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SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION
UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
CONTRIBUTIONS
FROM THE
'med States National Herbarium
Volume 19
FLORA OF NEW MEXICO
By E. O. WOOTON and PAUL C. STANDLET
WASHINGTON
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
1915
FLORA OF NEW MEXICO
ADVERTISEMENT.
The United States National Herbarium, which was founded by the Smithsonian Institution, was transferred in the year 1868 to the Department of Agriculture, and continued to be maintained by that Department until July 1, 1896, when it was returned to the official custody of the Smithsonian Institution. The Department of Agri- culture, however, continued to publish the series of botanical reports entitled "Contributions from the United States National Herbarium," which it had begun in the year 1890, until, on July 1, 1902, the National Museum, in pursuance of an act of Congress, assumed re- sponsibility for the publication. The first seven volumes of the series were published by the Department of Agriculture.
Richard Rathbun, Assistant Secretary, Smithsonian Institution,
in charge of the United States National Museum.
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION
UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
CONTRIBUTIONS
FROM THE
United States National Herbarium
Volume 19
FLORA OF NEW MEXICO
By E. O. WOOTON and PAUL C. STANDLEY
UBftAVY
hew *ov«
BOTANIC AW
WASHINGTON
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
1915
,&&/?
BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Issued June 24, 1915.
PREFACE.
The present volume of the Contributions is devoted to a flora of New Mexico, by Mr. E. O. Wooton, of the United States Department of Agriculture, and Mr. Paul C. Standley, assistant curator, United States National Herbarium. Mr. Wooton was connected with the New Mexico College of Agriculture for twenty years, during which time he made extensive botanical collections in nearly all the counties of the State. Mr. Standley spent three years in botanical work at the same institution and has since revisited the State for the purpose of further studying its flora. This volume, therefore, is based very largely upon the collections made by the two authors, although all other available collections from New Mexico have been studied.
Only the flowering plants and vascular cryptogams of New Mexico are contained in the present work. Keys are given for the determina- tion of the species as well as of the larger' groups, so that the volume may be used as a field manual. At the same time the citations will enable those who have access to libraries to consult readily the original descriptions of the species.
The number of species treated is approximately 3,000. Notwith- standing the large amount of field work already accomplished, many remote districts in New Mexico are still imperfectly known botanically, so that eventually this number will doubtless be increased by several hundred species. The treatise in its present form, however, will be found to contain most of the plants growing spontaneously in those parts of the State thus far settled or frequently visited.
This is the fourth volume of the Contributions to be devoted to a State flora, the others being the Botany of Western Texas (volume 2), the Plant Life of Alabama (volume C), and the Flora of Washington (volume 11).
Frederick V. Coville, Curator of the United States National Herbarium.
5
CCOTTEKTS.
Introduction 9
Systematic treatment of the vascular plants 12
Synopsis of the larger groups, with keys 12
Annotated catalogue 18
Summary of larger groups, with numbers of genera and species 754
Geographic index 755
List of new genera, species, and hybrids, and new names 772
Index 775
7
FLORA OF NEW MEXICO.
| IBS ' f '
By E. O. Wooton and Paul C. Standley.
INTRODUCTION.
This flora of New Mexico is a list of all the species of phanerogams and vascular cryptogams at present known to occur within the State, with keys to the families, genera, and species. Although we have examined all the herbarium material easily accessible and have
. endeavored to verify all published data, we know that the list is far from complete. Even in the most carefully explored areas of the eastern United States, species winch have been overlooked are still coming to light and more careful study of more copious material is increasing the number of recognized species. Much more are addi- tional species to be looked for within the 122,000 square miles embraced in the area of New Mexico, many large portions of which have never been visited by any botanist* while even the most familiar regions have not been thoroughly examined. Thus it is certain that as collectors extend then- fields of exploration our present list of 2,975 species wall be increased to far above 3,000. It is along the borders of the State that the greater number of additions will be found, espe-
M cially in the southeastern and southwestern corners and in the high mountains along the Colorado line, but isolated mountain ranges in
5 the interior probably hide endemic species still unknown.
Various short accounts of New Mexico and Arizona plants were published by the earlier botanists of the United States.1 These,
^however, are too incomplete and disconnected to be of much use for
•^identification purposes. Two or three more general works are avail-
. ^-able for use in New Mexico, but none is complete for any part of the
CsjState. The Botany of Western Texas, by Dr. J. M. Coulter,2 contains
descriptions of a majority of the plants of southeastern New Mexico,
but the volume is not provided with keys to the species and the nomen-
1 See, Paul C. Standley. A bibliography of New Mexican botany. Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 13: 229 246. L910. "Contr. U. 8. Nat. Herb. 2. 1891-94.
10 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM.
clature is now antiquated. Dr. P. A. Rydberg's Flora of Colorado1 is very satisfactory for use in the extreme northern part of the State. Even here, however, many plants will be found which have not been reported from Colorado and hence are not contained in that work, many of our Southwestern species seeming to reach the northern limit of their range just below the Colorado line. The new edition of Coulter's Rocky Mountain Flora, as revised by Prof. Aven Nelson, can be used in a limited way in northern New Mexico, but it will be found to describe only a fraction of our plants.
The material upon which this flora is based is chiefly that in the United States National Herbarium, in the herbarium of the New Mexico College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts at Mesilla Park, and in the private herbarium of E. O. Wooton, lately acquired by the National Herbarium. In the National Herbarium are found sets of nearly all the larger New Mexican collections, both early and recent, such as those of Fendler, Bigelow, Wright, the first Mexican Boundary Survey, Heller, Wooton, Earle, Metcalfe, and Standley. These include duplicate types of most species that have been described from the State. Of particular value are the large collections made by Dr. E. A. Mearns in connection with the Mexican Boundary Survey of 1892 and 1893, and by members of the Biological Survey of the United States Department of Agriculture in connection with their studies of the-fauna of. New Mexico. There are also several smaller collections in the same herbarium of which no duplicates exist.
The herbarium of the Agricultural College contains probably the largest assemblage of New Mexican plants that has hitherto been gathered. Here are found not only sets of the more recent generally distributed collections, but several thousand plants collected by the present writers of which few duplicates were obtained. Local col- lectors in different parts of the State have forwarded collections from time to time, some of which are of great interest.
The Wooton herbarium contains duplicates of many of Mr. Wooton's collections deposited in the herbarium of the Agricultural College, besides many specimens not to be found elsewhere. It also includes sets of the plants collected by Dr. C. L. Herrick and Miss A. I. Mulford.
The New Mexican ranges given for the listed species are based upon the specimens in these herbaria. We have also examined New Mexi- can material of certain groups in the herbarium of the New York Botanical Garden, besides collections lent by Prof. T. D. A. Cockerell, now of Boulder, Colorado, and Miss Charlotte C. Ellis, formerly of Placitas, New Mexico.
The work of preparing the manuscript of the flora was carried on chiefly at the National Herbarium during the years 1910, 1911, and
1 Colo. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 100. 1906.
WOOTON AND STANDLEY — FLORA OF NEW MEXICO. 11
1912, although some prehminary work had been done previously at the New Mexico Agricultural College. Descriptions of most of the new species discovered in the course of the work have been published in a recent part of the Contributions from the United States National Herbarium.1 Accounts of the Cactaceae and of the grasses and grass- like plants have appeared as bulletins of the New Mexico Agricultural Experiment Station.2
It is our intention to publish in the near future, in the Contributions from the United States National Herbarium, an account of the phyto- geography of the State. This will include a discussion of the life zones and of the factors which influence them. There will also be a history of botanical exploration in New Mexico, and a discussion of other matters of botanical interest.
Under each species in the present volume we have cited the place of publication, to facilitate reference to the original description. No attempt has been made to give complete synonymy, the intention being rather to enter only names having some more or less direct bear- ing upon New Mexican botany. In citing data regarding habitat and zonal distribution, only conditions inside the State have been con- sidered. In other States some of the plants often occur in habitats different from those we have indicated, although in all probability zonal distribution is practically constant for the same plant in what- ever region it may grow.3 The generic diagnoses have been drawn with only the New Mexican species in mind.
In the preparation of the flora we have received the assistance of many persons, of whose aid we wish to express our appreciation. We are especially indebted to the following for help in various ways: Dr. E. L. Greene, Dr. N. L. Britton, Dr. P. A. Kydberg, Dr. B. L. Robinson, Prof. M. L. Fernald, Dr. J. H. Barnhart, Dr. Ezra Brainerd, Mr. George V. Nash, Dr. J. K. Small, Mr. K. K. Mackenzie, Prof. T. D. A. Cockerell, Mr. Vernon Bailey, Mr. E. A. Goldman, and Mr. C. R. Ball, as well as several of our botanical associates in Washington. Many residents of New Mexico have assisted by collecting specimens and furnishing data concerning the distribution and uses of plants. Our sincerest thanks are extended to numerous citizens of the State who have always afforded all the assistance in their power to collecting expeditions, which would have been impossible or unfruitful without their labors so freely expended La our behalf.
1 Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 16: 109-196. 1913.
2 ( Sacti in New Mexico. By E. O. Wooton. Bull. 78. 1911. The grasses and grass- like plants of New Mexico. By E. 0. Wooton and Paul C. Standley. Bull. 81. L912.
3 For an account of life zones ill New Mexico sec, Bailey, Vernon. Life zones and crop zones of New Mexico. North American Fauna (U. S. Dent. Agr. Bur. Biol. Surv.) 35. L913.
12 CONTRIBUTIONS PROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM.
SYSTEMATIC TREATMENT OF THE VASCULAR PLANTS. SYNOPSIS OF THE LARGER GROUPS, WITH KEYS.
Subkingdom PTERIDOPHYTA.
Plants without flowers or .seeds, producing spores, each of which, on germination, develops into a flat or irregular prothallium. The prothallia bear the reproductive organs (antheridia and archegonia). As a result of the fertilization of an egg in the archegonium by a sperm produced in the antheridia a fern or an allied plant -is developed.
KEY TO THE ORDERS.
Leaves broad, entire or dissected; ferns or fernlike plants.
Spores of 1 kind, borne in sporangia; plants not aquatic... 1. FILICALES (p. 18).
Spores of 2 kinds, borne in sporocarps; aquatics 2. SALVTNIALES (p. 27).
Leaves narrow, scalelike or awllike; mosslike or rushlike plants.
Sporangia in a terminal cone; stems hollow 3. EQUISETALES (p. 28;.
Sporangia in the axils of small or leaflike bracts; stems solid.
4. LYCOPODIALES (p. 29).
Subkingdom SPERMATOPHYTA.
Plants with flowers which produce seeds. Microspores (pollen grains) borne in the microsporangia (anther sacs) develop each into a tubular prothallium; a macrospore (embryo sac) develops a minute prothallium and, together with the macrosporangium (ovule) in which it is contained, ripens into a seed.
KEY TO THE CLASSES.
Ovules and seeds borne on the face of a bract or scale; stigmas wanting.
1. GYMNOSPERMAE (p. 30). Ovules and seeds borne in a closed cavity; stigmas present.
2. ANGIO SPERM AE (p. 39).
Class 1. GYMNOSPERMAE.
KEY TO THE ORDERS.
Staminate and pistillate flowers both in aments; perianth none; trees or shrubs with needle-like or scalelike leaves 5. PINALES (p. 30).
Staminate flowers in aments; pistillate flowers single or in pairs; perianth present; shrubs with jointed stems, the leaves reduced to sheathing scales.
6. GNETALES (p. 38).
Class 2. ANGIOSPERMAE.
KEY TO THE SUBCLASSES.
Cotyledon 1; stems endogenous; leaves parallel- veined.
1. MONOCOTYLEDONES (p. 39). Cotyledons normally 2; stems exogenous; leaves not parallel- veined, or rarely appar- ently so 2. DICOTYLEDONES (p. 154).
WOOTO^T AND STANDLEY FLORA OF NEW MEXICO. 13
Subclass 1. MONOCOTYLEDONES.
KEY TO THE ORDERS.
Perianth when present rudimentary or degenerate, often composed of bristles or mere scales, not corolla-like, sometimes wanting. Flowers in the axils of dry or chaffy, usually imbricated, bracts (scales or glumes).
10. POALES (p. 42). Flowers not in the axils of dry or chaffy bracts.
Perianth of bristles or chaffy scales 7. PANDANALES (p. 39).
Perianth fleshy or herbaceous, or wanting.
Fruit baccate; endosperm present; plants 1 cm. broad or less, consisting merely of a flat thallus with 1 or more roots, floating.
