Pap. Astyanax Fabricius, Mantissa Ins. 1. p. 4. n. 29.
Pap. Ephestion Stoll, t. 25. f. 1. la.; Godart, Enc. M. 1x. p. 42. n. 51.
Georgia, South Carolina. B. M.
3. Limenitis Disippus. Nymphalis Disippe Godart, Enc. M. 1x. p. 393. n. 152.; Boisduval et Leconte, Icon. Lép. et Chen. de Am. Sept.
t55.
Papilio Misippus Fabricius, Ent. Syst. 11. pt. 1. p. 50. n. 153. (but not of Linnzeus. ) Papilio Archippus Cramer, t. 16. f. A. B. United States of North America, Guiana. B.M.
4. Lroenitis ARTHEMIS.
Papilio (Nymph. Phal.) Arthemis Drury, Ill. exot. Ent. u. pl. 10. f. 3, 4, and Appendix vol. 11.; Say, American Entomology, u. pl. 23.; Boisduval et Leconte, Icon. Lép. et Chen. de VAmér. Sept. t. 54.
Papilio Lamina Fabricius, Ent. Syst. 1. pt. 1. p. 118. n. 361.; Jones, Icon. vol. v. t. 32. f. 1.; Godart, Ene. M. 1x. p. 380. (Nymphalis L.)
North America, Nova Scotia, Hudson’s Bay, Upper Canada, Rocky Mountains, New York, &c. B.M.
5. Limeniris SiBinua. g Papilio Sibilla Linn. Syst. Nat. u. 781. n. 186.; Ins. Belust. us. t. 33. f. 3. and t. 70. f. 1—3.; Fabri- cius, Ent. Syst. ut i. 246. n. 736.; Esper, Europ. Schmett. t. 14. f. 2. 3.3; Hiibner, Europ. Schmett. Pap. f. 103—105.; Ochsenheimer, Schm. Europ. 1v. p. 17.5 Boisduval, Ind. Meth. n. 121.; Godart, Enc. M. 1x. p. 402. n. 176.
Rosel,
Pap. Prorsa Linneus, Mus. Reg. p. 303. n. 121. 9 Papilio Camilla Linneus, Syst. Nat. 1. 781. n. 187. Papilio Camilla Haworth, Lep. Brit. p. 29.; Lewin, Pap. pl. 8.; Donovan, Ins. pl. 244.; Harris, Aurelian, pl. 30. f. m.n.; Curtis, Brit. Ent. pl. 124.; Duncan, Brit. ee pl. 20. f. 2.; Stephens’s Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust. vol. p. 52.; Westw. § Humphreys, Brit. Butt. p. 60. pl. 16. i169; England, France, Germany, Russia, and North of Europe. B.M.
6. Limeniris Camiuna.
Papilio Camilla Fabricius, Ent. Syst. m1. pt. 1. p. 246. n. 767. (but not of Linneus, nor of the various English authors quoted under the preceding species) ; Hiibner, Europ. Schm. Pap. f. 166, 107.; Ochsenheimer, Schm. Europ. wv. 18. (Limenitis Camilla) ; Boisduval, Ind. Meth. n. 122.; Godart, Enc. M. 1x. p. 402. n. 176.
Papilio Sibilla Drury, Ins. u. t. 16. f. 1, 2.; Cramer, t 144. f. C.D. (but not of Linnzus. )
Central and Southern Europe. B.M.
7. Limeniris Procris. Papilio Procris Fabricius, Ent. Syst. ui. pl. 1. p. 138. n. 425,; Cramer, Pap. t. 106. f. E.F.; Godart, Ene. M. 1x. p. 404, n. 178.
India, Java. B.M.
8. Limenitis Senenopnora Kollar in Hugel’s Reise durch Kaschmir, p. 426. pl. 7. f. 1, 2 Mussooree (Himalaya). 9. Limenitis ZuLemA LE. Doubleday MS.; Doubl. Westw. § Hewitson, Gen. Diurn. Lep. pl. 34. f. 1. India.
10. Limenitis Isuene E. Doubleday MS.; Doubl. Westw. & Hewitson, Gen. Diurn. Lep. pl. 34. f. 2. Assam, Sylhet. B. M. 11. Livenrtis Daraxa E. Doubleday MS.; Doubl. Westw. § Hewitson, Gen. Diurn. Lep. pl. 34. f. 4. Assam, Sylhet. 12. Limenitis Zayita FE. Doubleday MS. ; Doubl. Gen. Diurn, Lep. pl. 35, f. 4. Assam, Sylhet.
13. Limenitis Dupu Westw. Nov. Sp.* Silhet.
14. Limenitis ALANKARA. Aconthea Alankara Horsfield, Lep. Java, pl. 5. f. 6. Java.
B. M. Westw. & Hewitson,
B. M.
Genus LV. HETEROCHROA.
Hererocuroa Boisd.
Nympuatis, Sect. K., ApetpHa Liibn.
Bony rather robust ;
God.
wings generally black or brown, with an oblique white common bar, and with orange patches
towards the tip of the fore wings, and at the anal angle of the hind ones. Heap rather broad in the males ; those of the females narrower, with a very slight frontal tuft, and with a bundle
of hairs at the base of ech antenna.
* Limenitis alis supra fuscis, fascia recta subangusta obliqua submedia communi alba, versus costam anticarum parum irregulari, maculis duabus angustis
obscure rufis nigro-marginatis versus basin anticarum: maculato : une. 3}.
posticis serie lata lunularum pone fasciam strigaque subapicali nigris, angulo anali acuto aurantio, nigro alis subtus margaritaceis fascia maculisque basalibus ut in pagina superiori, apicalibus vero obliteratis, angulo anali late rufescente.
Exp. alar. ant.
HETEROCHROA.
bo ba | ~
Eyes prominent, setose in front, or naked.
Labial Palpi short, directed upwards rather obliquely, but not reaching above the middle of the eyes, extended but little in front of the head, scaly, with the base hairy beneath, and with an elongated tuft of hair on the upper side of the inner half of the second joint; the tips rather converging. Apical joint very minute, and ovate-conic.
Antenne considerably longer than half the fore wings, nearly straight; with an elongated, very slender club.
Tuorax robust, especially in the males ; neck transverse, as wide as the head, clothed with erect hairs. Metathorax hairy at the sides.
Fore Wings elongate, trigonate. Anterior margin arched; apical angle rounded. Apical margin two thirds of the length of the anterior, more or less emarginate. Inner margin nearly as long as the apical one, nearly straight. Costal vein moderately strong, extending to the middle of the costa. Subcostal with its first and second branches arising near together before the extremity of the discoidal cell; third branch arising at about two thirds of the length of the wing, extending to the apical angle; fourth branch arising at about five sixths of the length of the wing. Upper disco-cellular vein almost obliterated, branching from the subcostal at the length of two fifths of the wing from the base; middle disco-cellular very short, rather curved, directed obliquely towards the base of the wing; the lower disco-cellular very slender, but distinct, arched obliquely, and extending to the median vein either at or a little before the origin of the third branch, closing the discoidal cell, the anterior part of which is rather the longest ; third branch of the median vein considerably arched.
Hind Wings elongate, trigonate ; the base of the costal margin much arched, but with the greater portion of its length nearly straight. Outer margin (from the extremity of the costal vein to that of the first branch of the median vein) rather longer than the costal margin, nearly obliquely truncate, but strongly scalloped. Inner, or anal, margin grooved, and nearly one fourth longer than the costal one. Precostal vein very much curved outwardly. Costal vein much arched to about the middle, and then straight. Subcostal vein branching at about one fourth of the length of the wing. Upper disco-cellular curved, forming the base of the discoidal vein, arising at a very little distance beyond the branch of the subcostal; lower disco-cellular vein obsolete, so that the discoidal cell is open.
Fore Legs of the male very small and pectoral, with fine silken hairs. Femur rather longer than the tibia. Tarsus half the length of the tibia, exarticulated and simple. ore Legs of the female rather longer and much more scaly than those of the male. Femur rather hairy beneath. Tibia nearly as long as the femur, slightly curved. Tarsus half the length of the tibia, well articulated when denuded of scales, five-jointed; the basal joint occupying half the tarsus; second, third, and fourth joints subquadrate, with sharp short spines at the extremity beneath ; fifth joint with several short curved spines, and two longer sete.
Four Hind Legs strong ; the second pair in the males more elongate than the hind ones, having the femur longer than the tibia ; which latter has two rows of spines beneath, and two long apical spurs. Tarsus with several rows of short spines. Ungues, pulvillus, and paronychiz formed as in many of the preceding genera.
ABDOMEN rather small and slender.
TRANSFORMATIONS unknown.
This is a genus of very handsome moderate-sized butterflies, closely allied to Limenitis in most of their structural details, but which are more readily distinguished by the general appearance and colouring of their wings (which has doubtless led to the proposal of the generic name applied above), as well as by their geographical distribution, being natives of Brazil and the tropical parts of America, where they seem to represent such true Limenites of the East as are represented in the three lower figures of Plate XXXIV. They vary considerably in the form of the fore wings, which are much more emarginate in some species than in others, as well as in the depth of the scallops of the hind wings, which almost form tails in H. Gelania Godart (represented in our Plate XX XVI. under the name of H. Arecosa).
There is a very close affinity between many of the species introduced into the following list; but as they appear constant in their markings, especially in those of the characteristic portion of the fore wings beneath, namely the discoidal cell, they will probably be regarded as distinct species, rather than as geographical or representative subspecies. The great variety and beauty of design which they exhibit, whilst their colours are so few and simple, are very striking characteristics of the group.
Some of these species, such as Marse, Isis, Irmina, and Mesenteria, differ in entirely wanting the white band across the wings, and in having only a very large patch of crimson or orange on the fore wings, running, in the two first-named species, from the middle of the fore margin to the anal angle. Other species, such as H. Nea, Melona, Erotia, Isis, and Lerna, are much more robust than the rest. H. Fessonia and Cestus, in addition to the unbroken white fascia, have the discoidal cell shorter than usual.
The under surface of the wings is much more varied than the upper, the ground colour being paler, and the various dark markings, obscurely seen on the upper side, being much more distinct on the lower. Most of the species are, moreover, distinguished by an orange patch at the anal angle of the hind wings, enclosing two black spots. A considerable number of species have been described by Mr. Hewitson in the Annals of Natural History, vol. xx.
Some of the species certainly approach near to Apatura, and it will be very interesting to ascertain the structure of their Larve, which may probably prove intermediate between those of Limenitis and that genus.
HETEROCHROA.
1. Hererocuroa Ipurena. P Papilio Iphicla Linneus, Syst. Nat. 11. 784. n. 181.5 Fabricius, Ent. Syst. ut. pt. 1. p. 135. n.417.; Drury, Clerck, Icon. t. 41. f. 3.; Jones, Icon. t. 74. f. 2.5 | Til. vol. i. t. 14. f. 3, 4.
NYMPHALID.
Nymphalis Iphicla Godart, Enc. M. 1x. p. 374. n. 80.; Lucas, Hist. Nat. Lep. exot. pl. 68. f. 1.