11. ARALES (p. 124). Fruit drupaceous; endosperm wanting; aquatics with well-developed
stems 8. NAIADALES (p. 39).
Perianth of 2 distinct series, the inner usually corolla-like.
Gyno?cium of distinct carpels 1 9. ALISMALES (p. 41).
Gynoecium of united carpels.
Endosperm mealy 12. XYRIDALES (p. 125).
Endosperm fleshy, horny, or cartilaginous.
Ovary and fruit superior 13. LILIALES (p. 127).
Ovary and fruit wholly or half inferior.
Endosperm present; flowers regular. 14. AMARYLLIDALES (p. 145). Endosperm wanting; flowers irregular. .15. ORCHIDALES (p. 148).
Subclass 2. DICOTYLEDONES.
KEY TO THE ORDERS.
Corolla wanting. Calyx wanting. Herbs.
Flowers monoecious or dioecious 30. EUPHORBIALES (p. 392).
Flowers mainly perfect.
Flowers spicate; styles wanting 16. PIPERALES (p. 154).
Flowers axillary; styles present.
(Callitrichaceae) 30. EUPHORBIALES (p. 392). Trees or shrubs.
Fruit many-seeded; seeds each with a tuft of hairs.
17. SALICALES (p. 154).
Fruit 1-seeded; seeds without tufts of hairs 42. OLEALES (p. 495).
< !alyx present, at least in the staminate or in the perfect flowers.
Flowers, at least the staminate, in aments or ament-like spikes; fruit a nut or achene; trees or shrubs. Leaves simple; ovule pendulous and anatropous.19. FAGALES (p. 163). Leaves pinnate; ovule erect and orthotropous.
13. JTJGLANDALES (p. 161).
Flowers, at least the staminate, not in aments; fruit various; herbs, trees, or sh rubs. Ovary inferior.
Flowers, at least the staminate, in involucrate heads.
(Ambrosiaceae) 60. ASTERALES (p. 618).
14 CONTRIBUTIONS FEOM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM.
%
Flowers not in involucrate heads.
Fruit either a berry or a drupe or nutlike.
Stamens as many as the perianth segments and alternate with them or else fewer. (Tetragoniaceae) 24. CHENOPODIALES (p. 198). Stamens as many as the perianth segments and opposite them or else twice as many.
(Families of) 37. MYRTALES (p. 459). Fruit a capsule.
Sepals as many as the cells of the ovary or half as many.
37. MYRTALES (p. 459). Sepals (4 or 5) at least twice as many as the cells of the
ovary (Saxifragaceae) 27. ROSALES (p. 291).
Ovary superior.
Gynoecium of 1 carpel or several distinct carpels; stigma and styles of each solitary. Carpels several.
Stamens inserted below the ovary.
(Families of) 25. RAN ALES (p. 243). Stamens inserted on the edge of a cup-shaped hypanthium. (Families of) 27. ROSALES (p. 291). Carpels solitary.
Style lateral and oblique.
(Phytolaccaceae) 24. CHENOPODIALES (p. 198). Style axile, erect.
Ovary neither inclosed nor seated in a hypanthium or a calyx tube. Flowers solitary in the axils of the leaves; aquatics. (Ceratophyllaceae) 25. RANALES (p. 243). Flowers not solitary in the axils of the leaves; terres- trial plants. (Urticaceae) 20. URTICALES (p. 174). Ovary inclosed in or seated in a hypanthium or a calyx tube. Stamens borne under the gyncecium.
(Allioniaceae) 24. CHENOPODIALES (p. 198). Stamens borne on the hypanthium or adnate to the
calyx tube 36. THYMELAEALES (p. 458).
Gynoecium of 2 or several united carpels; stigmas or styles 2 to several. Ovary, by abortion, 1-celled and 1-ovuled. Leaves with sheathing stipules.
23. POLYGONALES (p. 181). Leaves exstipulate, or the stipules, if present, not sheathing.
Trees or shrubs (Ulmaceae) 20. URTICALES (p. 174).
Herbs or vines. Stipules herbaceous; inflorescence spicate or racemose; leaf blades palmately veined.
(Cannabinaceae) 20. URTICALES (p. 174). Stipules scarious or hyaline or none; inflorescence cymose; leaf blades pinnately veined.
(Families of) 24. CHENOPODIALES (p. 198).
Ovary several-celled, or with several placentae, several-ovuled.
Stamens perigynous or epigynous, inserted on the margin
of a hypanthium or a disk.
Fruit a samara.. .(Aceraceae) 31. SAPINDALES (p. 405).
WOOTON AND STANDLEY FLORA OF NEW MEXICO. 15
Fruit not a samara.
Fruit drupelike or berry-like; trees or shrubs.
32. RHAMNALES (p. 412). Fruit a capsule ; herbs.
22. ARISTOLOCHIALES (p. 181). Stamens hypogynous, inserted under the gyncecium in the perfect flowers, not on a disk in the pistillate flowers. Flowers monoecious or dioecious.
(Euphorbiaceae) 30. EUPHORBIALES (p. 392). Flowers perfect. Stamens tetradynamous.
(Brassicaceae) 26. PAPAVERALES (p. 260). Stamens not tetradynamous.
24. CHENOPODIALES (p. 198). Corolla present. Petals more or less united. Ovary inferior. Stamens with their filaments free from the corolla.
Stamens 10; anther sacs opening by terminal pores or chinks.
(Yaceiniaceae) 39. ERICALES (p. 486). Stamens 5 or fewer: anther sacs opening by longitudinal slits.
48. CAMPANULALES (p. 612). Stamens adnate to the corolla. Ovary with 1 fertile cavity.
Flower- in involucrate heads 50. ASTERALES (p. 618).
Flowers not in involucrate heads 49. VALERIANALES (p. 617).
Ovary with 2 to many fertile cavities. Plants tendril-bearing.
(Cucurbitaceae) 48. CAMPANULALES (p. 612). Plants not tendril-bearing.
Ovules mostly on basal placenta1; plants parasitic
21. SANTALALES (p. 177). Ovules not on basal placentae; plants not parasitic.
47. RTTBIALES (p. 603). Ovary superior.
Stamens free from the corolla.
Gyncecium of a single carpel (Families of) 27. ROSALES (p. 201).
Gyncecium of several united carpels.
Filaments distinct (Families of) 39. ERICALES (p. 486).
Filaments united.
Stamens diadelphous (Fumariaceae) 26. PAPAVERALES (p. 260).
Stamens monadelphoua.
Anther ^aos opening by slits.
(Oxalidaceae) 28. GERANIALES i .p. 379). Anther sacs opening by pores.
Calyx and corolla very irregular 29. POLYGALALES (p. 390).
Calyx and corolla regular.. .(Families of) 39. ERICALES (p. 486). Stamens partially adnate to the corolla.
Stamens as many :i- tin- lodes of the corolla and opposite them, or twice as rrrany or more. < )v:uy L-celled.
Placenta central or basal 40. primtjlales (p. 490).
Placenta parietal (Fouquieriaceae) W. hypericales p 127).
16 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM.
Ovary several-celled. Upper portion of ovaries distinct. (Crassulaceae) 27. ROSALES (p. 291).
Upper portion of ovaries united 41. EBENALES (p. 495).
Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla and alternate with them or fewer. Corolla scarious, veinless; fruit a pyxis.. 46. PLANTAGINALES (p. 602). Corolla not scarious, veiny; fruit not a pyxis. Carpels distinct, except sometimes at the apex.
Style terminal 44. ASCLEPIADALES (p. 503).
Style basal (Dichondraceae) 45. POLEMONIALES (p. 513).
Carpels united. Ovary 1-celled, with central placentae. . .43. GENTIAN ALES (p. 497). Ovary 2 or 3-celled or falsely 4-celled, or if 1-celled with parietal
placenta; 45. POLEMONIALES (p. 513).
Petals distinct, at least at the base. Carpels solitary, or several and distinct, or united only at the base.
Stamens on the margin of a hypanthium (this very small in some Saxifragaceae).
27. ROSALES (p. 291). Stamens at the base of the receptacle, hypogynous.
Flowers in monoecious heads (Platanaceae) 27. ROSALES (p. 291).
Flowers not in monoecious heads.
Plants with firm stems and leaves, not succulent. .25. RAN ALES (p. 243). Plants with succulent stems and leaves.
(Crassulaceae) 27. ROSALES (p. 291). Carpels several and united. Ovary inferior. Stamens numerous.
Hypanthium produced beyond the ovary.
(Families of) 37. MYRTALES (p. 459). Hypanthium not produced beyond the ovary.
Ovary partly inferior (Hydrangeaceae) 27. ROSALES (p. 291).
Ovary wholly inferior 35. OPUNTIALES (p. 431).
Stamens not more than twice as many as the petals. Styles wanting. (Stigmas sessile; aquatics.)
(Gunneraceae) 37. MYRTALES (p. 459). Styles present. Styles distinct. Ovules solitary in each cell; fruit a drupe or of 2 to 5 more or less united
achenes 38. UMBELLALES (p. 474).
Ovules several in each cell; fruit a capsule or a fleshy, many-seeded, berry. Fruit, if dehiscent, valvate. .(Families of) 27. ROSALES (p. 291). Fruit circumscissile.
(Portulacaceae) 24. CHENOPODIALES (p. 198). Styles united or single.
Plants with tendrils; fruit a pepo.
(Cucurbitaceae) 48. CAMPANULALES (p. 612). Plants without tendrils; fruit not a pepo. Ovary exceeding the hypanthium, the top free.
(Hydrangeaceae) 27. ROSALES (p 291). Ovary inclosed in or surpassed by the hypanthium or adnate to it.
Ovules solitary in each cell 38. UMBELLALES (p. 474).
Ovules several in each cell. Ovary with parietal placentae.
(Loasaceae) 35. OPUNTIALES (p. 431). Ovary with central or basal placenta;.
(Families of) 37. MYRTALES (p. 459).
WOOTON AND STANDLEY FLOEA OF NEW MEXICO. 17
Ovary superior.
Stamens inserted on the margin of a disk or hypanthium (perigynous or hypo- gynous). Stamens as many as the petals and opposite them. Styles and upper part of the ovaries distinct; ovules and seeds many.
(Saxifragaceae) 27. ROSALES (p. 291). Styles united; ovules and seeds solitary or 2 . .32. RHAMNALES (p. 412). Stamens as many as the petals and alternate with them or more.
Styles distinct (Saxifragaceae) 27. ROSALES (p. 291).
Styles united.
Hypanthium cup-shaped or campanulate; disk obsolete or incon- spicuous 37. MYRTALES (p. 459).
Hypanthium flat or obsolete; disk fleshy. Plants with secreting glands in the bark.
(Rutaceae) 28. GERANIALES (p. 379). Plants without secreting glands in the bark.
31. SAPINDALES (p. 405). Stamens inserted at the base of the ovary or receptacle. Stamens numerous.
Sepals valvate; filaments united 33. MALVALES (p. 416).
Sepals imbricated; filaments various 28. PAP AVER ALES (p. 260).
Stamens few, not over twice as many as the petals. Stamens as many as the petals and opposite them. Anther sacs opening by hinged valves.
(Berberidaceae) 25. RANALES (p. 243). Anther sacs opening by slits.
Flowers monoecious 30. ETJPHORBIALES (p. 392).
Flowers perfect.
Ovules and seeds several or many; embryo coiled.
(Portulacaceae) 24. CHENOPODIALES (p. 198). Ovules and seeds solitary; embryo straight.
(Plumbaginaceae) 40. PRIMULALES (p. 490). Stamens as many as the petals and alternate with them or more, some- times twice as many. Stamens 6; petals 4; sepals 2 or 4.
(Families of) 26. PAPAVERALES (p. 260). Stamens, petals, and sepals of the same number, or stamens more than the sepals or petals, then usually twice as many. Ovary 1-celled. Ovules and seeds on basal or central placenta?.
(Families of) 24. CHENOPODIALES (p. 198). Ovules and seeds on parietal placenta;.
Stamens with united filaments (no staminodia).
33. MALVALES (p. 416). Stamens with distinct filaments. Staminodia present. (Pamassiaceae) 27. ROSALES (p. 291). Staminodia wanting.
(Families of) 34. HYPERICALES (p. 427). Ovary several-celled. Stamens adnate to the gyncecium.
| A 3cleE»aaceae) 44. ASCLEPIADALES (p. 503). Stamens not adnate I" the gyncecium. Filaments wholly or partly united. Anthers opening by long slil
(Families of) 28. GERANIALES (p. 379). 52576°— 15 2
18 CONTRIBUTIONS FEOM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM.
Anthers opening by pores 29. POLYGALALES (p. 390).
Filaments distinct. Anthers opening by pores.
(Families of) 39. ERICALES (p. 486). Anthers opening by slits.
Stigmas and styles distinct and cleft, or foliaceous, or united
by pairs 30. EUPHORBIALES (p. 392).
Stigmas or styles all distinct or all united, neither cleft nor foliaceous.
Stamens 2 42. OLEALES (p. 495).
Stamens more than 2. Ovules 2 or more in each carpel.
34. HYPERICALES (p. 427). Ovules solitary in each carpel.
(Families of) 28. GERANIALES (p. 379).
ANNOTATED CATALOGUE.
Subkingdom PTERIDOPHYTA.
Order 1. FILICALES.
1. POLYPODIACEAE. Fern Family.
The only family of the order in New Mexico.
Notwithstanding the dryness of the climate, New Mexico has a considerable number of true ferns. With one exception they grow in the mountains. Most of the species occur in crevices or under overhanging rocks in the drier and warmer mountain ranges. A few of the more delicate ones live only in moist, cool forests in rich soil. A few others occur on high mountain peaks.
KEY TO THE GENERA.
Mature sori round or little elongated, appearing as sepa- rate small dots on the back of the frond. Fronds once pinnate or pinnatifid, having few large pinnae. Sori furnished with an indusium ; leaf margins
spinulose 10. Phanerophlebia (p. 26).
Sori naked; leaf margins not spinulose 13. Polypoditjm (p. 27).
Fronds mostly twice pinnate or pinnatifid, having many small pinnules 1 cm. long or less. Indusium superior, cordate or reniform, fixed
at the sinus 9. Dryopteris (p. 25).
Indusium inferior or lateral.
Indusium inferior, breaking at maturity
into stellate lobes 12. Woodsia (p. 26).
Indusium lateral, thrown back at maturity
as a delicate hood 11. Filix (p. 26).
Mature sori elongated, oblong to linear, mostly con- fluent. Sori naked.
Sori scattered on the back of the frond, follow- ing the course of the veins, branching 1. Bommeria (p. 19).
Sori marginal, near the ends of the veins, some- times covered at first by the reflexed edges of the pinnae 2. Notholaena (p. 19),
WOOTON AND STANDLEY— FLORA OF NEW MEXICO. 19
Sori with indusia.
Sori dorsal, not marginal.
Sori straight; fronds once pinnate; stipes
dark-colored 7. Asplenium (p. 24).
Sori more or less curved; fronds twice
pinnate; stipes stramineous 8. Athyrium (p. 25).
Sori marginal, covered by reflexed edges of the pinnae. Reflexed margin discontinuous, appearing
as separate large indusia 3. Adiantum (p. 21).
Reflexed margin continuous around each
pinna.
An inner indusium present, making
the covering of the sori double;
fronds large, 40 to 100 cm.
long 4. Pteridium (p. 21).
Inner indusium wanting, the covering
of the sori single ; fronds in ours
never over 30 cm. long.
Pinnules minute, beadlike, hairy
(except in C. wrighlii,
which resembles the next
genus), not coriaceous 5. Cheilanthes (p. 21).
Pinnules larger, 3 mm. long or more, glabrous (except in P. aspera), coriaceous 6. Pellaea (p. 23).
1. BOMMERIA Fourn.
Rootstocks creeping; fronds 5-angled , pinnate, hispid above, tomentose beneath; 6ori oblong or linear, following the course of the veinlets, exindusiate.
1. Bommeriahispida (Mett.) Underw. Bull. Torrey Club 29: 633. 1902.
Gymnogramme hispida Mett.; Kuhn, Linnaea 36: 72. 1869.
Gymnopteris hispida Underw. Native Ferns ed. 6. 84. 1900.
Type locality: Western Texas.
Range: Texas to New Mexico and Arizona.
New Mexico: Bear Mountains; Organ Mountains; 5 miles east of San Lorenzo; Mimbres River; Silver City; Florida Mountains. Dry hills, in the Upper Sonoran Zone.
2. NOTHOLAENA R. Br. Cloak fern.
Sori marginal, at first round or oblong, soon confluent into a narrow naked band; veins free; fronds various.
Our species are of somewhat varied aspect, three of them (Eunotholaena) of distinct form, one resembling a Bommeria, and two others such that they might pass for Pel- laeas. Some of them are very common in the dry rocky foothills, while two of the species are rare in our range.
key to the species.
Fronds covered more or less abundantly with scales or hairs, not farinose, once pinnate. Fronds densely woolly beneath, the wool at first white,
becoming ferruginous 1 . N. bonariensis.
Fronds scaly on both sides, the scales at first white, changing to darker.
20 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM.
Plants small, 10 to 15 cm. high; pinnae rotund, entire
or 2 or 3-toothed 2a. N. sinuata inte-
gerrima. Plants larger, 20 to 30 cm. high; pinnae oblong, sinuate,
several-toothed 2. N. sinuata.
Fronds farinose beneath, neither hairy nor scaly.
Lower surface of fronds bright yellow; fronds pentagonal in
outline, barely bipinnate 3. N. hookeri.
Lower surface of fronds white; fronds deltoid -ovate in out- line, tripinnate or quadripinnate. Rachises nearly straight; pinnules opposite, mostly sim- ple, the terminal ones rarely lobed 4. N. dealbata.
Rachises and all their branches flexuous; pinnules alter- nate, the ultimate ones frequently 3-lobed 5. N.fendleri.
1. Notholaena bonariensis (Willd.) C. Chr. Ind. Fil. 6. 1905. Acrostichum bonariense Willd. Sp. PL 5: 114. 1810.
Cincinalis ferruginea Desv. Ges. Naturf. Freund. Berlin Mag. 5: 311. 1811. Notholaena ferruginea Hook. Journ. de Bot. 1: 92. 1813. Type locality: "Bonaria" (Argentina).
Range : Arizona and western Texas to Central and South America. New Mexico: Organ and Dona Ana mountains. Dry hills, among rocks, in the Upper Sonoran Zone.
2. Notholaena sinuata (Swartz) Kaulf. Enum. Fil. 135. 1824. Acrostichum sinuatum Swartz, Syn. Fil. 14. 1806.
Type locality: Peru.
Range: Arizona and western Texas to Mexico and South America.
New Mexico: Black Range; San Luis, Big Hatchet, Carrizalillo, and Bear moun- tains; Animas Valley; Tortugas Mountain; Florida, Organ, and Guadalupe moun- tains. Dry hills, in the Upper Sonoran Zone.
Reported from Las Lagunitas near Las Vegas by T. S. Brandegee.
2a. Notholaena sinuata integerrima Hook. Sp. Fil. 5: 108. 1864.
Type locality: Mexico.
Range: Arizona and western Texas to Mexico.
New Mexico: Black Range; Big Hatchet Mountains; Organ Mountains; Tortugas Mountain; White Mountains; Queen; Lakewood. Dry hills, in the Lower and Upper Sonoran zones.
3. Notholaena hookeri D. C. Eaton in Wheeler, Rep. U. S. Surv. 100th Merid. 6:
308. pi. 30. 1879.
Type locality: Western Texas.
Range: Arizona and western Texas to Mexico.
New Mexico: Socorro Mountain; Burro Mountains; Kingston; San Luis Moun- tains; Tres Hermanas; Florida Mountains; Dona Ana Mountains; Organ Mountains. Dry hills, in the Upper Sonoran Zone.
Also reported from Las Lagunitas, near Las Vegas, by T. S. Brandegee.
4. Notholaena dealbata (Pursh) Kunze, Amer. Journ. Sci. II. 6: 82. 1848. Cheilanthes dealbata Pursh, Fl. Amer. Sept. 671. 1814.
Notholaena nivea dealbata Davenp. Cat. Davenp. Herb. Suppl. 44. 1883.
Type locality: ' 'On rocks on the banks of the Missouri. "
Range: Nebraska and Missouri to New Mexico and Arizona and southward.
New Mexico: Burro Mountains; Big Hatchet Mountains; Lookout Mines; Tor- tugas Mountain; V Pasture. On limestone cliffs, dry hills, in the Lower and Upper Sonoran zones.
WOOTON AND STANDLEY FLOKA OF NEW MEXICO. 21
Reported from the following localities: Las Lagunitas near Las Vegas, T. S. Bran- degee; San Domingo, Bigelow; Sandia Mountains, Ferris.
5. Notholaena fendleri Kunze, Farrnkr. 2: 87. pi. 136. 1851.
Type locality: "In New Mexico. " Type collected by Fendler.
Range : Wyoming to New Mexico and Arizona, and in northern Mexico.
New Mexico: Santa Dona; Socorro; Cross L Ranch. Dry hills, in the Upper Sonoran Zone.
The type is Fendler 's 1017a, collected in 1847 near Santa Fe. Although named from New Mexico, the species is very rare in the State, ranging mainly farther north.
3. ADIANTUM L. Maiden-hair fern.
Sori marginal, short, covered by a flaplike reflexed portion of the edge of the pin- nule, on the free but approximate tips of forking veins; fronds bipinnate; stipes slen- der, black, wiry; pinnules mostly obovate-cuneate, with a few incised teeth.
1. Adiantum capillus-veneris L. Sp. PI. 1096. 1753. Venus-hair fern.
Adiantum modesturn Underw. Bull. Torrey Club 28: 46. 1901.
Type locality: "Habitat in Europa australi."
Range: Virginia and Florida, westward across the continent except in the extreme northwest.
New Mexico: Eight miles northwest of Reserve; East Fork of the Gila; San Andreas Mountains; Kingston; South Spring River. Damp cliffs, in the Upper Sonoran and Transition zones.
The type of Adiantum modesturn is Earle's 261 from South Spring River. If dif- fers slightly from our other specimens in having broader, more rounded segments. When one examines a large series of specimens of A . capillus-veneris it is seen that it is a variable species and that A. modesturn is hardly more than a local variation.
4. PTERIDITJM Scop. Bracken.
This is a coarse fern of almost world-wide distribution that occurs in the mountains of this State in parklike openings and beside small streams where the soil is rich and water plentiful. It is ordinarily not over 60 cm. high, but sometimes readies a height of 2 meters. We have only one representative of the genus, the western or pubescent form.
1. Pteridium. aquilinum pubescens Underw. Native Ferns ed. 6. 91. 1900. Type locality: "Utah, California, and northward." Range: Western North America from New Mexico to British Columbia. New Mexico: Tunitcha Mountains; Chama; Santa Fe and Las Vegas mountains;
Sandia Mountains; Mogollon Mountains; White Mountains. Open slopes, in the
Transition and Canadian zones.
5. CHEILANTHES Swartz. Lip fern.
Sori terminal or nearly so on all the veins, at first very small and rounded, later confluent; imlusium consisting of the reflexed margins of the pinnules, in ours (except one species) continuous all around the pinnule.
With the exception of C. v/rightii our species belong to that division of the genua having very minute, beadlike segments with the whole margin reflexed. Tiny grow in crevicea of rocks and on ledges oi cliffs in the mountains, generally between eleva- tions of L,450 and 2,100 meters.
22 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM.
KEY TO THE SPECIES.
Pinnules smooth; indusia not continuous 1. C. wrightii.
Pinnules more or less pubescent or scaly ; indusia continuous about the pinnules. Fronds tomentose, not scaly.
Stipes densely tufted, at first woolly, becoming glabrate;
fronds small, 10 cm. long or less 2. C.feei.
Stipes tufted, not so numerous, covered with brown to- mentum and a few narrow scales; fronds larger, 20
to 40 cm. long 3. C. eatoni.
Fronds scaly beneath.
Fronds not at all tomentose, glabrous and bright green or
with a few scales above 4. C.fendleri.
Fronds both tomentose and scaly beneath.
Stipes tufted from a short thick rootstock; fronds to- mentose to glabrate above, densely matted- woolly and scaly beneath 5. C. myriophylla.
Stipes scattered on a long slender rootstock; fronds white-tomentose above, very chaffy beneath, with cinnamon-brown scales 6. C. lindheimeri.
1. Cheilanthes wrightii Hook. Sp. Fil. 2: 87. pi. 110. A. 1858. Type locality: Western Texas.
Range: Western Texas to southern Arizona and adjacent Mexico. New Mexico: Telegraph Mountains; Bear Mountains; Condes Camp. Upper So- noran Zone.