Papilio Cytherea Cramer, Pap. pl. 376. f. C.D. (but not
of Linneus. )
Adelpha Cytherea Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schm. p. 42. n. 375.
Guiana, Brazil. B.M. . Hererocuroa THoasa Hewitson MS. Para. B.M.
. Hererocuroa BasiLea.
Papilio Basilea Cramer, Pap. pl. 188. f. D. Adelpha Basilea Hiihner, Verz. bek. Schm. p. 42. n. 370. Surinam.
. Hererocnroa Syma.
Nymphalis Syma Godart, Enc M. 1x. p. 374. n. 82. Adelpha Syma Hiibner, Zutrage, pt. wu. p. 37. f. 571, 572.
Brazil. B. M. 5. Hererocuroa Zepa Hewitson MS.
Rio Janeiro. B.M. 6. Hererocuroa Marse.
Doxocopa Marse Hiibner, Zutrage, pt. ry. p. 10. f. 617, 618.
Brazil, Rio Janiero. B.M.
7. Herprocuroa Evra.
10.
14.
15.
16,
17.
18.
Papilio Elea Jones, Icon. tv. t. 6. f. 2.; Fabricius, Ent. Syst. 11. pt. 1. p. 141. n. 434.?
Brazil ? B. M.
. HererocHroA PLESAURE.
Adelpha Plesaure Hiibner, Zutrage, pt 1. p. 11. f. 231, 232., Verz. bek. Schm. p. 42. n. 372.
Brazil, West Coast of South America. B.M.
. Hererocuroa Serpa £, Doubleday, List Lep. Brit. Mus. p. 107.
H. Serpa Boisduval, Sp. Gen. Lep. 1. t. 8. f. 4.?
P. Iphiclus Cram. t. 188. f. E.F.
Adelpha Iphicla Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schm. p. 42. n. 371. Brazil.
Hererocnroa Zea Hewitson MS. Rio Janeiro.
. Hererocuroa Hyas Boisduval in Cuv. Régne An. ed. Crochard, Ins.
pl. 138. f. 1. 1. bis. ?
. Hererocaroa Brepown.
Adelpha Bredowii Hiibner, Zutrage, pt. v. p. 10. f. 825, 826. Limenitis Eulalia £. Doubleday MS.; Doubl. Westw. & Hewitson, Gen. Diurn. Lep. pl. 36. f. 1. Mexico.
. Hererocnroa Nea.
H. Nea Hewitson, Annals of Nat. Hist. xx. p. 257. pl. 20s, li
Para. B. M.
Hererocuroa Merona. H. Melona Hewitson, Ann. Nat. Hist. xx. p. 258. pl. 20. £512.
Colombia. B. M.
Hererocuros Eroria. H. Erotia Hewitson, Ann. Nat. Hist. xx. p. 259. pl. 20. tS:
Bolivia. B. M.
Hererocuroa Lerna. H. Lerna Hewitson, Ann. Nat. Hist. xx. p. 259. pl. 20. f. 4. H. Erotia var? Hewitson, Se.
Bolivia. B.M.
Hererocuroa Dionysa. H. Dionysa Hewitson, Ann. Nat. Hist. xx. p. 260. pl. 20. fas
Mexico. B. M.
Hererocaroa Ferssonia. H. Fessonia Hewitson, Ann. Nat. Hist. xx. p. 260. pl. 20.
£26;
Honduras.
B.M.
19.
20.
ras) or
Ls) io)
50.
31.
oo as)
Hererocuroa Corcyra. H. Coreyra Hewitson, Ann. Nat. Syst. xx. p. 262. pl. 21. f. 9.
New Grenada. B.M.
Hererocuroa Coinina. H. Collina Hewitson, Ann. Nat. Hist. xx. p. 262. pl. 21. f. 10.
Quito. B. M.
. Hererocuroa Artcia.
H. Aricia Hewitson, Ann. Nat. Hist. xx. p. 263. pl. 21. fi
Bolivia. B.M.
. Heterocuroa Partassa.
Nymphalis Phliassa Godart, Enc. M. 1x. p. 373. n. 78. Adelpha Phliase Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schm. p. 42. n. 376. Guiana, Brazil.
. Hererocuroa CyTHEREA.
Papilio Cytherea Linneus, Syst. Nat. 1. p. 785. n. 210. (but not of Cramer); Clerck, Icon t. 39. f. 3.; Jones, Tcon. v. t. 93. f. 2, 3.; Fabricius, Ent. Syst. 11. pt. 1. p- 144. n. 441.; Godart, Enc. M. 1x. n. 373. n. 79. (Nymphalis C.)
2 Var. Papilio Elea Linneus, Cramer, Pap. t. 242. f. D. E.
Adelpha Elea Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schm. p. 42. n. 374.
Guiana, Brazil, Santa Lucia. B. M.
. Hererocuroa Myrura.
Nymphalis Mythra Godart, Enc. M. 1x. p. 374. n. 81. Brazil. B. M.
. Hererocuroa LeucopHTHaLMa.
Nymphalis Leucophthalma Latreille in Humboldt, Obs. Zool. p. 247. pl. 25. f. 3, 4.3; Griffith, Anim. Kingd. Ins. pl. 79. f. 3.; Godart, Enc. M. 1x. p. 414. n. 202. Peru, Colombia.
26. Herrrocuroa Cestus Hewitson, Ann. Nat. Hist. vol. xx. p. 261. pl.
21. f. 7.; Doubl. Westw, & Hewitson, Gen. Diurn, Lep. pl. 36. f. 4
Venezuela. B. M.
. Hererocaroa Anata Hewitson, Ann. Nat, Hist. vol. xx. p- 261. pl.
21. f. 8.; Doubl. Westw. § Hewitson, Gen. Diurn. Lep. ply SO:f 03:
Venezuela. B. M.
. Hererocuroa Irina E. Doubleday MS.; Doubl. Westw. § Hewits.n,
Gen. Diurn. Lep. pl. 36. f. 2. Venezuela.
. Hererocuroa Genanta.
Nymphalis Gelania Godart, Enc. M. 1x. p. 378. n. 93.5 Lucas, Hist. Nat. Lep. exot. pl. 68. f. 3.
Heterochroa Arecosa Hewitson, Ann. Nat. Hist. vol. xx. p. 263. pl. 21. f. 12.; Doubl. Westw. & Hewitson, Gen. Diurn. Lep. pl. 36. f. 5.
Tropical America, Mexico, West Indies.
Hererocuroa Cocana. Papilio Cocala Cramer, Pap. pl. 242. f. F.G.; Godart, Enc. M. 1x. p. 372. n. 77. (Nymphalis C.) Adelpha Coe Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schm. p, 42. n. 373. Guiana and Brazil.
Hererocuroa MesenTeria. Papilio Mesenteria Fabricius, Spec. Ins. u. p. 105. n. 462.; Herbst, Ent. Syst. m1. pl. 1. p. 141. n. 435. Papilio Mesenteria Cramer, Pap. pl. 162. f. B.C. Nymphalis Mes. Godurt, Enc. M. rx. p. 372. n. 76. Adelpha Mes. Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schm. p. 42. n. 369. Surinam.
. Hererocnroa Epionr.
Nymphalis Epione Godart, Enc. M. 1x. p. 405. n. 179. Brazil.
. Hererocuroa Isis.
Papilio Isis Drury, Jil. 11. Appendix, and t. 7. f. 1, 2.; Fabricius, Ent. Syst. 1m pl. 1. p. 124. n. 377.; Jones, Icon. vy. t. 84. f. 2.; Donovan, Ins. India, pl. 33. f. 1.; Godart, Enc. M. 1x. p. 421. n. 225,
Nymphalis Lycorias Godart, Enc. M. 1x. p. 405. n. 180.
Brazil. B. M.
DIADEMA. 279
Genus LVI. DIADEMA.
Diapema Boisd.
Apatura p. Fabricius, Horsf.
Hyrotmnas, Esoprria, and Panopga, [Hiibn. Nympuatis p. (God.
Bopy moderately robust ; wings large, those of the males generally more brilliantly coloured than those of the females; head and neck often marked with small white spots. Heap moderately large, with a frontal tuft nearly reaching to the tip of the second joint of the palpi.
Eyes prominent, naked.
Labial Palpi porrected, rather more than twice the length of the head, ascending obliquely, but scarcely elevated above the level of the middle of the eyes, rather flattened beneath, scaly ; the scales lying flat except at the base, beneath which they are slightly elongated, and also near the middle of the upper side of the second joint, where there is an elongated tuft of white scales, and another near the tip within, which causes the apical joint to be as wide apart as the space between the eyes; the terminal joint is elongate ovate, slightly pointed at the tip, and about one fourth of the length of the second joint.
Antenne short, scarcely above three fourths of the length of the body, and not half the length of the wings, slender, slightly curved; terminated by a distinct, rather small club, not occupying more than one fifth of the length of the antenne. Club obovate, terminated by a very minute acute point.
THorax moderately robust, hairy, especially on the metathorax; neck short, marked with small white spots; wings large.
Fore “Wings subtrigonate. Fore margin much arched; apical angle not regularly rounded. Apical margin about three fourths of the length of the anterior, angulated below the apex, emarginate below the angle ; margin slightly scalloped. Inner margin slightly concave, about the same length as the apical one. Costal vein extending beyond the middle of the costa. Subcostal vein with its first branch arising about one fourth from the base of the wing; second branch arising at a little distance beyond the first, and before the anterior extremity of the discoidal cell; third branch arising at about two thirds of the length of the wing, and extending to the tip; fourth branch arising half way between it and the apex, and reaching the apical margin at a little distance below the apex; the terminal portion of the vein slightly deflexed. Upper disco-cellular vein very short, almost obsolete, arising from the subcostal at about one third of the length of the wing; middle disco-cellular short, curved obliquely outwards ; lower disco-cellular slightly curved, about three times as long as the middle one, and uniting with the third branch of the median vein at a little distance beyond its origin, closing the discoidal cell at a little more than one third of the length of the wing; the third branch is considerably curved beyond the discoidal cell.
Hind Wings broad, nearly rounded. Anterior margin much arched. Outer margin somewhat longer than the anterior, rounded, and scalloped. Precostal vein curved outwardly. Costal vein much curved, extending to the outer angle. Subcostal vein branching at about one fifth of the length of the wing. Upper disco-cellular arising very close to the base of the subcostal branch ; lower disco-cellular arising at about the same distance from the base of the upper disco-cellular, curved, and united with the median vein exactly at the origin of its third branch, closing the discoidal cell.
Fore Legs of the male short and pectoral, scaly. Femora clothed beneath with rather long scaly hairs. Tibia and tarsus scaly. ‘Tibia slightly curved. ‘Tarsus not more than one third of the length of the tibia, elongate- ovate, exarticulate. Fore Legs of the female considerably larger. The femur and tibia similarly clothed. Tarsus scaly, more than two thirds of the length of the tibia, distinctly articulated; the basal joint occupying nearly three fourths of the whole tarsus, with two strong spurs at its tip beneath ; second, third, and fourth joints very short, obliquely truncate, spined beneath at the tip; fifth joint minute, but with similar spines.
Four Hind Legs rather long, scaly. Tibia with two rows of short spines, and rather long tibial spurs. Tarsi with several rows of shorter spines beneath and at the sides. Claws moderate.