2. Cheilanthes feei Moore, Ind. Fil. 38. 1857. Myriopteris gracilis Fee, Gen. Fil. 150. 1850-2.
Cheilanthes gracilis Mett. Abh. Senckenb. Ges. Frankfurt 3: 80. 1859-61, not Kaulf. 1824.
Cheilanthes lanuginosa Nutt.; Hook. Sp. Fil. 2: 99. 1858, as synonym.
Type locality: "Habitat ad rupes circa Hillsboro, in America Septentr."
Range: Illinois and Minnesota to British Columbia, south to Arizona, Texas, and Mexico.
New Mexico: On cliffs, throughout the State, at lower altitudes. Lower and Upper Sonoran zones.
This is probably the commonest fern in the State, occurring most frequently in crevices in the perpendicular faces of limestone cliffs, especially under projecting ledges. Its stipes are always short, and the fronds mostly lie flat against the rocks. It is not restricted to limestone, but is found much less frequently on other rocks.
3. Cheilanthes eatoni Baker in Hook. & Baker, Syn. Fil. 140. 1868. Cheilanthes tomentosa eatoni Davenp. Cat. Davenp. Herb. Suppl. 49. 1883. Type locality: Western Texas.
Range: Western Texas to Arizona and southward.
New Mexico: Sierra Grande; San Mateo Peak; Sandia Mountains; Socorro; Mogollon Mountains; Black Range; Burro Mountains; San Luis Mountains; Dona Ana and Organ mountains; White and Capitan mountains; Tucumcari Mountain; Queen. In the drier mountains and foothills, Upper Sonoran and Transition zones.
4. Cheilanthes fendleri Hook. Sp. Fil. 2: 103. pi. 107. B. 1858. Type locality: New Mexico. Type collected by Fendler (no. 1015). Range: Western Texas to Colorado, westward to California.
New Mexico: Common in all the mountain ranges. Among rocks, in the Upper Sonoran and Transition zones.
WOOTON" AND STANDLEY FLORA OF NEW MEXICO. 23
5. Cheilanthes myriophylla Desv. Ges. Naturf. Freund. Berlin Mag. 5: 328. 1811. Cheilanthes villosa Davenp. Cat. Davenp. Herb. Suppl. 45. 1883.
Type locality: South America. Range: Texas to Arizona and southward.
New Mexico: Big Hatchet Mountains; North Percha Creek; Bishops Cap-, Han- over Mountain; Sacramento Mountains. Upper Son oran Zone.
6. Cheilanthes lindheimeri Hook. Sp. Fil. 2: 101. pi. 107. A. 1858. Type locality: Western Texas.
Range: Western Texas to southern Arizona and southward.
New Mexico: Burro Mountains; Telegraph Mountains; Tres Hermanas; Florida Mountains; Dona Ana and Organ mountains. Among rocks on the lower slopes of the mountains, in the Upper Sonoran Zone.
6. PELLAEA Link. Cliff brake.
Sori intramarginal, terminal on the veins as dots, or decurrent, at length confluent, forming a marginal band; indusium formed by the reflexed margin of the pinnules, commonly broad and membranous.
Our species all belong to the division having coriaceous bluish green pinnules with inconspicuous veins, most of them having dark brown or glossy black stipes. They occur in crevices and under rocks in the drier mountains at altitudes below 2,000 meters.
KEY TO THE SPECIES.
Indusium narrow, concealed by the maturing sporangia; stipes
pinkish-stramineous; rootstocks slender, widely creeping. . 1. P. intermedia. Indusium broad, conspicuous; stipes dark brown to black; root- stocks short and thick, 2 to 3 cm. long.
Fronds and stipes rough-hairy throughout 2. P. scabra.
Fronds and stipes glabrous.
Pinnules obtuse or barely acute.
Fronds pinnate above, bipinnate below; pinnules lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 5 to 20 mm.
long 3. P. atropurpurea.
Fronds quadri pinnate below, simpler above; pin- nules oval to cordate-ovate, 5 mm. long or less,
very numerous 4. P. pulcfiella.
Pinnules distinctly, although shortly, mucronate.
Fronds narrowly oblong, bipinnate; pinnae tri-
foliolate 5. P. terni/olia.
Fronds broadly lanceolate to deltoid, bipinnate; pinnules numerous on each rachilla, the termi- nal one usually largest 6. P. mucronata.
1. Pellaea intermedia Melt.; Kuhn, Linnaea 36: 84. 1869. Type locality: Mexico.
Range: Texas to Arizona.
New Mexico: Black Range; Burro Mountains; Florida Mountains; Tortugas Mountain; Organ and San Andreas mountains. Dry hills, in the Upper Sonoran Zone.
2. Pellaea scabra ('. Chr. Ind. Fil. 172. L905.
Cheilanthes aspera Eook. Sp. Fil. 2: 111. />/. 10S. A. 1858, not Kaulf. 1881. Pellaea aspera Baker in Hook. & linker, Syn. Fil. 148. 1868. Tvi'K i.ucauty: Western Texas. Range: Western Texas to Arizona
Xiw Mexico: Collected by the Mexican Boundary Survey (no. 1581) near the Copper Mines. Dry hills.
24 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM.
3. Pellaea atropurpurea (L.) Link, Fil. Hort. Berol. 59. 1841. Pteris atropurpurea L. Sp. PI. 1076. 1753.
Type locality: " Habitat in Virginia. "
Range: Ontario and British Columbia to Georgia, Texas, Arizona, and California.
New Mexico: Black Range; San Luis Mountains; Florida Mountains; Mangas Springs; Organ Mountains; highest point of the Llano Estacado; Queen. Thickets in the lower parts of the mountains, in the Upper Sonoran Zone.
4. Pellaea pulcheUa (Mart. & Gal.) Fee, Gen. Fil. 129. 1850-52.
Allosorus pulchellus Mart. & Gal. Nouv. Mem. Acad. Sci. Brux. 15: 47. pi. 10. f. 1.
1842. Type locality: "Dans la Cordillere au sud de Sola," Mexico. Range: Western Texas to southeastern New Mexico, and adjacent Mexico. New Mexico : Queen ( Wooton) . Crevices of limestone rocks, dry hills, in the Upper Sonoran Zone.
5. Pellaea ternifolia (Cav.) Link, Fil. Hort. Berol. 59. 1841. Pteris ternifolia Cav. Descr. PI. 266. 1802.
Type locality: Andes of Peru.
Range: Western Texas to southern New Mexico and southward.
New Mexico: Organ Mountain (Wooton). Upper Sonoran Zone.
This species is rare in New Mexico. We are doubtful of the determination of the Organ Mountain plant, since it is the only specimen collected at this station, although ferns have been collected there frequently and search has been made for the species. Our specimen is possibly a form of P. mucronata.
Doctor Underwood has reported a specimen from Socorro, collected in 1895 by Plank, and Mr. M. E. Jones reports having obtained it at Silver City in 1903. The species is not uncommon in Chihuahua.
6. Pellaea mucronata D. C. Eaton in Torr. U. S. & Mex. Bound. Bot. 233. 1859.
Allosorus mucronatus D. C. Eaton, Amer. Journ. Sci. II. 22: 138. 1856.
Pellaea wrightiana Hook. Sp. Fil. 2: 142. pi. 115. B. 1858.
Type locality: "Clefts of rocks in the hills near the bay of San Francisco, California."
Range: Kansas and Texas to Arizona and California and southward.
New Mexico: Sandia Mountains; Socorro; Burro Mountains; Santa Rita; Florida Mountains; Dona Ana and Organ mountains. In the drier mountains and foothills, Upper Sonoran Zone.
This has usually been referred to as P. wrightiana. Wright's 2130 from Santa Rita is the type of P. wrightiana. It is one of the commonest species of the southern part of the State.
7. ASPLENIUM L. Spleenwort.
Sori oblong or linear, oblique, separate; indusia straight or very rarely curved, opening toward the midrib when single, toward each other when paired; veins all free.
KEY TO THE SPECIES.
Pinnae 2 to 5, linear-cuneate; rachis green :. 1. A.septentrionale.
Pinnae numerous, 10 to 30 pairs, oblong to oval; rachis brown or black. Plants tall, 10 to 25 cm. high; stipes black; pinnse oblong.. 2. A.resiliens. Plants smaller, 15 cm. high or less; stipes purplish brown;
pinnee oval 3. A . trichomanes.
WOOTON" AND STANDLEY FLORA OF NEW MEXICO. 25
1. Asplenium septentrionale (L.) Hoffm. Deutschl. Fl. 2: 12. 1795. Acrostichum septentrionale L. Sp. PI. 1068. 1753.
Belvisia septentrionalis Mirb. Hist. Nat. PL 4: 65. 1803.
Type locality: "Habitat in Europae fissuris rupium."
Range: Black Hills of South Dakota to New Mexico and Arizona; also in Europe.
New Mexico: Sierra Grande; highest point of the Llano Estacado; Cross L Ranch; Santa Rita; Ben Moore. Upper Sonoran Zone.
This grows in the crevices of rocks or beneath overhanging ledges. It is small and almost grasslike, so that it is easily overlooked.
2. Asplenium resiliens Kunze, Linnaea 18: 331. 1844.
Asplenium parvulum Mart. & Gal. Nouv. Mem. Acad. Sci. Brux. 15: 60. pi. 15. f. 3.
1842, not Hook. 1840. Type locality: Mexico.
Range: Virginia and Florida to Kansas, Texas, and Arizona. New Mexico: Organ Mountains; Santa Rita; Florida Mountains. Upper Sonoran Zone.
3. Asplenium trichomanes L. Sp. PL 1080. 1753. Type locality: "Habitat in Europae fissuris rupium." Range: British America to Alabama, Texas, and Arizona.
New Mexico: Las Vegas Moun tains; Mogollon Mountains; Santa Rita; Organ Mountains. Damp slopes, Upper Sonoran to Transition Zone.
8. ATHYRIUM Roth.
Rootstocks stout; fronds large, oblong-ovate, twice pinnate; sori usually curved, oblong; indusium straight or curved, opening along the side nearest the midrib.
1. Athyrium filix-foemina (L.) Roth, Tent. Fl. Germ. 3: 65. 1800. Lady fern.
Poly podium filix-foemina L. Sp. PL 1090. 1753.
Asplenium filix-foemina Bernh. Neu. Journ. Bot. Schrad. I2: 26. 1806.
Type locality: "Habitat in Europae frigidioris subhumidis."
Range: Throughout most of temperate North America; in New Mexico only in the mountains.
New Mexico: Mogollon Mountains; Winsor Creek; Brazos Canyon. Transition Zone.
The lady fern is not common anywhere in the State, but has been found by a few collectors in cool, shaded canyons beside running streams.
9. DRYOPTERIS Adans.
Rootstocks stout and thick; fronds broadly oblong-lanceolate, bipinnatifid or bipinnate, 20 to 60 cm. long; sori dorsal, rounded, the indusium orbicular-reniform.
1. Dryopteris filix-mas (L.) Schott, Gen. Fil. 1834. Mali: fern.
I '< >l i/podium filix-mas L. Sp. PL 1090. 1753.
Aspidium filix-mas Swartz, Journ. But. Schrad. 18002: 38. 1801.
Type locality: "Habitat in Europae syrvis."
Range: British America to Michigan, New Mexico, and California.
New Mexico: Sierra Grande; Rito de las Frijoles; Las Vegas Mountains; Organ Mountains; Ruidoso Creek. Transition Zone.
The specimens here listed are doubtfully referred to this species, but they repre- sent one of the forms which pass under the name. Further study may resull in a change of name for the southwestern form. It is nowhere common in our range, but
always seems well adjusted to its habital wherever it OCCUTS.
26 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM.
10. PHANEROPHLEBIA Presl.
Rootstcok Bhort and creeping; fronds pinnate, the pinnae 10 to 16, usually auriculate at the base, sen-ate or incised; sori round, borne on the back of forking veins; indusium peltate, opening all around the margin.
1. Phanerophlebia auriculata Underw. Bull. Torrey Club 26: 212. pi. 359. f 3, 4. 1899. Aspidium juglandifolium of authors, in part, not Kunze. Type locality: "Cool damp cliffs, Mapula Mountains, Chihuahua." Range: Mountains of southern Arizona and New Mexico and western Texas. New Mexico: Organ Mountains. Transition Zone.
11. FILIX Adans.
Fronds oblong-lanceolate, 10 to 30 cm. long, 2 to 3-pinnatifid, thin, bright green; sori roundish, each borne on the back of a vein; indusium membranous, hoodlike, attached by a broad base on its inner side.