Larva cylindrical; head with two erect spines, each of the following segments with several shorter spines. Pura robust ; hunched on the back; abdomen-case spined.
The characters above described are those presented by Papilio Bolina of Linneus and its allies, forming a group of considerable extent, and very widely dispersed over the Old World, as well as numerous in individuals. They are well distinguished by their large broad wings, and by the white spots on the head and thorax. The males, also, in most of these typical species, have all their wings marked on the upper side with large resplendent patches of white, edged with purple, or otherwise glossed with purple.
In the List of the Diurnal Lepidoptera of the British Museum Collection, and in the plates of this work, E. Doubleday, however, added to the genus a number of other species of very variable habits, and which, although at first sight apparently scarcely related to the typical species above mentioned, appear to be more nearly allied to them than to any other Nymphalide, and which, unless placed in the present genus, would require several distinct genera for their reception.
September 2. 1850. 4E
280 NYMPHALIDZ.
The African species, P. Lucretia, Semire, and Hostilia, indeed, agree tolerably well in general form and character with the typical species, but the style of their markings, especially on the under side of the wings, which are thickly spotted with black, is very distinct. The admission of these species, however, requires the introduction of P. Euryta, Hirce, and Boisduvalii, which, although possessing much longer wings (resembling, in fact, Acre much more than Nymphalide), have their under sides very similarly marked, their veins similarly arranged, and their palpi and antennz also alike.
P. dubia and Anthedon differ from all the preceding in having the cell of the hind wings quite open; in other respects, however, they agree in the main with the other generic characters, and haye the wings much léss elongated than in Euryta and Boisduvali, whilst P. dissimilis, Nama, and Nyctelius, although equally well agreeing with the general characters of the group, have the discoidal cell of all the wings open. +
With such modifications, therefore, as are indicated above, chiefly, however, affecting the form and marking of the wings, and the open or closed condition of the discoidal cell, I see no sufficient reason for separating as a distinct genus the insect represented in our Plate XX XIX. fig. 3. under the name of Penthema Lisarda, a species which, in the form of the wings and their peculiar markings, possesses the greatest affinity with P. dissimilis and Nama, but which differs from them, and agrees with the typical Diadema, in the arrangement of its wing veins; its antenne, however, have the club much more slender, and the terminal joint of the palpi smaller and more acute than in the generality of the species.
In a very beautiful series of original drawings of the transformations of the Lepidoptera of India, communicated to me by Mr. Frith, are contained figures of the Larva and Pupa of D. Lasinassa (Auge); the former is a thick cylindrical caterpillar, rather attenuated to the head, which is dark red-brown; the body is blackish brown, with paler freckles; the head is armed with two long, erect, black, setose spines, each segment of the body also bearing several similar, but shorter, red-brown spines. In general form it very much resembles that of Gynecia Diree, figured by Stoll (pl. u. fig. 3.). The Pupa (like that of D. Bolina, figured in General Hardwicke’s collection of drawings in the British Museum) is thick and suspended by the tail; the head is obtuse; the back of the thorax-case prominent ; the abdomen-case very gibbose, and with a transverse row of spines on each segment.
Some of the species are extremely variable in their markings and colours; this is especially the case with the females of D. Lasinassa, as will be seen by our synonymes of that species. The females of D. Bolina differ so much from the males, and at the same time bear so great and general a resemblance to some of the species of Danais, that they were even included by Godart in that genus. It will be seen from the list of localities, that this last-named species has an extremely wide geographical range. The others are much more restricted in their habitats.
DIADEMA.
Section A. Discoidal cell closed in all the wings. Papilio Auge Cramer, Pap. t. 190. f. A.B. $ Papilio Liria Fabricius, Ent. Syst. mu. pt. 1. p. 126.5 Godart, Enc. M. 1x. p. 395. n. 156. Papilio Alcithoe Cramer, Pap. pl. 80. f. A.B.; Hiibner, Sammi. exot. Schm. Bd. i. pl. —.
Subsection a. Wings not marked with a number of small black spots at the © base on the under side.
Division *. Wings broad. Club of Antenne thick. (Diadema.)
1. Drap. Borina Boisduval, Faune Ent. de Madag. p. 39. ? Papilio Nerina Fab. Ent. Syst. un. pt. 1. p. 133. n. 410.5 ¢ Papilio Bolina Linneus, Syst. Naf. p. 781. n. 188.; Donovan, Ins. of New Holl. pl. 27. f. *. Fabricius, Ent. Syst. ut. pt. 1. p. 126. n, 384.; Clerck, ? var. Papilio Iphigenia Cramer, Pap. t. 67. f. D.E. Icon. t. 21.; Cramer, Pap. t. 65. f. E.F.; Drury, 1 2 var. Papilio Proserpina Cramer, Pap. t. 218. f. C.D. pl. 14. f. 1, 2.; Herbst. Papil. pl. 244. f. 3, 4. ? var. Papilio Alemene Cramer, Pap. t. 67. f. A. Nymphalis Bolina Godart, Enc. M. 1x. p. 396. n. 157. ? var. Papilio Antigone Cramer, Pap. pl. 67. f. C. Apatura Bolina Zink. Somm. in Acta Acad. Nat. Cur. xv. ? var. Papilio Manilia Cramer, Pap. t. 255. f. A.B. p. 194. | 9 var, Papilio Eriphile Cramer, Pap. pl. 376. f. A.B. ? Papilio Misippus Linneus, Syst. Nat. 1. p. 767. n. 158.5 ? var. Papilio Melita Cramer, Pap. pl. 28. f. D.E. Godart, Enc. M. 1x. p. 394. n. 153. @ var. Papilio Porphyria Cramer, Pap. pl. 255. f. E.F. Papilio Diocippus Cramer, Pap. pl. 28. f. B.C.; Herbst, 9 var. Papilio Jacintha Fabricius, Ent. Syst. ur. pt. 1. p. 60. Pap. t. 155. f. 3, 4.; Fabricius, Ent. Syst. ut. pt. 1. | n. 187.; Jones, Icon. 1v. t. 51.; Donovan, Ins. China, p. 51. n. 158. pl. 37. f. 1.; Drury, Ill. Append. yol. 1. pl. 21. f. 1, 9 Papilio Inaria Cramer, Pap. pl. 214. f. A.B.; Herbst, 2. Papil. t. 157. f. 5, 6. 9 Papilio Avia Fabricius, Ent. Syst. m. pt. 1. p. 111. n. Africa, Cayenne (Godart), Surinam (Boisd. MS.), Guiana, 342. Isle of Bourbon, Mauritius, Madagascar, Bengal, China, Papilio Perimele Cramer, Pap. pl. 65. f. C.D. pl. 67. f. Sunda Islands, Java, New Holland, East Coast of Africa, B. Sierra Leone, Ashanti. B.M. 9 var. Papilio Velleda Cramer, Pap. pl. 349. f. C.D. DAR Panpaace. India, Amboyna, Java, Moluccas, Navigator’s Islands. B. M. é Papilio Pandarus Linneus, Mus. Lud. Uir. p. 198., Syst. 4. Drap, ALIMENA. Nat. u. p. 748. n. 18.; Esper, Ausl. Schmett. t. 40. f. 1. Papilio Alimena Linneus, Syst. Nat. 1. p. 780. n. 178.5 Papilio Callisto Fabricius, Ent. Syst. 11. pt. 1. p. 109. n. Clerck, Icon. t. 32. f.1.; Cramer, Pap. t. 221. f. A.B.C.; 338.; Cramer, Pap. t. 24. f. A.B.; Godart, Ene. M. Fabricius, Ent. Syst. ut pt. 1. p. 134. n. 412.; Godart, ix. p. 394. n. 154.; Lucas, Hist. Nat. Lep. Exot. pl. Enc. M, 1x. p. 396. n. 158.; Lucas, Hist. Nat. Lep. 70. tts ole exot. pl. 71. f. 1. 9 Papilio Pipleis Linneus, Mus. Lud. Ulr. p. 285., Syst. Java, Amboyna. B.M.
Nat. u. p. 775. n. 159.; Fabricius, Ent. Syst. vol. 11.
- y 5. Drap. Saumacis. pt. 1. p. 105. n. 324.3 Clerck, Icon. t. 26. f. 3, 4.3
Papilio Salmacis Fabricius, Ent. Syst. m1. pt. 1. p- 1d2. 1.
Cramer, Pap. t. 60. f. A.B.; Hiibner, Sammi. exot. Schm. | 408.; Drury, Ill. vol. 11. t. 8. f. 1, 2.: Herbst, t. 166 ‘Ba. it pl. = Bd. ii. pl. cae : f. 5, 6.; Jones, Icon. vol. v. t. 63. f. 1. a Diadema Pipleis Boisduval, Voy. de l’ Astrolabe, p. 137. | Nymphalis Salm. Godart, Ene. M. 1x. p. 397. n. 159.; Diss b 5 BL see) - ne He Java, Amboyna. B.M. Lucas, Hist. Nat. Lep. exot. pl. 71. f. 2. 3. Dran. Lasivassa. Diad. Salmacis Doubl. Westw. & Hewitson, Gen. Diurn. 3 Papilio Lasinassa Fabricius, Ent. Syst. 11. pt. 1. p. 127. Lep. pl. 39. f. 1. n. 386.; Cramer, Pap. pl. 205. f. A.B.; Godart, Enc. Papilio Omphale Stoll, Suppl. Cramer, pl. 26. f. 1, 1A. M. 1x. p. 395. n. 155.; Lucas, Hist. Nat. Lep. Exot. Sierra Leone, Ashanti, Guinea (Amboyna, Stoll).
pl. 70. f. 2. B.M.
DIADEMA. 281
- 6. Diav, Anrivope.t Papilio Antilope Cramer, Pap. t. 183. f. E.F.; Godart, Enc. M, 1x. p. 397. n. 160. Java, Moluccas, Northern India. B.M.
7. Dian. Virencia. Papilio Vitellia Fabricius, Ent. Syst. m1. pt. 1. p. 115. n. 353.; Cramer, Pap. pt. 349. f. E.F.; Godart, Enc. M. 1x. p. 397. n. 161. Amboyna.
8. Diap.? Subpiria. Papilio Sulpitia Fabricius, Ent. Syst. m1. pt. 1. p. 245. n. 765.; Jones, Icon. vol. v. pl. 30. f. 1.; Godart, Enc. M, 1x. p. 392. n. 149. Africa (Godart), Indies (Fabricius).
Division **. Wings elongate-triangular. Club of Antenne slender. (Penthema EL. Doubi.)
9. Dian. Lisarpa.
D. Lisarda E. Doubleday in Ann. Nat. Hist. xvi. p. 233. (1845).
Penthema Lisarda FE. Doubl. MS., Doubl. Westw. & Hewitson. Gen. Diurn. Lep. pl. 39. f. 3.
Nymphalis Euphrone Westw. Cabinet Orient. Entomol. p. 55. pl. 27. f. 1. (1847).
Sylhet, Assam. B.M.
Subsection b. Wings thickly marked with a number of small black spots at the base on the under side.
Division *, Wings triangular. (Panopea Hiibn.)
10. Diap. Semire.
Papilio Semire Fabricius, Sp. Ins. tom. ii. p. 88., Ent. Syst. ut pt. 1. p. 114. n. 351.; Cramer, Pap. t. 194. f. B.C.; Godart, Enc. M. 1x. p. 392. n. 147.
Papilio Hippolyte Drury, Appendix vol. 11. pl. 14. f. 3, 4,
Panopea Semira Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schm. p. 39. n. 340. Guinea, Sierra Leone. B.M.
11. Drap. Lucretia. Papilio Lucretia Cramer, Pap. t. 45. f. C.D. Nymphalis Lucretia Godart, Enc. M. 1x. p. 592. n. 148. Panopea Lucretia Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schm. p. 39. n. 341. Guinea, Western Africa, B.M.
12, Drap. Hosta. Papilio Hostilia Drury, Zi. vol. m1. App. pl. 28. f. 3, 3.; Jones, Icon. vy. pl. 81. f. 1.; Fabricius, Ent. Syst. 11. pt. 1. p. 130. n. 399.; Godart, Enc. M. 1x. p. 395. n. 150. Papilio Metea Stoll, Suppl. Cram. pl. 25. f. 2. 2B. Sierra Leone.
Division **, Wings elongate. (Pseudacrea Westw.)
13. Diap. Hirce. Papilio Hirce Drury, Til. 111. t. 28. f. 22. Diadema Hirce E. Doubleday in Ann. Nat. Hist. vol. xvi. p. 182. Western Africa, Ashanti. B.M.
14, Drap. Euvryra. Papilio Euryta Linneus, Mus. Lud. Ulr. p. 221., Syst. Nat. vol. 1. p. 757. n. 69.; Clerck, Icon. t. 31. f. 4. 4a.; E. Doubleday in Ann. Nat. Hist. vol. xvi. p. 232. (not Acrea Euryta Godart). Western Tropical Africa. B.M. 15. Drap. Botspuvati E. Doubleday in Ann. Nat. Hist. xvt. p. 180.; Doubl. Westw. & Hewitson, Gen. Diurn. Lep. pl. 37. f.
0
Achantit B.M.
Section B. Discoidal cell not closed in all the wings. Subsection a. Discoidal ceil of the hind wings open. (Euralia Westw.)
16. Drap. pusra. Papilio dubia Palisot de Beauvois, Ins. Afr. et Am. Lép. tal Oniesr 2s Diadema dubia Boisduval, Faune Entomol. de Madagascar, p- 40. Sierra Leone, Congo, Ashanti, Tintingue, Tamatave, St. Marie, Madagascar. B.M. 17. Diap. AnTHEDON. Diadema Anthedon Boisduval MS.; E. Doubleday in Ann, Nat. Hist. vol. xvi. p. 180.; Doubl. Westw. & Hewitson, Gen. Diwrn. Lep. pl. 37. f. 2. Sierra Leone, Ashanti. B.M.
Subsection b. Discoidal cell of all the wings open. (Hestina Westw.)
Division *. ith the second branch of the subcostal vein of the fore wings arising close to the origin of the upper disco-cellular vein.
18. Drap, assrMrnis.
Papilio assimilis Linneus, Syst. Nat. u. p. 782. n. 194.5 Cramer, Pap. pl. 154, A.; Esper, Pap. Exot. t. 57. f. 1.; Fabricius, Ent. Syst. m1. pt. 1. p. 39. n. 114.5 Clerck, Icon. t. 16. f. 1, 2.; Drury, Illust. 1. pl. 17. f. 3, 4.; Godart, Enc. M. 1x. p. 393. n. 157.
Hestia ass. Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schm. p. 15. n. 70.
China. B.M.
19. Diap. rersimis Westw. nov. sp.t Northern India.
20. Diap. consiinis Westw. nov. sp.) Northern India.
21. Diap. Nama. Diadema Nama Boisduval MS.; E. Doubleday in Ann. Nat. Hist. xvi. p. 252.; Doubl. Westw. & Hewitson, Gen. Diurn. Lep. pl. 39. f. 2. Assam, Sylhet, and Northern India. B.M.
Coll. East Ind. House, B. M.
Coll. East Ind. House.
Division **, With the second branch of the subcostal vein of the fore wings arising at a considerable distance beyond the extremity of the discoidal cell.
22. Diap. Nverexius E. Doubleday in Ann, Nat. Hist. vol. xvi. p. 182.; Doubl. Westw. & Hewitson, Gen. Diurn. Lep. pl. 37. f. 1. Sylhet. B.M.
23. Drap.? Pimpira. Cynthia Pimplea Evichson in Acta Acad. Nat. Cur. xvt. Suppl. p. 405. pl. x. f. 5. Island of Luzon (Manilla),
+ The male of D. Antilope has the fore wings on the upper side glossed all over with rich dark purple, and the white markings are less decided than in the
female.
{ Diadema nigra, albo-maculata, D. assimili valde affinis, at minor, alis anticis longioribus, maculis intermediis magis rotundatis, serieque subapicali obsoleta ; alis posticis maculis parvis albis in loco macularum rubrarum, alis omnibus subtus multo pallidioribus absque maculis rubris. Exp. alar. antic. unc. 24.
4 Diadema alis albis, anticis costa, venis, strigis tribus obliquis limboque apicali nigris ; posticis albis venis angusté limbo apicali (albo-maculato) nubilaque transversa abbreviata pone medium, nigris ; his subtus ad basin macula parva chermesina notatis. Exp. alar. antic. unc. 375.
Obs. In the two new species here described, the second branch of the subcostal vein arises about the length of a line beyond the anterior extremity of the
discoidal cell.
282 NYMPHALID.
Genus LVI. GODARTIA.
GoparTiA Lucas. Antuora Boisd. Euxantue Hiibn. Verz. bek. Schin.
Bopy robust; head, collar, and breast maculated; wings very large.
Heap moderately large, with a slight frontal tuft.
Eyes prominent and naked.
Labial Palpi small, rather slender, directed upwards, and porrected to about half the length of the head, covered with short thick scales. The basal joint short; second joint slightly curved, with a tuft of hairs on the upper side near the tip, extending inwards, so as to cause the apical joints of the palpi to be wide apart ; terminal joint very short, and obtuse at the tip. Maxillee long, extending to the base of the hind legs.
Antenne rather short, about two fifths of the length of the fore wings of the male, but scarcely equal to one third of those of the female, nearly straight; with the club gradually formed, rather slender, occupying about one fourth of the whole length of the antenne, slightly keeled on the under side.
Tuorax rather robust, with the neck nearly equal to the head in width, and half its length. Metathorax wider and oblong, with the scutellum very convex, and the metathorax with oblique tufts of hair at the sides. Wings very large and broad.
Fore Wings in the males with the inner margin so much elongated, that the extremity of the wing appears transversely truncate. Fore margin very much arched and slightly serrated, about one fourth longer than the entire body. Outer margin about two thirds of the length of the anterior margin, slightly externally curved. Inner margin about five sixths of the length of the fore margin, very slightly emarginate in both sexes. Costal vein very strong at the base, extending to nearly five sixths of the length of the fore margin, emitting a very rudimental short spur-like branch to the costa, at a little distance before or beyond the junction of the extremity of the second branch of the subcostal with the costa (this spur may be considered as the extremity of the costal branch, and the apparent extremity of the costal vein as the extremity of the first and second subcostal branches coalescing together). Subcostal vein slender, much arched at the base, with the first branch arising about one fourth of the length from the base ; it is about one fifth of the length of the fore margin, and, instead of extending to the costa, is united to the costal vein, as is also the second branch of the subcostal, which arises close to the former, and extends but a little beyond it: the subcostal vein, at a little distance beyond it, is slightly angulated. The third branch arises at about two fifths of the length of the wing, and extends to the costa just beyond the extremity of the costal vein, whence it runs quite close to the costa, nearly to the tip of the wing. The fourth branch is remarkably elongated, being more than half the length of the wing ; it is bent downwards near its middle, so that it reaches the apical margin at a little distance below the apex ; the terminal portion of the wing rather arched, and reaching the apical margin still lower. Upper disco-cellular vein short, equal in length to the space between the second branch of the subcostal and the base of the upper disco-cellular, oblique; middle disco-cellular also oblique, rather longer and slightly curved; lower disco-cellular about twice the length of the middle one, scarcely curved, very oblique, uniting with the third branch of the median vein at a little distance from its base, closing the discoidal cell in an acute point just before the middle of the wing; beyond which the third branch of the median vein is curved ; inner vein nearly straight.
Hind Wings very wide, subtriangular. Costal margin slightly curved. Outer margin entire. Precostal vein strong, short, scarcely curved. Costal vein slightly curved. Subcostal vein branching at about one fourth of the length of the wing. Upper disco-cellular slightly curved, forming the base of the discoidal vein, and arising at a very little distance from the branch of the subcostal; lower disco-cellular obsolete ; the cell long, narrow, and open. Median vein with its first branch arising beyond the base of the discoidal ; the third branch arising very near the middle of the wing.
Fore Legs of the male very short, but thick, and densely clothed with scales, and the tarsi with scaly hairs; the latter are as long and thick as the tibia, and, when denuded of scales, the apex, previously clothed with white scales, exhibits a distinct articulation, but is destitute of apical claws. ore Legs of the female longer than those of the male, robust; the tarsal portion two thirds of the length of the tibia, and obliquely truncate at the tip, which is armed with several pairs of short spines, indicating the joints discovered on denuding the limb.
Four Hind Legs moderately long, robust, and thickly scaly. Tibia two thirds as long as the femur, spiny beneath ; tibial spurs short. Tarsi nearly as long as the tibia, spiny beneath. Claws very much curved. Paronychia bifid ; the outer lacinia longest and pointed. Pulvillus broad, short, and leathery.
ABDOMEN moderately robust, dilated, and hairy at the base.
This is a very well-marked genus, and is distinguished by its structural characters, such as the remarkable arrangement of the veins of the anterior portion of the fore wings; the first and second branches of the subcostal vein running into the costal one, which, after
GODARTIA. ROMALAZOSOMA. 283
>
joining the costa, throws off another branch, which, more strictly speaking, is to be regarded as the terminal part of the second subcostal branch, which for a portion of its length has coalesced with the costal vein; whilst the fourth subcostal branch arises almost at the middle of the length of the wing. The singularly rounded fore margin of the wing, the short thick legs, which are jet black with white spots, and the short antenna, are also noticeable characters, as well as the peculiar style of the colouring of the species, which are natives of Tropical Africa and Madagascar. The females have paler-coloured spots, and their wings are of a more ordinary form, so that they might be mistaken for some overgrown species of Danais.
GODARTIA. 1. Gopartia EvurInoMe. Godartia Eurin. Doubl. Westw. & Hewitson, Gen. Diurn. ' Papilio Eurinome Fabricius, Spec. Ins. u. 101. n. 443.5 | Lep. pl. 38. f. 1. Cramer, pl. 70. f. A.; Donovan, Ins. of India, pl. 34. | Sierra Leone, Congo, Ashanti. B. M.
fyGb, =
Nymphalis Eurinome Godart, Enc. M. rx. p. 398. n. 162,
Euxanthe Eurinome Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schm. p. 59. 0. 339.