1. Filix fragilis (L.) Underw. Native Ferns ed. 6. 119. 1900. Brittle fern.
Poly podium fragile L. Sp. PI. 1091. 1753.
Cystopteris fragilis Bernh. Journ. Bot. Schrad. 1: 26. 1806.
Type locality: "Habitat in collibus Europae frigidioris."
Range: Throughout temperate North America, and in temperate regions around the world.
New Mexico: Common in all the mountains from the Black Range and White Mountains northward. Transition Zone.
12. WOODSIA R. Br.
Sori orbicular, borne on the back of simply forked, free veins; indusium inferior, thin, in ours conspicuous, breaking at the top and splitting into several laciniate lobes.
Ferns with much the aspect of the fragile fern, but the fronds stiffer and the divi- sions shorter, the indusial characters, also, different.
KEY TO THE SPECIES.
Fronds lanceolate; pinnae short, triangular- lanceolate, not glan- dular 1. W. mexicana.
Fronds broader than lanceolate; pinnae longer, the subdivisions
broader, glandular-hairy 2. W. pluminerae.
1. Woodsia mexicana Fee, Mem. Foug. 7: 66. 1854.
Type locality: "Habitat in Republica Mexicana, prope San Angel."
Range: Western Texas to Arizona, south into Mexico.
New Mexico: Tunitcha Mountains; Chama; Winsors Ranch; Rio Pueblo; Sierra Grande; Magdalena Mountains; Mogollon Mountains; Organ Mountains; Gilmores Ranch. Transition Zone.
2. Woodsia plummerae Lemmon, Bot. Gaz. 7: 6. 1882.
Woodsia obtusa glandulosa D. C. Eaton & Faxon, Bull. Torrey Club 9: 50. 1882. Type locality: "On the north side of a high peak of the Chirricahua Mountains," Arizona.
Range: New Mexico and Arizona. New Mexico: Burro Mountains (Rusby).
WOOTON AND STANDLEY FLORA OF NEW MEXICO. 27
13. POLYPODIXJM L. Polypody.
Rootstocks elongated; fronds 5 to 20 cm. long, once pinnatifid into linear-oblong, obtuse or acute segments; sori rounded, exindusiate, borne at the ends of the veina midway between the margin and midrib.
1. Polypodium hesperium Maxon, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 13: 200. 1900.
Type locality: Coyote Canyon, Lake Chelan, Washington.
Range: British Columbia to Arizona and New Mexico.
New Mexico: Sandia Mountains (Miss C. C. Ellis). Damp woods.
Miss Ellis reports that this is found in crevices and under rocks near Balsam, in Lagunita, and on ridges between the latter place and Las Huertas Canyon. The species should occur in some of the ranges in the western part of the State.
Order 2. SALVINIALES.
KEY TO THE FAMILIES.
Creeping plants with 4-parted petioled leaves of
medium size 2. MARSILEACEAE (p. 27).
Minute floating plants with closely imbricated, lobed
fronds 3. SALVINIACEAE (p. 27).
2. MARSILEACEAE. 1. MARSILEA L.
Herbaceous perennials growing in muddy places, with slender creeping stems and 4-foliolate long-petioled leaves; sporocarps borne at the base, in ours almost sessile, hard, reniform, 2-valved, several-celled, containing both kinds of spores.
A single species so far obtained in New Mexico, but others will probably be found growing about pools in the mountains.
A specimen in the U. S. National Herbarium obtained by one of the collectors of the Mexican Boundary Survey is determined as M. uncinata A. Br. The label shows nothing as to place or time of collection. The published report states that Doctor Bigelow obtained this species in New Mexico, without further locality. The specimen referred to is very small but is probably correctly determined.
1. Marsilea vestita Hook. & Grev. Icon. Fil. 2: pi. 159. 1831.
Type locality: "Ad flumenColumbiam, ora occidentali AmericaeSeptentrionalis."
Range: Arkansas and Texas to California, north to Washington and British Columbia.
New Mexico: Queen (Wooton). In mud.
The single station at which this plant was found was near the top of the Upper Sonoran Zone, but the same species was collected by Wright near San Elizario, Texas, which is Lower Sonoran, while the range given by most authors suggests the Transition.
3. SALVINIACEAE.
1. AZOLLA Lain.
Small floating plants with a more or less elongated and sometimes branching axis bearing leaves; Bporocarpa soft, thin-walled, two or more on a stalk, l-celled; m< Bporangia containing 1 megaspore, the microeporangia bearing numerous microspores.
1. Azolla caroliniana Willd. Sp. PI. 5: 541. 1810. Type locality: "Habitat in aqnis Carolinae Rangk: New York to Florida, west to California and < Oregon New Mexico: Animas Creek i \£etoalft 1110). Floating in still water.
28 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM.
Order 3. EQUISETALES.
4. EQTJISETACEAE. Horsetail Family. 1. EQUISETUM L. Horsetail.
Plant body rushlike, with jointed, mostly hollow stems; leaves reduced to a whorl of scales forming'a sheath at the nodes; sporangia forming a terminal cone composed of peltate scales bearing several sporangia; spores all alike, supplied with coiled elaters attached at the middle and coiled spirally about the spore; prothallia terrestrial, green, usually dioecious.
The family includes the plants which go under the name of "scouring rushes" or "horsetails," which, while very numerous in past ages of the world, are now reduced to a single genus.
KEY TO THE SPECIES.
Annual; plant of two forms, one spore-bearing the other vege- tative; vegetative form much branched, with slender 4-angled
branches; spore-bearing form not branched, brown 1. E. arvense.
Perennial, not dimorphous, if branched at all the branches similar to the main stems. Stems nearly smooth, the tubercles inconspicuous; sheaths spreading upward; teeth deciduous, leaving a ring of
triangular black tips 2. E. laevigatum.
Stems rough, the tubercles conspicuous; sheaths usually little or not at all spreading upward; teeth mostly adherent to the bases. Stems generally less than 70 cm. high, frequently branched
from the base 3. E. hiemale.
Stems generally taller, 1 meter high or more, very hard and
rough, usually little or not at all branched 4. E. robustum.
1. Equisetum arvense L. Sp. PL 1061. 1753. Type locality: " Habitat in Europse agris, pratis."
Range: British America to Virginia, New Mexico, and California.
New Mexico: Taos; Rio Pueblo; Mogollon Mountains. Mountains, in the Transi- tion Zone.
This is the common horsetail of the mountains, growing in A'ery wet soil beside running water. It is usually associated with grasses, rushes, and sedges which cover the swampy meadows at elevations of 1,800 meters and more. Such meadows or marshy places usually go under the name of "eienaga" (frequently corrupted to "siniky"') or the diminutive " cienaguilla. " The horsetail may be readily recognized in the vegetative state by its cluster of 4-angled jointed stems about 2 mm. in diameter, of a bright green color, that bear no proper leaves. The spore-bearing stalks are brown, 6 to 8 mm. in diameter, 10 to 20 cm. high, and bear their cones singly at the top. They appear early in the spring, shed their spores, and soon die.
2. Equisetum laevigatum A. Br. Amer. Journ. Sci. 46: 87. 1844.
Smooth scouring rush.
Type locality: "On poor clayey soil, with Andropogon and other coarse grasses, at the banks of the river below St. Louis."
Range: New Jersey and Louisiana to British Columbia, California, and Texas.
New Mexico: Shiprock; Chama; Taos; Santa Fe and Las Vegas mountains; Ramah; Albuquerque; Mogollon Mountains; Mesilla Valley; Ruidoso Creek. In wet ground, in the Transition Zone, or lower, along streams.
This is the chief scouring rush of the mountains, its smooth, hollow, jointed stems being common along most of the mountain streams and in the cienagas. There is but
WOOTON AND STANDLEY FLORA OF NEW MEXICO. 29
one kind of stem produced; branching above the base is rare except when the plant is injured. Sometimes, though not frequently, it is somewhat branched from the base. The rather delicate texture and the somewhat spreading, smooth-topped, long sheaths tipped by a row of triangular black dots are characteristic.
3. Equisetum hiemale L. Sp. PI. 1062. 1753. Scouring rush. Type locality: "Habitat in Europse sylvis, asperis, uliginosis."
Range: North America north of Mexico.
New Mexico: Reserve; Gilmores Ranch; near Las Vegas, on the Gallinas River; Rio Grande near Mesilla.
This is a common rush along the streams and ditches. The form here referred to is that spoken of as E. hiemale intermedium by Mr. A. A. Eaton.
4. Equisetum. robustum A. Br. Amer. Journ. Sci. 46: 88. 1844. Type locality: "Islands of the Mississippi River in Louisiana." Range: New Jersey and Louisiana, westward across the continent.
New Mexico: Tunitcha Mountains; Cedar Hill; Mesilla; Mogollon Mountains. Wet ground, in the Lower Sonoran Zone.
The large scouring rush occurs not uncommonly along the rivers and irrigating ditches at the lower levels of the State. It may not be sufficiently distinct from E. hiemale.
Order 4. LYCOPODIALES.
5. SELAGINELLACEAE. Selaginella Family.
Mosslike terrestrial plants, usually only a few centimeters high; stems slender, branching, erect or trailing; leaves small and scalelike, arranged in 4 to many rows; sporangia 1-celled, globose, of two kinds, viz. , megasporangia bearing 4 megaspores and microsporangia bearing many microspores, borne at the bases of the sporophylls, these differing little from foliage leaves.
1. SELAGINELLA Beauv.
KEY TO THE SPECIES.
Plants erect, tufted, with roots only on the lower part; leaves with long terminal bristles and numerous marginal hairs on each
side; plants grayish green 1. S. rupincola.
Plantd more or less prostrate, forming mats, mostly rooting along the stems; leaves various; plants grayish or bright green. Stems very short, 6 cm. long or less; strobiles erect, 4-angled,
usually longer than the vegetative branches 2. S. densa.
Stems longer, 10 cm. or more; strobiles various.
Megaspores irregularly wrinkled; strobiles erect; lea
and short stems frequently much. crowded 3. S. v/rightii.
Megaspores not wrinkled; strobiles hardly distinguish- able from the vegetative parts. Stems very slender, wiry, terete; leaves small, ap-
] >r< iseed 4. S. hi in ica .
Stems weaker; leaves lux, dark green 5. S. underwoodii.
Selagiru lla I * pidophylla, the "resurrection plant," should be found in the Guadalupe Mountains near the southern boundary, or in the limestone mountains of the Bouth- v.i i corner.
There is a single specimen of a species closely allied to S. arenicola Onderw. in ill" National Herbarium, the label of which states thai it was collected al Lae \ \>\ Plank. There is some uncertainty as i" whether the specimen is correctly labeled; for this reason it is nol listed here. Collectors should look I Q that
region and farther east and south.
30 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM.
1. Selaginella rupincola Underw. Bull. Torrey Club 25: 129. 1898.
Type locality: "On perpendicular rocks, Organ Mountains." New Mexico. Type collected by Wooton (no. 124).
Range: Mountains of New Mexico and Arizona.
New Mexico: San Luis Mountains; Dog Spring; Organ Mountains. On rocks and ledges, in the Upper Sonoran Zone.
2. Selaginella densa Rydb. Mem. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 1: 7. 1900. Type locality: "Little Rocky Mountains," Montana. / Range: Montana and western Nebraska to New Mexico.
New Mexico: "Winsors Ranch; Hillsboro Peak. In the Transition Zone or higher.
3. Selaginella wrightii Hieron. Hedwigia 39: 298. 1900. Type locality: Western Texas. Type, Wright's no. 828. Range: Western Texas and New Mexico to Mexico. New Mexico: Lakewood; Las Vegas.
4. Selaginella mutica D. C. Eaton; Underw. Bull. Torrey Club 25: 128. 1898. Type locality: "New Mexico."
Range: Colorado to Arizona and New Mexico.
New Mexico: Pecos; Canada Alamosa; Organ Mountains. Damp cliffs in the mountains, in the Upper Sonoran Zone.
5. Selaginella underwoodii Hieron. in Engl. & Prantl, Pflanzenfam. I4: 715. 1901. Selaginella rupestris fendleri Underw. Bull. Torrey Club 25: 127. 1898. Selaginella fendleri Hieron. Hedwigia 39: 303. 1900, not Baker, 1883.
Type locality: New Mexico. Type collected by Fendler (no. 1024).
Range: Colorado, New Mexico, and southward.
New Mexico: Winsors Ranch; Folsom; Ramah; Mogollon Mountains; Black Range; Bear Mountain; Organ Mountains; White Mountains. On rocky walls and ledges in the mountains, in the Upper Sonoran, Transition, and Canadian zones.
Subkingclom SPERMATOPHYTA. Seed-bearing
plants.
Class 1. GYMNOSPERMAE. Order 5. FINALES.
KEY TO THE FAMILIES.
Leaves needle-like; carpellary scales with bracts,
never peltate; ovules inverted ; cones dry 6. PINACEAE (p. 30).
Leaves scalelike or awllike; carpellary scales without
bracts, fleshy or peltate; ovules erect; cones
berrylike 7. JTINIPERACEAE (p. 35).
6. PINACEAE. Pine Family.
Large evergreen trees with needle-shaped leaves; infertile flowers in short catkins; fertile flowers in scaly aments, becoming cones, with 2 or more ovules at the base of each scale; fertile scales numerous, spirally imbricated.
KEY TO THE GENERA.
Leaves fascicled, inclosed by sheaths at the base, at least
when young; cones maturing the second year 1. Pintjs (p. 31).
Leaves solitary, not sheathed; cones maturing the first year,
WOOTOJST AND STANDLEY FLORA OF NEW MEXICO. 31
Branches rough with the persistent leaf bases; leaves quadrangular, falling off when dried; cone scales thin and persistent; cones pendulous... 2. Picea (p. 33). Branches smooth; leaves flat, persistent in dried speci- mens; cone scales and cones various. Cones erect, the scales deciduous; bracts of the cones not exserted; leaves sessile, leaving
circular scars 3. Abies (p. 34).
Cones pendulous, the scales persistent; bracts of the cone scales conspicuously exserted, 3-parted; leaves petioled, leaving oval scars 4. Pseudotsuga (p. 35).
1. PINUS L. Pine.
Large or small trees with needle-shaped leaves in fascicles of 2 or more, surrounded by a persistent or deciduous sheath at the base.
KEY TO THE SPECIES.
Leaves in fascicles of 2, short and curved, 3 to 4 cm. long; cones
small, 4 to 5 cm. long; seeds not winged 1. P. edulis.
Leaves in fascicles of 3 to 5; leaves, cones, and scales various. Leaves in fascicles of 3 (rarely 4).
Leaves 4 cm. long or less 2. P. cembroides.
Leaves 6 cm. long or more.
Sheaths persistent and conspicuous; leaves 10 to 25
cm. long; cones 7 to 15 cm. long 3. P. brachyptera.
Sheaths deciduous; leaves 6 to 9 cm. long; cones 3 to
5 cm. long 4. P. chihuahuana.
Leaves in fascicles of 5.
Cones 10 to 18 cm. long, the scales with unarmed append- ages; seeds with only rudimentary wings; leaves slender, 4 to 8 cm. long.
Leaves entire 5. P. flexilis.
Leaves serrulate / 6. P. strobiformis.
Cones 5 to 7 cm. long, the scales with armed appendages; seeds with conspicuous wings; leaves various. Leaves short and stout, 2 to 4 cm. long, curved, crowded; cone scales with long weak spines;
cones 6 to 7 cm. long 7. P. aristata.
Leaves longer, 6 to 10 cm., straight, not crowded; cone scales with short and rigid spines; cones 5 to 6 cm. long 8. P. arizoniea.
1. Pinus edulis Engelm. in Wisliz. Mem. North. Mex. 88. 1848. Pin-yon.
Cwryopitys edulis Small, Fl. Southeast. U. S. 29. 1903.
Pinus cembroides edulis Voss, Mitt. Deutsch. Dendr. Ges. 16: 95. 1907.
Type locality: "Not rare from the Cimarron to Santa Fe, and probably throughout New Mexico." Type collected by Wislizenus in 1847.
Range: Colorado and Utah to western Texas and northern Mexico.
New Mexico: Common on low hills and high plains everywhere west of the Pecos, ami in the mountains of the northeastern corner of the State. Upper Bonoran Zone.
A small, rather scraggy tree, 10 to 12 meters high or less, with rough, dark-colored hark, dark green leaves, and small, ovoid roues with the scales widely spreading when mature. The tree occurs in the drier foothills, aBSQC^ted with junipers and
32 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM.
several evergreen oaks, at elevations of 1,500 to 2,150 meters, almost throughout the State. The wood is soft and decays rapidly, so that it is poor for firewood or fence posts and is but little used. Large quantities of the seeds are gathered every year to be eaten. They are very palatable, having a sweet flavor, especially after having been roasted. The tree is one of the most characteristic plants of the Upper Sonoran Zone, not occurring outside that division.
2. Pinus cembroides Zucc. Abh. Akad. Wiss. Munchen 1: 392. 1832.
Type locality: " Crescit in montibus altioribus imperii mcxicana V. C. ad ecclesiam S. Crucis prope Sultepec."
Range: Mountains of southwestern New Mexico, southeastern Arizona, and south- ward.
New Mexico: San Luis Mountains {Goldman 1408). Upper Sonoran Zone.
3. Pinus brachyptera Engelm. in Wisliz. Mem. North. Mex. 89. 1848.
Yellow pine.
Pinus engelmanniTorr. U. S. Rep. Expl. Miss. Pacif. 4: 141. 1856.
Pinus ponderosa scopulorum Engelm. in S. Wats. Bot. Calif. 2: 126. 1880.
Pinus scopulorum Lemmon, Gard. & For. 1897: 183. 1897.
Type locality: "Mountains of New Mexico." Type collected by Wislizenus in 1847.
Range: Throughout the Rocky Mountains, from the northern boundary of the United States to northern Mexico.
New Mexico: Common in all the mountain ranges of the State, which reach an altitude of 2,100 meters or more. Transition Zone.
This is the most common tree of New Mexico and Arizona, and constitutes per- haps two-thirds of the timber of the former State. It is certainly first in importance from the standpoint of quantity and quality of lumber. It occurs only in the moun- tains at elevations of from 1,800 to 2,850 meters, being associated witn the pinyon in the lower edge of this belt, and with Pinus flexilis and Pseudotsuga near its upper limit, rarely forming pure forests. The older trees are frequently over 35 meters high and the trunks from 80 to 100 cm. in diameter. The bark loses its outer layers and becomes cut into irregular quadrangular segments, which are smooth and of light reddish or yellowish brown color. Younger trees, with trunks 45 cm. or less in diame- ter, have darker colored bark and are generally known to the lumbermen as a dif- ferent tree — their "jack pine." Lumber made from the larger trees is usually spoken of as "Arizona" pine in distinction from "Texas" pine, and is regarded as the most valuable soft wood of the region.
The inner bark of this and other conifers was chewed or eaten by Lie Indians in earlier times when other food was wanting. To-day some of the tribes remove the bark from the trunks to secure an exudation of resin which they use in coating their wicker water bottles. Upon the Mescalero Apache Reservation one sees many trees killed by this girdling.
4. Pinus chihuahuana Engelm. in Wisliz. Mem. North. Mex. 103. 1848. Pinus leiophylla chihuahuana Shaw, Publ. Arn. Arb. 1: 14. 1909. Type locality: Mountains of Chihuahua.
Range: Mountains of southern New Mexico and Arizona and southward. New Mexico: Animas and San Luis mountains. Transition Zone.
5. Pinus flexilis James in Long, Exped. 2: 34. 1823. White pine. Apinus flexilis Rydb. Bull. Torrey Club 32: 598. 1905.
Type locality: "Arid plains subjacent to the Rocky Mountains, and * * * * up their sides to the region of perpetual frost." Range: Northern Mexico to southern Alberta.
WOOTON AND STANDLEY FLORA OF NEW MEXICO. 33
New Mexico: Santa Fe and Las Vegas mountains; Sandia Mountains; Mogollon Mountains; Black Range; White and Sacramento mountains; Capitan Mountains. High mountains, chiefly in the Canadian Zone.
A medium-sized tree, 15 to 25 meters high, found only in the higher parts of the mountains, usually associated with the firs and spruces, at elevations of from 2 400 to 3,000 meters. It is not very abundant, although it is valued next to the yellow pine for its timber. The cone is large and pendent. The seeds are large for the genus and can be eaten like those of the pinyon, but they have thicker and harder shells.
6. Pinus strobiformis Engelm. in Wisliz. Mem. North. Mex. 102. 1848.
Mexican white pine.
Pinus ayacahuite brachyptera Shaw, Publ. Arn. Arb. 1: 11. 1909, not P. brachyptera Engelm. 1848.
Type locality: Cosihuiriachi, Chihuahua.
Range: Northern Mexico to southern Arizona and New Mexico.
New Mexico: Franeys Peak; San Luis Mountains. Mountains, in the Transition Zone.
A tree very similar to the preceding, nowhere abundant. It occurs within our area only in the southwestern corner of the State. Reports of its occurrence elsewhere in New Mexico doubtless refer to Pinus jlexilis.
7. Pinus aristata Engelm. Amer. Journ. Sci. II. 34: 331. 1862. Foxtail pine. Type locality: "Pikes Peak and high mountains of the Snowy Range," Colorado. Range: Higher mountains of Colorado and northern New Mexico to Nevada and
California.
New Mexico: Pecos Baldy; Grass Mountain; Costilla Pass; Baldy. Canadian and Hudsonian zones.
A dark green, scrubby tree, 10 to 12 meters high or less, with short leaves curved toward the ends of the branches. It occurs only in the higher mountains at alti- tudes of 3,000 meters or more, and nowhere in abundance. On the higher peaks at or above timber line the plants are low and stunted, often spreading over the ground, forming what the Germans call "Krumholz." This is the result of the high velocity of the wind at these altitudes.
8. Pinus arizonica Engelm. U. S. Rep. Expl. Miss. Pacif. 6: 261. 1878.
Arizona yellow pine. Pinus ponderosa arizonica Shaw, Publ. Arn. Arb. 1: 24. 1909. Type locality: "On the Santa Rita Mountains," Arizona.
Range: Mountains of northern Mexico and southern Arizona and New Mexico. New Mexico: Summit of Animas Peak (Goldman 1360). Transition Zone.
2. PICEA Link. Spkuck.
Conical decs w ill: short still' sharp-pointed solitary leaves standing out in all direc- tions from the steins; cones pendulous, their scales rather thin, persistent, the bracts shorter than the scales.
KEY TO Tin; SPECIES.
Young brandies and leaf bases pubescent; cones short, 3 to 5 cm.
long; leaves dull green, not glaucous 1. J', engt Imanni.
Young branches and leaf bases glabrous; cones longer, 5 t" 9 cm.
long; leaves on the older parts usually dark green, the young
ones glaucous ami light-colored 2. J', purryana.
52576°— IB :t
34 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM.
1. Picea engelmanni Parry; Engelm. Trans. Acad. St. Louis 2: 212. 1863.
Engelmann spruce.
Abies engelmanni Parry, loc. cit.
Type locality: "Higher parts of the Rocky Mountains, from New Mexico to the headwaters of the Columbia and Missouri rivers.
Range: British Columbia to New Mexico and Arizona.
New Mexico: Sandia Mountains; West Fork of the Gila; Bonito. Higher moun- tains, Canadian and Hudsonian zones.
A conical tree 20 to 25 meters high or less, with smooth, thin, flaky bark, dark green foliage, and pendulous cones borne mostly on the uppermost branches. It occurs only in the higher mountains at 2,700 to 3,300 meters where there is permanent moisture, frequently forming dense pure forests. It is also found on the faces of cliffs and on the tops of mountains up to timber line, where it is generally straggling and dwarfed . When growing alone it is usually perfectly conical, bearing nearly horizontal branches almost to the ground. The cones are small and purplish until maturity, when they become dry and brown.
2. Picea parryana Parry, Gard. Chron. 11: 334. 1879. Colorado blue spruce. Abies parryana Engelm.; Parry, loc. cit.
Type locality: Not stated.
Range: Higher mountains of New Mexico and Arizona, northward to Wyoming.
New Mexico: Chama; Winsors Ranch; Sandia Mountains; James Canyon; White Mountain Peak. Canadian and Hudsonian zones.
Very similar to the preceding, but the young leaves covered with a bloom which gives rise to the name of "blue spruce," and the bark thick and deeply furrowed- The range is similar to that of the Engelmann spruce, although usually at slightly lower levels, and the value of the timber is about the same. The lumber is in both cases rather poor, being weak and spongy, and full of knots. It is used to some extent for making boxes. The Colorado blue spruce is a much better tree for decorative purposes because of its color and also because it is a more rapid grower. It does well at Santa Fe and could, no doubt, be used in other places of similar ele- vation if properly cared for.