Anthora Eurin. Boisduval MS.; E. Doubleday, List Lep. Brit. Mus. p. 99.
2. GopartiA MaApacascaRiENsIs. Godartia Mad. Lucas in Annales Soc. Ent. France, 1842. t. x1. p» 299. pl. 12. n. 2. f. 1, 2: Anthora Amakosa Boisduval M'S.? Madagascar.
Genus LVI. ROMALAZOSOMA.,
Romatzosoma Blanchard. Eupnapra and Nessma Hiibn. Verz. bek. Schm. Evena Boisd. MS.
Bopy very robust ; wings large, scalloped ; antennx very long and straight. Heap broad, not tufted.
Eyes very large, prominent, naked.
Labial Palpi slightly compressed, ascending, reaching nearly to the level of the top of the eyes, thickly clothed with fulvous scaly hairs, very slightly porrected in front; the tips converging and pointed, so as to resemble a pair of short conical mandibles when seen from above. Basal joint clothed beneath with longer hairs, as well as the upper surface of the middle joint towards the extremity ; terminal joint very minute, concealed by hairs.
Antenne very long, straight, slender, nearly half as long as the fore wings; terminated by a long very slender club, gradually formed and finely keeled beneath.
Tuorax very robust. Collar and tippets woolly. Metathorax hairy.
Fore Wings large, trigonate. Fore margin much rounded; apical angle rounded. Apical margin two thirds of the length of the fore margin, curved outwardly towards the apex, but emarginate in the middle, more or less scalloped. Inner margin nearly straight, but little longer than the apical one. Subcostal vein with the first and second branches arising before the extremity of the discoidal cell, the anterior angle of which is placed at about one third of the length of the wing from the base; third branch of the subcostal vein arising at a little distance beyond the extremity of the discoidal cell, and extending to the tip of the wing; fourth branch arising at about four fifths of the length of the wing. Upper disco-cellular vein extremely short ; middle one longer, curved ; lower disco-cellular straight, very oblique, very slender, being scarcely visible except on denuding the wing of its scales, arising below the curve of the middle disco-cellular, and uniting with the third branch of the median vein at a little distance beyond its origin, this third branch being considerably curved ; the discoidal cell is consequently acute at its tip, which reaches nearly to the middle of the wing.
Hind Wings large, suboval, more deeply scalloped. Precostal vein strong, curved, and directed outwards. Subcostal vein branched near its base. Upper disco-cellular vein forming the base of the discoidal vein, scarcely curved, arising at a very little distance from the base of the subcostal branch; outer disco-cellular extremely slender, not or scarcely perceptible except on denuding the membrane of the wing, arising at a rather longer distance from the base of the upper disco-cellular than exists between the latter and the base of the subcostal branch, and uniting with the median vein close to the base of its third branch.
Fore Legs of the male small, pectoral, and thickly clothed with fine long hairs. Tibia slightly curved, nearly as long as the femur. Tarsus fully two thirds of the length of the tibia, cylindrical, exarticulate, and destitute of ungues. Fore Legs of the female short, rather slender, scaly. Femur with a fringe of fine hairs within. Tibia not so long as the femur. Tarsus more than half the length of the tibia, well articulated ; the first joint not armed with spines beneath ; the second, third, and fourth short, each armed with two small spines; fifth minute and simple.
Four Hind Legs \ong, strong, and very spiny, except the femur, which is scaly. Tibial spurs strong. Tarsi very spinose, both above and beneath ; basal joint of the tarsi as long as all the rest together ; terminal joint
September 2. 1850. 4F
284 NYMPHALID#.
minute. Claws very small, curved, much shorter than the terminal hairs of the last joint. Paronychia bifid, slender, the outer division as long as the claws. Pulvillus short, broad, leathery. ABDOMEN moderately long and robust.
TRANSFORMATIONS unknown.
This is a genus of large African butterflies, distinguished by their robust structure, the oblique pale mark beyond the middle of the fore wings of most of the species, the large discoidal patch of green or bluish-green colour on the hind wings, and the black spots on their under surface. Structurally they are distinguished by the very slight projection of the palpi; the long, slender, straight antenne; and the third branch of the subcostal vein of the fore wings arising at a very little distance beyond the anterior extremity of the discoidal cell. The species composing the first section are further distinguished by the large pale spots on the upper surface of the body, as well as by the red discs of the wings of several of them. R. Perseis, belonging to this section, has the hind wings produced into a small tail-like lobe at its anal angle; whilst R. Cato, belonging to the second section, has the fore wings of a much more elongate triangular form than the rest of the species. The insects of this second section appear to be very inconstant in their colours, and it is probable either that they are considerably more numerous than is indicated in the following list, or that several are but varieties of P. Medon, as suggested by Godart, as well as by Smeathman, who had better opportunities of judging of this point, having collected them in the neighbourhood of Sierra Leone. His observations, communicated to Drury, are as follows: ‘“ There are several Papiliones nearly of this colour, that is to say, with the upper sides of the wings having a changeable purple, and the under sides being inclinable to green, sometimes with marks of the most beautiful crimson. The differences between them arise so gradually, that I think them varieties of the same species, some, apparently very different, being found coupled together. They are all found congregating in the paths and in the thick shade of a forest, ten or a dozen in a circle round a little puddle or moist spot, and seem to like the most gloomy places.”
ROMAL/EOSOMA. Section I. Body extremely robust, and marked on the upper side with large 7. Rom. Epwarpsu. pale spots. Aterica Edwardsii Van der Hoeven, Tijd. voor Nat. Gesch. xu. p. 252. pl. 4. f. la, 10.
1. Rom. Persets. Guinea. Papilio Perseis Drury, Til. 11. t. 21. f. 3, 4.; Fabricius, |
Ent. Syst. ut. pt. 1. p. 1357. n. 423.; Jones, Icon. v.
t. 90. f. 2.; Godart, Enc. M. 1x. 391. n. 144. (Nym-
8. Rom. Txeasus. | Najas hilaris Themis Hiibner, Sammi. exot. Schm. Band i.
‘ pl. —. ae are ee Le Euphedra Th. Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schm. p. 39. n. 342. shanti, Sierra Leone. sas Western Africa, Ashanti. B.M. 2. Rom. Exevs. : Papilio Eleus Drury, Til. m1. t. 12. f. 1, 2.; Jones, Icon. | 9. Rom. Cyparissa. F = v. t. 22. f. 2.; Fabricius, Ent. Syst. 11. pt. 1. p. 51. n. | Papilio Cyparissa Cramer, t. 156. fob: 156. (but not P. Elea Fab. Ent. Syst. ut. pt. 1. p. 141.); Euphedra Cyparissa Hiibner, Vere. bek. Schm. p. 39. n. Donovan, Nat. Repos. vol. 1v. t.113.; Godart, Enc. M. | 343. ‘ 4 1x. p. 391. n. 145. (Nymphalis El.); Blanchard, Hist. Nymphalis -Medon\ var: (Godard) Pine. oe = 5 i 140, Nat. An. Artic. (Laporte) 1. p. 448. (Romal. El.) = ; - Sierra Leone, Ashanti, Congo. B.M. Western Africa, Ashanti. B. M. 3. Rom. Pratinas E. Doubl. MS. | 10. Rom. Sopuron FE. Doubl. MS. Rom. Pratinas Doubl. Westw. & Hewitson, Gen. Diurn. | Rom. Sophron Doubl. Westw. § Hewitson, Gen. Diurn. Lep. pl. 38. f. 3. Lep. pl. 38. f. 2. Ashanti. B.M. | Sierra Leone. B.M. 4, Rom. Zampa, new sp.t | 11. Rom. Zeuxis Westw. MS. Sierra Leone. B.M. | Papilio Medon Cramer, t. 205. f. B.C. (but not P. Medon Linneus.) | Euphedra Ceres Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schm. p. 39. n. 344. Section II. Body less robust, not marked with pale spots. Congo. B.M. : ; . ; 12. Rom. Cyrna. * y 0 > 5 | Subsection *. Fore wings not acute at the tip. Palpi fulvous. | Nymphalis Cyrna Godart, Enc. M. 1x. p. 386. n. 121. muons Gonna: Evena Cyrna Boisd. MS. Pap. Ceres Fabricius, Ent. Syst. mt pt. 1. p. 82. n. 246. | Western Africa, Euphedra Ceres Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schm. p. 39. n. 344. | 13. Rom. Francina. Pap. Lucilla Cramer, t. 156. f. A.C. | Nymphalis Francina Godart, Enc. M. 1x. p. 390. n. 141. Nymphalis Medon var. Godart, Enc. M. 1x. p. 389. n. 140. Guinea, Sierra Leone, Ashanti. B.M. |
14. Rom. Narva.
6. Rom. Tanassa. Pe aan ave ; Papilio Narva Fabricius, Ent. Syst. 11. p. 249. n. 775.3 Papilio Ianassa Linneus, Syst. Nat. 1. 781.; Fabricius, nee Teon. tv. t. 67. f. ils 3 : : Ent. Syst. m1. pt. 1. p. 121. n, 371.? ;
Africa. Nymphalis Medon var. Godart, Enc. M. 1x. p. 389. n. ses
140. 15. Rom. Cato. Aterica Pholus Van der Hoeven, Tijd. voor Nat. Gesch. Papilio Cato Fabricius, Ent. Syst. ut. pt. 1. p. 83. n. 258, vu. p. 266. t. 5. f. la, 1b. Papilio Cyparissa Cramer, t. 39. f. D.E.; Hiibner, Verz. Guinea, Sierra Leone, Ashanti. BM. bek. Schm, p. 39, n. 843. (Eupheedra Cyp.)
+ Rom. Zampa Westw. MS. R. alis supra obscure sericeo-viridibus, anticis striga interrupta tenui obliqua pone medium, apice extremo, maculaque prope angulum analem albis ; alis posticis macula parva nigra baseos strigaque ferruginea in cellula discoidali ; limbo obscuriori, serie macularum albarum submarginali notato : subtus fulvis, pone medium viridi tinctis albo-maculatis, maculisque tribus nigris in cellula anticarum, alteraque parva rotunda in cellula posticarum ; his etiam striga pallida subcostali ; corpore albo maculato. Exp. alar. antic. unc. 33. An var. singularis Rom. Elei ¢ .?
EURYPHENE. 285
Nymphalis Medon var. Godart, Ene. M. 1x. p. 389. n. 140. Sierra Leone. B.M.
16. Rom. Eupauus. Papilio Eupalus Fabricius, Ent. Syst. m1. pt. 1. p. 48. n.
18. Rom. Arcapivs. Papilio Arcadius Fabricius, Ent. Syst. ut. pt. 1. p. 151. n. 463.; Jones, Icon. v. t. 38. f. 1.; Donovan, Nat. Repos. wv. t. 155.; Godart, Enc. M. 1x. p. 385. n. 117. (Nymphalis A.)
148.; Jones, Icon. u. t. 73. f. 2. Western Africa, Ashanti. B.M.
P. Harpalyce Cram t. 145. D. E.?
Nessea Harpalyce Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schm. p. 41. n. 361.