3. ABIES Link. Fir.
Large trees with spreading or ascending branches; leaves flat, blunt, short, so arranged as to make the branches appear flat; cones erect, cylindrical, borne near the top of the tree, their scales thin and deciduous.
KEY TO THE SPECIES.
Bark thin, smooth , corky ^. A. arizonica.
Bark thick, rough, not corky.
Resin ducts of the leaves within the soft tissue, remote from the
epidermis 2. A. lasiocarpa.
Resin ducts near the epidermis, on the lower side of the leaf 3. A. concolor.
1. Abies arizonica Merriam, Proc Biol. Soc. Washington 10: 116. 1896.
CORK-BARK FIR.
Type locality: "West slope of San Francisco Mountain, Arizona.''
Range: Higher mountains of Arizona and New Mexico.
New Mexico: Twining; Sandia Mountains; Baldy; Baldy Peak, Mogollon Mountains. Hudsonian Zone.
A small conical tree growing in cooler situations in dense mixed forests, usually associated with spruce and aspen. It is easily recognized by its thin, smooth, white, corky bark, which persists after the tree has decayed.
WOOTON" AND STANDLEY FLORA OF NEW MEXICO. 35
2. Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt. N. Amer. Sylv. 3: 138. 1849. Pinus lasiocarpa Hook. Fl. Bor. Amer. 2: 163. 1842.
Type locality: " Interior of N. W. America."
Range: British America to Arizona and northwestern New Mexico. New Mexico: Tunitcha Mountains; Brazos Canyon; Pecos Baldy. Mountains, in the Canadian Zone.
3. Abies concolor Lindl. Journ. Hort. Soc. Lond. 5: 210. 1850. Balsam fir. Pinus concolor Engelm.; Gord. & Glend. Pinet. 155. 1858.
Type locality: "Mountains of New Mexico."
Range: Oregon and California to Colorado and New Mexico.
New Mexico: Chama; Winsors Ranch; Trinchera Pass; Sandia Mountains; Mogollon Mountains; White and Sacramento mountains; Capitan Mountains. Moun- tains, in the Canadian and Hudsonian zones.
4. PSEITDOTSXJGA Carr. Douglas spruce.
Large tree; leaves solitary, short-petiolate, flat, obtuse: cones ovate-oblong, pendu- lous, the bracts 3-parted, longer than the scales.
1. Pseudotsuga mucronata (Raf.) Sudw. Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 3: 266. 1895.
Abies mucronata Raf. Atl. Journ. 120. 1832.
Abies douglasii Lindl. Penn. Cycl. 1: 32. 1833.
Pseudotsuga douglasii Carr. Trait. Conif. ed. 2. 256. 1867.
Pseudotsuga taxifolia Britton, Trans. N. Y. Acad. 8: 74. 1889.
Type locality: Mouth of Columbia River, Oregon.
Range: Alaska to Arizona and western Texas.
New Mexico: Common in all the higher mountains from the Las Vegas, Sacramento, and Organ ranges westward. Mountains, chiefly in the Canadian Zone.
This is the largest tree of the New Mexican mountains, in favorable situations over 60 meters high, with a trunk 2 meters or more in diameter. The bark is rough and dark-colored; the short (25 mm. or less) and obtuse leaves are arranged like those of the balsam fir. It may be most easily recognized by the cones, which are rela- tively small, composed of persistent thin scales, with the 3-parted bracts protrud- ing a centimeter or more from beneath each scale. The tree occurs in mixed forests with yellow pine and the true spruces, at elevations ranging from 2,250 to 3,150 meters, sometimes reaching timber line. In the northern part of the State it often forms extensive pure stands in which there is little or no other vegetation. The lumber is of good quality. In cultivation the Douglas spruce makes an excellent decorative tree.
7. JUNIPERACEAE. Juniper Family.
Low trees or shrubs with much imbricated, short, scalelike or awllike leaves, cones composed of fleshy or peltate scales, without bracts; fruit berry-like, dehiscent or indehiscent.
KI.Y TO THE GEN ERA.
Cones dry, woody, dehiscent 1. Cupressus (p. 3
Cones fleshy, indehiscent 2. Juniperus (p. 36).
l. CUPRESSUS L. Cypress.
Small tree with short imbricated leaves; cones dry, woody, dehiscent, 6 to 8 nun. in diameter, composed of 6 to 8 peltate scales; seeds small, narrowly win
1. Cupressus arizonica Greene, Bull. Torrey Club 9: 64. 1882. Arizona « mu Oupretnu benthami arizonica Masters, Journ. Linn. Soc. Hot. 31: '■'■'■
36 CONTRIBUTIONS EROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM.
Type locality: "On the mountains back of Clifton, in the extreme eastern part of Arizona."
Range: Mountains of southern Arizona and northern Mexico, coming into the southwestern corner of New Mexico.
New Mexico: San Luis Mountains (Mearns 437, 560, 2244).
2. JUNIPERUS L. Juniper. Cedar.
Large or small shrubs with awl-shaped or scalelike leaves; cones indehiscent, fleshy or fibrous; seeds 1 to 4, ovoid.
KEY TO THE SPECIES.
Leaves on mature branches not scalelike, 6 to 12 mm. long, smooth and shining above, glaucous beneath; a low shrub less that
a meter high, often spreading 1 . /. sibirica.
Leaves on mature branches scalelike, less than 5 mm. long, of the same color on both surfaces; large shrubs or small trees several meters high, never spreading. Seeds 3 or 4; branchlets smooth; leaves with a conspicuous resinous exudate; bark of the trunk broken into irregu- lar quadrangular plates 2. J. pachyphloca.
Seeds 1 or 2; branchlets mostly scaly; leaves not with a resinous exudate; bark shreddy or stringy.
Fruit large, about 15 mm. in diameter 3. /. megalocarpa.
Fruit small, 10 mm. in diameter or less.
Branchlets slender, drooping; fruit 2-seeded; leaves
3-ranked 4. /. scopulorum.
Branchlets rigid, erect; fruit mostly 1-seeded ; leaves 2-ranked. Fruit large, 7 to 10 mm. long, oblong, brown and fibrous at maturity; leaves short and
obtuse 5. /. utahensis.
Fruit small, 5 to 7 mm. long, little if at all longer than thick, bluish, fleshy; leaves acute, long 6. J. monospcrma.
1. Juniperus sibirica Burgsd. Anleit. Holz. no. 272. 1787. Juniper. Juniperus communis sibirica Rydb. Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 3: 533. 1896.
Type locality: Siberia. Range: New Mexico to Alaska and Labrador.
New Mexico: Chama; Santa Fe and Las Vegas mountains; Taos Mountains; San- dia Mountains. Deep woods, in the Canadian and Hudsonian zones.
2. Juniperus pachyphloea Torr. U. S. Rep. Expl. Miss. Pacif. 4: 142. 1857.
Alligator juniper.
Type locality: Zuni Mountains, New Mexico.
Range: Arizona and western Texas to northern Mexico.
New Mexico: Common from the Zuni Mountains, Black Range, Capitan Moun- tains, and Guadalupe Mountains southward and westward across the State. Low hills, in the Upper Sonoran Zone.
A round-topped tree 10 meters high or less, with a short, thick trunk, covered with thick, checkered bark which gives it its name of "alligator-bark juniper." On the cliffs at higher elevations it often attains a great age, developing a short and very thick trunk. The fruit is rather large for the genus, 8 to 10 mm. in diameter, ripen- ing the second year. This is the common juniper in the southern part of the State in the foothills. The wood is used for fuel and to 6ome extent for fence posts, although that of other species is preferred.
WOOTON AND STANDLEY FLORA OF NEW MEXICO. 37
3. Juniperus megalocarpa Sudworth, For. & Irr. 13: 307. 1907. Sabina megalocarpa Cockerell, Muhlenbergia 3: 143. 1908.
Type locality: "Midway between Alma and Frisco, about 3 miles above the 'Widow Kelley's' ranch on the San Francisco River," New Mexico.
Range: Known only from type locality.
A tree 9 to 15 meters high, the trunk 60 to 120 cm. in diameter; leaves in 3's, yellowish green.
This tree seems to have been first discovered in this same locality by Mr. Vernon Bailey of the Biological Survey, U. S. Department of Agriculture, who made some excellent photographs of it which we have seen.
4. Juniperus scopulorum Sarg. Gard. & For. 10: 420. 1897.
Rocky Mountain juniper.
Sabina scopulorum Rydb. Bull. Torrey Club 32: 598. 1905.
Type locality: Not definitely stated.
Range: British Columbia and Alberta to Arizona and western Texas.
New Mexico: Coolidge; Rivera; Santa Fe; Pecos; Cebolla; Las Vegas; Stinking Lake; Mogollon Mountains; White Mountains. Open hills, in the Upper Sonoran Zone, often extending into the lower part of the Transition.
A beautiful though small tree, with dark green foliage and slender branches droop- ing at the ends. The fruit is small, blue, and succulent. The Rocky Mountain juniper occurs only in the higher mountains, associated sometimes with the common cedar (Juniperus monosperma), more often with pines. When growing alone it takes on a fine conical form with branches quite to the ground, rendering it an ideal tree for lawns.
5. Juniperus utahensis (Engelm.) Lemmon, Calif. Board For. Rep. 3: 183. 1890.
Utah juniper.
Juniperus californica utahensis Engelm. Trans. Acad. St. Louis 3: 588. 1877.
Sabina utahensis Rydb. Bull. Torrey Club 32: 598. 1905.
Type locality: "Southern parts of Utah and into Arizona and Nevada."
Range: Wyoming to New Mexico, west to southeastern California.
New Mexico: Tunitcha Mountains; Aztec; Carrizo Mountains; Frisco; Dona Ana Mountains. Open hills, in the Upper Sonoran Zone.
A stiff, upright, much branched tree, coming into New Mexico from the northwest. It differs from the next chiefly in the larger size and different color of its fruit. It is probably much more common than the citations would indicate.
6. Juniperus monosperma (Engelm.) Sarg. Silv. N. Amer. 10: 89. 1889.
One-seeded juniper.
Juniperus occidentalis monosperma Engelm. Trans. Acad. St. Louis 3: 590. 1877.
Sabina monosperma Rydb. Bull. Torrey Club 32: 598. 1905.
Type locality: "From Pikes Peak region of Colorado through west Texas and New Mexico to Arizona and California."
Range: Colorado to Nevada, south into Mexico.
New Mexico: Common on foothills and high plains throughout the State. Upper Sonoran Zone.
This is the common juniper of the State. It is a low, much branched, frequently very scraggy tree, 4 to 8 meters high. Under favorable conditions it assumes an almost perfectly conical shape. The bark is gray and shreddy or stringy, the Leaves of a rather yellowish green, and the fruit small and succulent. The wood does aol decay readily ami is much used for fence posts. It will no doubl prove of value as a decorative tree for lawns at elevations of from 1,800 to 2,250 meters,
We arc unable to separate from this Juni/urus jilnclioti Sudworth.1 Some of the material from the eastern side of the State should belong to Hut Bpecies. Bo far as
1 For. & irr. 13: 307. 1907. The type came from Paloduro Canyon in the Pan- handle of Texas.
38 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM.
we have been able to judge from the description and from the type material, the only difference suggested between the two is that the stump3 left after J. pinchoti has been cut produce sprouts while those of J. monosperma do not, scarcely a sub- stantial specific difference. As a matter of fact the stumps left after trees of the com- mon cedar have been cut down often send up sprouts, just as they are said to do in this lately published species.
What is probably a form of J. monosperma, or possibly a distinct species, was described by Lemmon l as Juniperus occidentalis gymnocarpa. It is said to have the solitary seed partly exposed at the apex, hence the name. Mr. Lemmon states that this form is "abundant on the Sandia Mountains, near Albuquerque," New Mexico. No specimens have been seen by the writers. The same form has been collected near Fort Huachuca, Arizona, by Gen. T. E. Wilcox.
Order 6. GNETALES.
7a. EPHEDRACEAE. Joint-fir Family.
1. EPHEDRA L.
Shrubs 2 meters high or less, with slender terete striate stems; leaves reduced to small scarious bracts disposed in whorls at the nodes; flowers dioecious; fruit consisting of 1 or more seeds inclosed in few or many, chaffy, brownish or greenish scales.
Our species occur hi the drier and lower parts of the State, on the sandy mesas, along arroyos, and on the rocky low slopes of the mountains, associated with mesquite, creosote bush, cactus, desert willow, and the like. A tea made by boiling the branches in water is used by the Mexicans and Indians as a remedy for venereal diseases and kidney affections. A chemical analysis shows a relatively high percentage of tannin in the stems. The shrubs are variously known as ' 'popotillo, ' ' ' 'caiiatillo, ' ' ' 'Mormon tea," and "Brigham Young weed," as also by several other names.