Nymphalis Erithonins Godart, Enc. M. 1x. 390. n. 142. Western Africa, Sierra Leone. B. M.
17. Rom. Menon. Papilio Medon Linneus, Syst. Nat. 11.753. n. 43.; Clerck, Icon. t, 28. f. 1.; Drury, Til, u. t. 15. f. 1, 2. Western Africa, Ashanti. B.M.
Subsection **. Fore wings acutely falcate at the tip. Palpi brown.
19. Rom. n. sp. Sierra Leone. B.M.
20. Rom. n. sp. Tropical Western Africa, BM,
Genus LIX. EURYPHENE.
Euryrenenr Lotsduval. NymPuauis p. Godt. Apo.tas p. Doubleday.
Bony robust ; hind wings large, entire ; antenna long; palpi erect. Hap moderately wide, with a small conical tuft between the antenne.
Eyes very prominent and naked.
Antenne very long, straight; terminated by a gradually formed, rather robust club, occupying about one fifth of the antenne, finely keeled beneath.
Labial Palpi rather long, erect, elevated considerably above the level of the eyes, and applied close to the face, so that they extend but little in front, scaly, finely hairy beneath at the base, and on the back of the terminal half of the second joint; third joint minute and conical.
Tuorax robust and woolly, especially on the metathorax.
Fore Wings moderately large. Costa very much arched. Apical angle rather acute. Apical margin straight, searcely more than two thirds of the length of the anterior. Posterior margin three fourths of the length of the anterior, nearly straight. First and second branches of the subcostal vein arising before the extremity of the discoidal cell; third branch arising very near to, but beyond, the cell; fourth branch arising very near to the tip of the wing. Upper disco-cellular vein very short, transverse, arising at a little distance before the middle of the wing, opposite to the base of the third branch of the median vein ; middle disco-cellular short, and curved towards the base of the wing; lower disco-cellular short, very slender, although distinct, uniting with the third branch of the median vein at a little distance beyond its base; the third branch much curved.
Hind Wings suboval. Outer margin entire, or not strongly scalloped. Precostal vein much curved. Subcostal arising opposite the base of the precostal. Discoidal cell closed by a very thin, and almost indistinct, lower disco-cellular vein.
Fore Legs of the male small, pectoral, feathered. The tarsus two thirds the length of the tibia. Fore Legs of the female scaly, very short. The tarsus about two thirds of the length of the tibia, and furnished beneath with several pairs of small spines, indicating the articulations.
Four Hind Legs very long. Tibiz and tarsi finely spined beneath.
ABDOMEN rather small.
TRANSFORMATIONS unknown.
The chief character which I have found to separate this group of African butterflies from the adjacent genera consists in the close proximity of the third branch of the subcostal vein to the anterior extremity of the discoidal cell in the fore wings, the closed condition of the discoidal cell in all the wings, and the generally acute tips of the fore wings. The species are, moreover, of small size, and dull brown or reddish colours, with oblique bars of darker tints; the markings on the under side of the wings being ill-defined. E. Sophus is closely allied to the two terminal species of Romalwosoma, and, like them, has the fore wings more strongly hooked than any of the other species.
There are at least five or six unnamed species in the British Museum collection, descriptions of which, unaccompanied by careful figures, would be insufficient to identify them. It is probable that others are identical with various African species described by Fabricius, which for the same reason it is almost impossible to identify. I have added a list of several of these, which seem from their descriptions to be referable to this group.
NYMPHALID#.
bo CO or)
EURYPHENE. 1. Eur. Sopnus. 6. Eur. Cocaura. Papilio Sophus Fabricius, Ent. Syst. 11. pt. 1. p. 46. n. Papilio Cocalia Fabricius Ent. Syst. m1. pt. 1. p. 250.; 141.; Jones, Icon. tv. t. 72. f. 1.; E. Doubl. List Lep. | Donovan, Ins. India, pl. 36. f. 1.; Godart, Enc. M, rx. Brit. Mus. p. 102. (Adolias §.); Godart, Enc. M. 1x. p- 405. (Nymphalis C., but not Cocala Cramer or pl. 399. n. 167.; Doubl. Westw. & Hewitson, Gen. Herbst.) Diurn. Lep. pl. 43. f. 4. “Tn Indiis.” Fabr. (Africa, teste Boisduval in litt.) Sierra Leone, Congo. B. M. 7. Eur.? Mirus. 2. Eur. ABsoon. Papilio Mirus Fabricius, Ent. Syst. ur. pt. 1. p. 48. n. Papilio Absolon Fabricius, Ent. Syst. 11. pt. 1. p. 56. 146.; Godart, Enc. M. 1x. p. 387. n. 129. n. 174.; Godart, Enc. M. 1x. p. 388. 0. 134. ? Euryphene Guineensis? Boisduval MS. 8. Eur.? Demerra. Guinea, Ashanti. B.M. Nymphalis Demetra Godart, Enc. M. 1x. p. 389. n. 138. 3, Eur. c#RULEA. Western Africa, Euriphene cerulea Boisduval in Delagorgue, Voy. Sud- 9. Eur.? Dapatus. Afrique, p. 592. Papilio Dedalus Fabricius, Ent. Syst. m1. pt. 1. p. 53. South Eastern Africa. n. 162.; Godart, Enc. M. 1x. p. 388. n. 181. 4, Eur. Aver. Guinea. Papilio Auge Fabricius, Ent. Syst. 11. pt. 1. p. 248.; 10. Eur.? Honortvs. Godart, Enc. M. 1x. p. 387. n. 126.; Donovan, Ins. Papilio Honorius Fabricius, Ent. Syst. m1. pt. 1. p. 151. India, pl. 36. f. 4. n. 464.; Jones, Icon. vi. pl. 67. f. 1.; Donovan, Nat. Western Africa? (“In Indiis.” Fabr.) Repository, tv. pl. 119. 5, Eur. Doriciea, ? (Africa?) Papilio Doriclea Drury, Ill. 1. pl. 36. f. 5, 6.; Fabricius, 11. Eur.? Cyrwa. Ent. Syst. uu. pt. 1. p. 248. n. 772.3; Godart, Enc. M. Nymphalis Cyrna Godart, Enc. M. 1x. p. 386, n. 121.
1x. p. 386. n. 124. (Nymphalis D.) | Western Africa. Sierra Leone. \|
Genus LX. ATERICA.
ArericA Boisduval, Blanchard. CATONEPHELE and Hamanumipa J/iibner.
Bopy rather slender and elongate. Wings large, veins not thick; fore ones elongate-triangular ; hind ones large, rounded, entire, and but slightly scalloped. Heap transverse, nearly as broad as the thorax, with two very small tufts between the eyes.
Eyes naked, prominent.
Antenne long, slender; terminated by a moderately long, gradually formed, slender club, finely keeled beneath.
Labial Palpi very small and slender, scaly, directed upwards obliquely, scarcely reaching the level of the middle of the eyes, scaly. Basal joint beneath, and upper side of the second joint beyond the middle, clothed with rather short hairs ; terminal joint very minute.
Tuorax oval, moderately hairy.
Fore Wings elongate, triangular. Fore margin much curved; apical angle slightly rounded. Apical margin scarcely more than half the length of the anterior one, nearly straight. Inner margin about one fourth longer than the apical one. Costal vein rather strong. Subcostal one slender, with the first and second branches arising before the anterior extremity of the discoidal cell; third branch arising at about three fourths of the length of the wing, reaching nearly to the apex of the costa; fourth branch very short; terminal part of the vein rather deflexed. Upper disco-cellular arising at the length of one third of the wing, extremely short, oblique; middle disco-cellular longer, rather curved outwardly ; lower disco-cellular very thin, but distinct, transverse, four times as long as the middle one, uniting with the third branch of the median vein just beyond its origin, thus closing the cell at some distance before the middle of the wing; third branch of the median vein much arched.
Hind Wings very large, suboval, or nearly rounded. Costa angulated and truncated near its base. Outer margin slightly scalloped. Precostal vein strongly bent outwardly beyond the middle, where it throws off a slight branch towards the body. Subcostal vein branched at a little distance from the base. The upper disco-cellular forming the slightly curved base of the discoidal ; lower disco-cellular wanting, so that the cell is open.
Fore Legs of the male very minute, thin, and finely downy. Tibia two thirds of the length of the femur. Tarsus nearly as long as the tibia, exarticulate. Sore Legs of the female nearly twice as long again as those of the male, very thin. Femur hairy. Tibia and tarsus scaly; the latter two thirds as long as the tibia, with several pairs of minute spines near the tip, indicating the intermediate joints ; the basal joint being much the longest.
ATERICA. HARMA. 287
Middle and Hind Legs with the joints of dissimilar length. The femur of the middle leg being one third longer than the tibia, and bent. Tibia with a little brush of very short hairs near the base in the male; hind tibia rather longer than the femur. Tibial spurs very slender. Tibiz and tarsi armed with very fine short spines. Ungues much curved. Outer lacinia of the paronychia nearly as long as the claws.
AxspomeN rather slender.
TRANSFORMATIONS unknown.
The insects composing this genus are natives of Africa and the adjacent islands, but they are very rare in collections; of moderate size, and dull, or but slightly brilliant, in their colours. The type of the genus is the Madagascar A. Rabena, with which A. Cupavia tolerably well agrees. These have a pale oblique bar, or a row of spots across the fore wings from the middle of the fore margin towards the anal angle, and some additional spots near the apex of the fore wings; but other species which have been added to the genus differ from the preceding, not only in having the discoidal cell of all the wings closed, but also in the style of their colouring: thus A. Meleagris is of a greyish dun colour aboye, marked with a great number of small white dots, each with a black ring; whilst the males of A. Veronica are dark blue on the upper surface, with darker markings, and the females are dull red-brown, with a white oblique bar. A. Lysandra is very similar to the female of Veronica on the upper side, but the under side is quite different. I have added Afer to the genus on account of its resemblance to the male of Veronica; but it is brilliantly glossed with purple, the hind wings are truncated near the anal angle, the second branch of the subcostal vein arises beyond the extremity of the discoidal cell, and the cell of the hind wing is open, as in Rabena. Smeathman informs us that, notwithstanding its brilliant colours, this species frequents thick dark places in the woods of Tropical Africa.
ATERICA,
Division *. Hind wings with the discoidal cell open.
Subdivision a. Second branch of the subcostal vein arising before the extremity of the discoidal cell.
1. Aver. Rapena. Aterica Rabena Boisduval, Faune Entomol. de Madag. t. 8. f. 2, Catonephele Rabana Hibner, Sammi. exot. Schm. Band iii. Aterica Rabena? HL. Doubl. List Lep. Brit. Mus. p. 101.; Doubl. Westw. 5 Hewitson, Gen. Diurn. Lep. pl. 43. f. 3. Tintingue, Tamatave, Madagascar, Western Africa. B. M.
2. Arer. Cupavia.
Papilio Cupavia Cramer, t. 193. f. E.F.; Fabricius, Ent. Syst. m1. pt. 1. p. 152. n. 467.
Nymphalis Cup. Godart, Ene. M. 1x. p. 382. n. 105.
Aterica Cupavia Boisduval MS.; Doubl. List Lep. Brit. Mus. p. 101.
Catonephele Cupavia Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schm, p. 40. n. 351.
Sierra Leone, Ashanti. B.M.
Subdivision b. Second branch of the subcostal vein arising beyond the extremity of the discoidal cell.
3. Arrer. Arer.
Papilio Afer Drury, Illustr. ur. pl. 86. f. 1, 2.3 Stoll, Suppl Cram. t. 27. f. 3, 3B.
Papilio Athiopa Fabricius, Ent. Syst. ut. pt. 1. p. 136. n. 420.; Godart, Enc. M. 1x. p. 385. n. 119. (Nym- phalis Ath.)
Aterica Afer FE. Doubleday, List Lep. Brit. Mus. App. p. 27.
Eyena Afra Boisduval MS.
Jaera Afra Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schm. p. 38. n, 332. Tropical Western Africa. B.M.
Division **, Hind wings with the discoidal cell closed.
4, Aver. MeLracris.
Papilio Meleagris Cramer, pl. 66. f. A.B.; Drury, Ill. 1. pl. 27. f. 3, 4.; Fabricius, Ent. Syst. m1. pt. 1. p. 128. n. 393.3; Godart, Enc. M. 1x. p. 387. n. 130, (Nym- phalis M.); E. Doubl. List Lep. Brit. Mus. p. 102. (Aterica ? M.)
Hamanumida Meleagris Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schm. p. 18. n. 104.
Var. Papilio Melantha Fabricius, Ent. Syst. 11. pt. 1. p. 128. n. 394.; Godart, Ene. M. 1x. p. 388. n. 132.
Sierra Leone, Ashanti. B. M.
5. Aver, Lysanpra. Papilio Lysandra Stoll, Suppl. Cram. pl. 29. f. 3, 3C.; Godart, Ene. M. 1x. pl. 387. n. 125. Symphaedra Lys. Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schm. p. 40. n. 348. Sierra Leone. B.M.
6. Aven. Veronica.
Papilio Veronica Cramer, pl. 325. f. C.D.; Fabricius, Ent. Syst. ut. pt. 1. p. 151. mn. 164.3; Jones, Icon. v. t. 36. fines
Nymphalis Ver. Godurt, Enc. M, 1x. p. 385. n. 118.
Aterica Ver. E. Doubl. List Lep. Brit. Mus. p. 101.
2 Papilio Gnidia Fabricius, Ent. Syst. ut pt. 1. p. 137. n. 422.; Jones, Icon. v. t. 37. f. 2.3 Donovan, Ins. India, ple s2erf. 2.
Nymphalis Gnidia Godart, Enc. M. 1x. p. 386. n, 123. -
Hamanumida Veronica Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schm. p. 18. n. 105.
Sierra Leone, Ashanti. B. M.
Genus LXI.
HARMA.
Harma, Evrrruss, and Aporias p. 2. Doubleday. CymorHor and Apatura p. /Tiibn.
Nymenaus p. God'.
Bopy robust ; wings large, with the apical margin of the fore ones generally emarginate, all marked beneath in the discoidal cell with slender black characters, and with one or more rows of pointed lunules near the outer
margin. September 2, 1850,
4G
288 NYMPHALIDA.
Heap moderate-sized, with a slight frontal tuft.
Eyes prominent, naked.
Antenne rather long, straight ; terminated by a very slender club.
Labial Palpi rather elongated, obliquely porrected, extending nearly to twice the length of the head, clothed with scaly hairs, especially on the upper side of the middle joint beyond the middle. Terminal joint small, oval.
Tuorax oval, moderately robust, woolly ; wings large.
Fore Wings with the anterior margin very much arched; apical angle often rather acute. Apical margin variable in outline, generally emarginate and scalloped, three fourths of the length of the anterior. Inner margin nearly straight, longer than the apical one. First and second branches of the subcostal vein arising before the extremity of discoidal cell; third branch arising at about half the distance between the discoidal cell and the tip of the wing; fourth branch arising near the tip of the wing. Discoidal cell extending to about two fifths of the length of the wing. Upper disco-cellular vein very short ; middle one short, curved ; lower one much longer, slightly curved, extending to the third branch of the median vein, at a little distance from its origin, closing the discoidal cell; third branch of the median vein much arched.
Hind Wings large, scalloped along the outer margin. Precostal vein obliquely arched outwardly. Discoidal cell open in the typical species, but closed by a very delicate angulated outer disco-cellular vein in others.
Fore Legs of the male very small, brush-like, feathered on each side. ‘Tarsus very short, not more than one fourth of the length of the tibia. Fore Legs in the female much longer than those of the male, very slender. Tarsus more than half of the length of the tibia, finely spined near the tip beneath.
Four Hind Legs rather short. Tarsi with numerous very short spines beneath.
ABDOMEN rather slender.
TRANSFORMATIONS unknown.
The butterflies composing this genus, as here restricted, are of a larger size than those of the two preceding, and not only variable in the form of their wings, but also in the arrangement of their veins, so that it is with some hesitation that I have united them into a single group; thus, whilst Harma Theobene has the anal angle of the fore, as well as of the hind, wings produced in both sexes, in A. Egesta the hind wings alone are produced in this part. The last-named species has the margin of the wings almost entire, whilst in Alcimeda, Althea, and several fine new allied species in the British Museum collection, the margin of all the wings is scalloped, and the fore ones are angulated below the apex, resembling Vanessa Laomedia and its allies. Most of the species are, however, distinguished by a narrow dark straight line, running obliquely across all the wings beyond the middle, on the under side. The male of H. Theobene, ficured in our Plate XL. fig. 3., has the under side of the wings fulvyous buff, thickly powdered with dark brown atoms, and with various markings, very slightly indicated, at the base of the wings. The female of this species is extremely dingy in its appearance, being dark brown, with the buff and orange patches of the male replaced by a sooty white colour. H. Sangaris is remarkable for the vivid red colour of its upper surface, whilst Egesta and some allied species are of a yellowish buff. The insect figured in our Plate XLI. under the name of Pallene Eupithes has so entirely the habit and general appearance of H. Cenis that I cannot separate them generically, although in the former species the discoidal cell of all the wings is open, whilst in the latter it is closed in all. Moreover, Eupithes has the second branch of the subcostal vein of the fore wings inserted beyond the extremity of the discoidal cell.
These species appear to be the African representatives of the Eastern butterflies composing the genus Adolias.
HARMA.
Division A. Fore wings with the discoidal cell closed, and the second | 3. Harma rumana Westw. nov. sp.t branch of the subcostal vein arising before the anterior extremity of the Ashanti. B.M. cell. ’
Subdivision b. Hind wings with the discoidal cell closed, as well as that of Subdivision a. Hind wings with the discoidal cell open. the fore wings.
Section *. All the wings with the anal angle produced. 4, Hansa ALTHEA.
Papilio Althea Cramer, pl. 89. f. E. F.; Drury, Til. 11. t. | 20, f. 1. 2.; Fabricius, Ent. Syst. ut. pt. 1. p. 113. n. | 347.; Godart, Enc. M. 1x. p. 383. n. 111. (Nymphalis | Alth.); E. Doubl. List Lep. Brit. Mus. p. 102. (Ado- | lias Alth.)
1. Harma THeoBene. Adolias Theobene Boisduval MS.; E. Doubl. List Lep. Brit. Mus. p. 102. Harma Theobene £. Doubl. MS.; Doubl. Westw. &
EIU IES IE 3 pe Cymothoe Althea Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schm. n. 337. p. 39. Ashanti. B.M. A Ashanti. B.M. Section **. All the wings rounded at the anal angle. 5. Harma Ecesra. _ \| Papilio Egesta Cramer, pl. 46. f. C. D.; Godart, Ene. 2. Harma ALcIMEDA. l M. 1x. p. 369. n. 68.; E. Doubl. List Lep. Brit. Mus. Nymphalis Alcimeda Godart, Enc. M. 1x. p. 384. n. 112.; p- 102. (Adolias Eg.) E. Doubl. List Lep. Brit. Mus. p. 102. (Adolias Alc.) | Apatura Egesta Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schm. n. 299. Cape of Good Hope. B.M. Ashanti. B.M.
+ Harma alis repandis, anticis sub apicem subangulatis, flavescentibus limbo tenui maculaque magna marginis interni fumosis ; posticis fumosis limbo latiori flavescenti punctis 7 parvis fuscis submarginalibus margine extremo fusco ; alis omnibus subtus dimidio basali luteo albido fuscoque eleganter marmoratis, striga tenui obliqua communi ferruginea submedia et pone strigam fuscis subnebulosis. Expans. alar. anticarum ( 3 ) une, 33.
ram
ADOLIAS. 289
6. Hara Sanearis. Nymphalis Sangaris Godart, Enc. M. 1x. p. 384. n. 114.; Lucas, Hist. Nat. Lepid. Exot. pl. 69. f. 2.; E. Doubl, List Lep. Brit. Mus. p. 102. (Adolias S.) Ashanti. B. M.
7. Harma Canis.
Papilio Cenis Drury, Til. u. pl. 19. f. 12.; Godart, Ene. M. 1x. p. 142, n. 85. (Pieris C.) ; EH. Doubl. List. Lep. Brit. Mus. p. 102. (Adolias C.)
Papilio Amphiceda Cramer, pl. 146. f. D. E.; Fabricius, Ent. Syst. ur. pt. 1. p. 113. n. 348.; Godart, Ene. M. 1x. p. 384. n, 113, (Nymphalis A.)
Cymothoe Amphiceda Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schm. n. 336. p. 39e
Western Africa, Ashanti. B. M. 8. Hara Jopurra Westw. nov. sp.t Ashanti. B. M.
Division B. All the wings with the discoidal eell open. (Pallene E. Dou- bleday MS.
9. Harma Evurpirues. Pallene Eupithes E. Doubleday MS.; Doubl. Westw. & Hewitson, Gen. Diurn. Lep. pl. 41. f. 1. Adolias Neocles Boisduval MS.
Cape of Good Hope. B. M.
Genus LXI]. ADOLIAS. Apouias Boisduval, FE. Doubleday, Kollar. Aconrura LHorsfield.
Nympuaus p. God".
Sympyzpra, Evruaria, and Cymornos, //iibn.
Bopy more or less robust ; antenne long and straight; wings large, generally of dull colours, with narrow, irregular, dark marks in the discoidal cell. Heap wide, scarcely tufted in front.
Eyes large, prominent, naked.
Antenne of very great length, slender, filiform at the base; beyond the middle very gradually incrassated to a long, cylindrical, abruptly terminated, slightly curved club, having two very slender raised lines on the under side, with an impression between them.
Labial Palpi small, very slightly projecting beyond the head, and elevated to the level of the middle of the eyes, Second joint lengthened, and apparently increasing in breadth exteriorly, in consequence of the ridge of hairs on its upper side, beyond the middle; third joint very minute. Palpi of the males larger than those of the females.
Tongue spiral, of moderate length, robust, compressed towards the extremity, and provided with lateral spreading ciliz.
Tuorax more or less robust, clothed with woolly hairs; wings generally of large size, with moderately strong veins.
Fore Wings somewhat triangular, with a lengthened, Doldly curved costa ; apical angle generally but slightly rounded. Apical margin variable, but generally a little emarginate in the middle, and : scarcely scalloped; nearly three fourths of the Tength of the anterior. ' Inner margin about as long as the apical one, nearly straight. Costal vein strong, reaching a little beyond the middle of the costa. Subcostal vein with the first and second branches arising before the anterior extremity of the discoidal cell; third subcostal branch arising at a little distance beyond, or sometimes close to, the extremity of the discoidal cell; and the fourth branch arising at about four fifths of the length of the wing. Upper disco-cellular vein extremely minute and almost obsolete, arising from the subcostal at about one third of the length of the wing; middle disco-cellular short, curved, and directed toward the base of the wing; lower disco- cellular vein obsolete in the typical species, so ‘that the cell is open. Median vein strong; its third branch moderately curved.
Hind Wings rounded, slightly acuminated at the anal angle in the males of some species, slightly scalloped along the outer margin. Costal margin slightly rounded. Precostal vein curved outwards. Subcostal vein branching near its base. Upper disco-cellular forming the scarcely curved base of the discoidal vein ; lower disco-cellular wanting, so that the narrow cell is open.
Fore Legs of the male very short and slender. Femur clothed beneath with long divergent hairs. Tibia nearly as long as the femur, thickly clothed with downy hairs. Tarsus consisting of a single elongated attenuated joint, covered with a ‘dense uniform down. Fore Legs of the female scaly, with the first joint of the tarsi greatly elongated, the three following short, the last abruptly terminated ; with several pairs of spines beneath, indicating the three intermediate joints through the scales of the limb.
Four Hind “Legs moderately long, the middle pair in the males with the femur nearly one fourth longer than that of the hind legs, thickly scaly. Middle tibia of the males with a thick coat of very short scaly hairs near the
+ Harma alis integris, anticis apice acuto, posticis angulo anali parum producto ; anticis albidis basi fumosis, limbo lato irregulari fusco ; posticis fuscis plaga magna costali subtriangulari albida serieque submarginali lunularum nigrarum ; alis omnibus subtus dimidio basali albido brunneo fuscoque variegatis, striga tenui obliqua communi fusca ; pone strigam obscure albidis subnebulosis serieque subapicali punctorum nigrorum (¢). Expans. alar. antic. unc 23.
290 NYMPHALIDZ.
base beneath, and with two rows of short thick spines in all the tibie. Tarsi considerably shorter than the tibia, rather thickly clothed at the sides and beneath with very short spines. Claws rather large and very much curved. Paronychia small, bifid.
ABpomeEN variable in size and thickness, according to that of the thorax.
CarerPrzLLAr chilopodomorphous, linear, lengthened, provided on each side with ten long, attenuated, spreading, brachiform appendages of nearly equal length, consisting of a midrib and lateral beards, decreasing in length towards the extremity, and imitating the structure of a very delicate plume, being armed with a terminal spike composed of a dense whorl of short robust spines. Fect short, minute, and entirely concealed by the lateral appendages.
CurysAzis short, angular, attenuated at both ends, with two sides even, and the third or ventral surface gently swelled or rounded ; consisting of unequal pyramidal portions, the abdominal portion being the longest, and provided with two points, whilst the angles are armed with a few short spines, which are more robust at the union of the two pyramids; the longitudinal and transverse ridges ornamented with a delicate gold streak.
The characters above described are derived from the typical species, A. Aconthea, and other closely allied Javanese species, amongst which, however, there is considerable diversity, both in the shape of the wings, especially of the hind wings of the males, and the robustness of the body ; thus the body of the male of A. Lubentina is as large and thick as in the most robust Hesperia. This species is also remarkable for its rich appearance, produced by the contrast of its vivid carmine spots on a dark olive-green ground; the female being further distinguished, like the same sex in several other species, by the white, oblique, maculated bar ornamenting the fore wings, and running from the middle of the fore margin to the anal angle.
The males of other species, such as A. Cocytina, Cocytus, and Dirtea, are distinguished by a broad band of delicate blue colour, extending along the posterior margin of the hind wings, and running sometimes partly along that of the fore wings. The numerous white spots on the wings of the female of A. Dirtea (Pl. XLIV. fig. 1.) are almost entirely wanting in the male, the body of which is also destitute of similar spots. The beautiful A. Nesimachus of Boisduval is remarkable for the double series of very delicate white zigzag lines along the outer portion of all the wings. With these exceptions, the colours of these insects are generally dull brown, often with a greenish gloss, with slender, dark, irregular lines in the discoidal cell of all the wings, and often with paler and darker arched or waved marks beyond the middle of the wing. There is also some difference in the condition of the discoidal cell of the wings of these insects. In the typical species it is entirely open in all the wings. In A. Dirtea, however, it is closed in the fore wings; the lower disco-cellular vein being slender but distinct in the male, whereas in the female it is almost obsolete, and only to be seen on removing the scales from the wings. In A. Nesimachus, Nicea, Evelina, and two large undescribed Chinese species in my collection, the discoidal cell of all the wings is distinctly closed. There is also considerable variation in the outline of the wings of the different species, varying from the rounded apical margin of A. Apaturina to the hooked and deeply emarginate one of Cocytus and Evelina; whilst the hind wings of the males are almost triangular in A. Lubentina, whereas they are quite rounded in A. Dirtea.
The very curious structure of the Caterpillar and Chrysalis of the typical species of this genus, observed in India and Jaya by General Hardwicke and Dr. Horsfield (whose generic description, published in the Zoological Journal, is partially incorporated in the preceding character), at once removes this group from all the other genera of Nymphalide. The Larva of Adolias Aconthea is represented in Dr. Horsfield’s drawings as pale green, with the little whorl of bristles of a black colour at the end of each of the long filamentous processes ; and, in General Hardwicke’s notes and drawings in the British Museum, it is stated that a precisely similar caterpillar was found at Dum-Dum, in the month of July, on the leaves of a Bryonia, and another on Trophis aspera in March. The change to the pupa is stated to have taken place in December, and the perfect butterfly appeared on the 30th of that month. Ina specimen of the Chrysalis, with which I have been favoured by Dr. Horsfield, I find the surface of the leaf, to which it is attached by the tail, coated for the space of an inch with silk, into which the numerous little spines at the extremity of the body are thrust, whereby the insect is suspended. The head-case is terminated by two short conical horns. Each wing-case has a very acute diverging ridge running along the inner margin of the fore wing, and terminating in a conical point exactly over the anal angle of the fore wings, with a dark spot in the middle of the back, at the extremity of the mesonotum; and the third abdominal segment is elevated into an acute conical ridge running between the two middle conical protuberances, whilst the terminal segment of the body is furnished with a number of little tubercles symmetrically arranged.
A peculiarity which is also to be found in other Eastern groups exists in the Geographical Range of these insects, namely, that they occur in the islands of the Indian Ocean and various parts of Northern India, whilst scarcely any are found in Central India; thus I possess specimens of A. Lubentina from Assam, China, and Java, whereas there was not a single individual of the genus in Col. Hearsey’s collection from Central India. Other instances will be seen in the localities of the different species.
The merit of first determining this highly interesting genus, as well as of clearing up the synonymy of two of its most interesting species, is due to Dr. Horsfield, whose generic name, Aconthea, I should have adopted, had it not been established in opposition to the rule which forbids the alteration of specific names; Dr. Horsfield having in this instance followed the bad example set by Mr. Swainson, of turning the specific name of the typical species into a generic one, and then giving a new specific name to the type.
Dr. Horsfield, whose views of the analogical relations of animals are in accordance with those of Mr. Macleay, observes that “ the metamorphosis of this genus is very remarkable, and strikingly illustrates the analogy which exists between the forms of the individuals of the class Ametabola, and the larve of Diurnal Lepidoptera. The nearest representative of our genus among the Ametabola, with which I am acquainted, is Scutigera. This annulose animal, although disposed in the Chilopodomorphous, is close to its union with the Thysanuriform Stirps; and Aconthea, in the series of Lepidoptera, follows immediately after Biblis and Limenitis, leading gradually to Apatura.”
The species of this genus are very numerous, there being at least sixty or seventy in our different metropolitan collections. Many of them are very obscure in their markings, and it is only by means of excellent figures that they can be properly determined. It is on this account that many of the Fabrician species are very difficult, if not impossible, to be ascertained, and hence it is that I have been compelled to add a point of doubt to several of the species at the end of the following list.
ADOLIAS.
291
Mr. E. Doubleday appears to have proposed to separate the species with very robust bodies and small triangular hind wings in the males under the name of Itanus; but as this group would include the types of the genus, for which the name Adolias must be retained, and as the group, in its extended sense, appears to be a very natural one, I have not adopted this mode of subdivision.
ADOLIAS.
1. Aponias AconTHEa. Papilio Aconthea Cramer, t. 134. f. D. E. F.G.; Godart, Ene. M. 1x. p. 383. n. 109. (Nymphalis Aconth.) ; EF. Doubl. List Lep. Brit. Mus. p. 103. (Adolias Aconth.); Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schm. p. 39. n. 338. (Cymothoe Aconth.) 3 Nymphalis Disconthea Godart, Enc. M. 1x. p. 384. n. 115. Aconthea primaria Horsfield, Descr. Cat. Lep. Ins. E. Ind. Comp. pl. 8. f. 6. larva, pupa, and details. Java. B. M.
2. Avon. Nicea. Aconthea Nicea G. R. Gray, Lep. Ins. of Nepaul, p. 13. pl. 12. f. 1.; E. Doubl. List Lep. Brit. Mus. p. 105. (Adolias Nic., but not Niceus Faby.) Northern India, Nepaul, Dukhun. B.M.
3. Apou. Cocytina. Aconthea Cocytina Horsfield in Zool. Journ. y. p. 67. t. 4. f. 3, 3a. Papilio Cocyta Fabricius, Ent. Syst. ur. pt. 1. p. 127. n. 388. (but not Papilio Cocytus Fabr.); Jones, Icon. 1v. t. 64. f. 2.; Godart, Enc. M. 1x. p. 38..n. 107. (Nym- phalis C.); E£. Doubl. List Lep. Brit. Mus. (Adolias Cocyta. ) Northern India, Dukhun, Moulmein, Malabar. B.M. 4, Anon, APATURINA.
¢ Aconthea Apaturina Horsfield in Zool. Journ. vy. p. 68. pl. 4. f. 1, la.
Nymphalis Japis Godart, Enc. M. 1x. p. 382. partim. Adolias Godartii G. R. Gray, Lep. Ins. Nepaul, p. 14. t. U2: £2.
2 Hypolimnas Coresia Hiibner, Samml. Exot. Schm. Band ii. pl. —.; E. Doubl. List Lep. Brit. Mus. p. 105. (Ado- lias Cor.)
Java, Sumatra. B.M.
5. Avon. Trura. Adolias Teuta E. Doubl. MS.; Doubl. Westw. & Hewitson, Gen, Diurn. Lep. pl. 44. f. 2. Sylhet. B.M.
6. Avon. Dunya. Adolias Dunya E. Doubl. MS.; Doubl. Westw. & Hewitson, Gen. Diurn. Lep.