KEY TO THE SPECIES.
Leaf scales in 2's; cone scales few.
Scales of the fruit acutish; fruit sharply angled; branches
very numerous, erect, bright green 1. E. viridis.
Scales rounded-obtuse; fruit scarcely angled; branches few,
somewhat spreading, yellowish 2. E. antisyphilitica.
Leaf scales in 3's; cone scales numerous.
Leaf scales 5 mm. long or less, merely acute, not acerose;
fruit scabrous, less than 10 mm. long 3. E. torreyana.
Leaf scales 8 to 10 mm. long, acerose; fruit smooth, 10 to 13
mm. long 4. E. Iri/urca.
1. Ephedra viridis Coville, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 4: 220. 1893.
Type locality: Near Crystal Spring, Coso Mountains, Inyo County, California. Range: Southeastern California to Utah and western New Mexico. New Mexico: Western San Juan County; common. Mesas and low hills, in the Upper Sonoran Zone.
2. Ephedra antisyphilitica Meyer, Monogr. Ephedra 101. 184G.
Type locality: "Hab. in Mexici provincia orientali Coahuila, prope Laredo ad Rio del Norte."
Range: Colorado and Texas to Mexico.
New Mexico: Bishops Cap; Tortugas Mountain. Mesas and dry lulls, in the Lower and Upper Sonoran zones.
1 Handbook of West-American cone-bearers 80. 1895.
WOOTON AND STANDLEY FLORA OF NEW MEXICO. 39
3. Ephedra torreyana S. Wats. Proc. Amer. Acad. 14: 299. 1899. Type locality: "New Mexico to S. "Utah."
Range: Colorado to California and Mexico.
New Mexico: Carrizo Mountains; Farmington; Santa Fe; Albuquerque; Nara Visa; Organ Mountains; San Andreas Mountains; Dona Ana Mountains; White Sands; Roswell. Plains and low hills, in the Lower and Upper Sonoran zones.
4. Ephedra trifurca Torr. in Emory, Mil. Reconn. 152. 1848.
Type locality: "From the region between the Del Norte and the Gila, and the hills bordering the latter river to the desert west of the Colorado."
Range: Colorado and Utah to northern Mexico.
New Mexico: Mangas Springs; Gila; San Antonio; Carrizalillo Mountains; Dem- ing; Las Cruces; Organ Mountains. Plains and low hills, in the Lower and Upper Sonoran zones.
Class 2. ANGIOSPERMAE.
Subclass 1. MONOCOTYLEDONES.
Order 7. PANDANALES.
8. TYPHACEAE. Cattail Family.
1. TYPHA L. Cattail.
Tall marsh plant with creeping rootstocks and glabrous erect terete stems; leaves narrow, flat, striate; flowers monoecious, densely crowded in terminal spikes, the pistillate flowers below and the staminate above; ovary 1, stipitate, 1 or 2-celled.
1. Typha latifolia L. Sp. PI. 971. 1753.
Type locality: "Habitat in paludibus Europae."
Range: Throughout most of North America; also in the Old World.
New Mexico: Farmington; Shiprock; Pecos; Mangas Springs; Fort Bayard; along the Rio Grande from Albuquerque to El Paso. In swamps and marshes, in the Lower and Upper Sonoran zones.
The Mexicans use the stems for a thatch upon which to lay mud roofs.
Order 8. NAIAD ALES.
KEY TO THE FAMILIES.
Gynoacium of distinct carpels; stigmas disklike
or cuplike 9. POTAMOGETONACEAE (p. 39).
Gynoocium of united carpels; stigmas slender. . 10. NAIADACEAE (p. 41).
9. POTAMOGETONACEAE. Pondweed Family.
Aquatic herbs with jointed leafly stems; leaves sheathing at the base or stipulate; flowers perfect or unisexual, the perianth of 4 or 6 distinct valvate segments, or tubular, or none; stamens 1, 2, 4, or 6; ovaries l to 6, distinct, L-celled, usually L-ovuled; fruit indehiscent.
KKY TO THE GENERA.
Flowers perfect, spicate; si aniens i I. Potamooi i"\ (p
Flowers monoecious, axillary ; stamen I 2. Zanichkllla (p. 40).
40 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM.
1. POTAMOGETON L. Pondweed.
Leaves all or only partly submerged, alternate, the blades broad or narrow; stipules more or less united and sheathing; flowers spicate; sepals and stamens 4; ovaries 4.
It is probable that we have more species in the State than are listed here. The material is difficult of collection and is usually neglected by collectors.
KEY TO THE SPECIES.
Leaves of two kinds, floating and submerged.
Submerged leaves with blades; floating leaves elliptic 1. P.amerieanus.
Submerged leaves without blades; floating leaves oval 2. P. natans.
Leaves all submerged, narrow, sessile.
Stipules free; spike continuous; fruits few 3. P.foliosus.
Stipules adnate to the petioles; spikes interrupted; fruits
numerous 4. P. interior.
1. Potamogeton americanus Schlecht. & Cham. Linntea 2: 220. pi. 6. J. 26. 1827. Potamogeton lonchites Tuck. Amer. Journ. Sci. II. 6: 226. 1848.
Type locality: North America.
Range: In ponds and slow streams throughout North America except in the extreme northern part. New Mexico: Collected by Fendler (no. 837), probably about Santa Fe.
2. Potamogeton natans L. Sp. PI. 126. 1753. Type locality: European.
Range : In still water throughout most of North America except the extreme north; also in Europe and Asia.
New Mexico: Tunitcha Mountains (Standley 7557).
3. Potamogeton foliosus Raf. Med. Repos. N. Y. n. ser. 5: 354. 1808. Potamogeton gramineum L. err. det. Michx. Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 102. 1803. Potamogeton pauciflorus Pursh, Fl. Amer. Sept. 121. 1814.
Type locality: "Hab. in rivis affluente mari inundatis Carolinae inferioris." Range: In streams and ponds nearly throughout North America. New Mexico: Tularosa Creek near Aragon; Canada Creek at Ojo Caliente; Berendo Creek.
4. Potamogeton interior Rydb. Colo. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 100: 13. 1906. Potamogeton marinus occidentalis Robbins; S. Wats, in King, Geol. Expl. 40th
Par. 5: 339. 1871. Potamogeton filiformis occidentalis A. Benn. Ann. Cons. Jard. Geneve 9: 102. 1905. Type locality: Colorado.
Range : Ontario and Northwest Territory to Utah and New Mexico. New Mexico: Farmington; Cedar Hill; Carlsbad; Roswell.
The following species are represented by specimens the localities for which are uncertain but are probably in New Mexico or adjacent Texas: Potamogeton pectinatus L. Wright 1894. Potamogeton pusillus L. Wright 1896.
2. ZANICHELLIA L. Horned pondweed.
Leaves linear, mostly opposite, with sheathing stipules; flowers monoecious, sessile, axillary, the staminate ones consisting of a single stamen ; ovaries 2 to 5, forming oblique oblong indehiscent nutlets in fruit.
WOOTON AND STANDLEY FLORA OF NEW MEXICO. 41
1. Zanichellia palustris L. Sp. PI. 969. 1753. Type locality: "Habitat in Europae, Virginiae fossis, fluviis." Range: In streams and ponds throughout North America except the extreme
north; also in Eurasia. New Mexico: Tunitcha Mountains; Manguitas Spring; Salt Lake; Cienaga Ranch;
Fort Tularosa; Roswell.
10. NAIADACEAE. Naias Family. 1. NAIAS L. Naias.
Slender branched aquatic, entirely submerged, with fibrous roots, numerous oppo- site or fasciculate leaves, and monoecious or dioecious, sessile or pedicellate, axillary, inconspicuous flowers; mature carpel solitary, sessile, ellipsoid, with a crustaceous pericarp. 1. Naias guadalupensis (Spreng.) Morong, Mem. Torrey Club 32: GO. 1893.
Caulinia guadalupensis Spreng. Syst. Veg. 1: 20. 1825.
Type locality: "Insula Guadalupa."
Range: Floating in water, Nebraska and Oregon to Florida and Tropical America.
New Mexico: Lake La Jara (Standley 8274).
Order 9. ALIS MALES.
KEY TO THE FAMILIES.
Petals and sepals similar; anthers long and narrow;
carpels coherent 11. JUNCAGINACEAE (p. 41).
Petals and sepals unlike, the former white; anthers
short and thick; carpels not coherent 12. ALISMACEAE (p. 42).
11. JUNCAGINACEAE. Arrow grass Family.
1. TRIGLOCHIN L. Arrow grass.
Perennial herbs with fleshy grasslike leaves clustered at the base of the scapelike stem; flowers small, spicate, with 3 ovate sepals and 3 similar petals; stamens 3 or 6; ovaries 3 or G, united, the capsule splitting at maturity into 3 or G carpels.
KEY TO THE SPECIES.
CarpelsG; plants tall, GO to 80 cm. high, stout 1. T.maritimum.
Carpels 3; plants low, 35 cm. high or less, slender 2. T.palustre.
1. Triglochin maritimum L. Sp. PL 339. 1753. Type locality: "Habitat in Europae maritimis."
Range: Throughout the United States and in Mexico; also in Europe and Asia. New Mexico: Fitzgerald Cienaga; Mescalero Agency; Tularosa. Marshes, in the Transition Zone.
2. Triglochin palustre L. Sp. PI. 338. 1753.
Type locality: "Habitat in Europae inundatis uligino i "
Rangb: Widely distributed in North America; also in South America, Europe, and
A-i;l.
\'i:w Mexico: Grass Mountain; Rio Pueblo; Silver Spring Canyon. Wei ground, in the Trarj ii ion and < Sanadian zones.
42 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM.
12. AIISMACEAE. Water-plantain Family.
Marsh herbs with fibrous roots, scapose stems, spongy petioles, and oval or sagittate leaf blades; leaves all radical; flowers perfect, monoecious, or dioecious; perianth of 3 herbaceous persistent sepals and as many white deciduous petals; stamens 6 or more; ovaries numerous, becoming 1-seeded achenes.
KEY TO THE GENERA.
Leaf blades ovate or oblong; all flowers perfect; carpels
not winged; inflorescence paniculate 1. Alisma (p. 42).
Leaf blades sagittate; all or part of the flowers unisexual; carpels winged; inflorescence raceme-like. Lower flowers of the inflorescence pistillate ; pedicels
slender; leaves longer than broad 2. Sagittaria (p. 42).
Lower flowers of the inflorescence perfect; pedicels
stout; leaves broader than long 3. Lophotocarpus (p. 42).
1. ALISMA L. Water-plantain.
Perennial with long-petioled leaves, ovate or oblong, acute blades, and 1 or 2 scapes terminating in a loose pyramidal panicle; flowers small; carpels numerous, in a simple circle on a flattened receptacle. 1. Alisma plantago-aquatica L. Sp. PI. 342. 1753.
Type locality: "Habitat in Europae aquosis & ad ripas fluviorum, lacuum."
Range: Nearly throughout North America; also in Europe and Asia.
New Mexico: Near Horace ( Wooton). Wet ground.
2. SAGITTARIA L. Arrow head.
Stoloniferous perennial herbs with long-petioled sheathing leaves with sagittate blades; stems simple, bearing a few whorls of flowers, the staminate flowers above, the pistillate below; ovaries many, on a globular receptacle, becoming flat membranous winged achenes. 1. Sagittaria arifolia Nutt.; J. G. Smith, Rep. Mo. Bot. Gard. 6: 32. 1895.
Type locality: Oregon.
Range: British America southward through the western United States.
New Mexico: San Juan Valley; Taos; Santa Fe; Belen; Reserve. Wet ground chiefly in the Upper Sonoran Zone.
3. LOPHOTOCARPUS Durand.
A perennial herb similar to the preceding, but the lower flowers of the inflorescence perfect instead of pistillate; leaves broadly sagittate. 1. Lophotocarpus calycinus(Engelm.) J. G. Smith, Mem. Torrey Club 5: 25. 1894.
Sagittaria calycina Engelm. in Torr. U. S. & Mex. Bound. Bot. 212. 1859.
Sagittaria calycina maxima Engelm. loc. cit.
Sagittaria calycina media Engelm. loc. cit.
Type locality: "On the Red River, Louisiana."
Range: South Dakota and Delaware to Alabama and New Mexico.
New Mexico: Mesilla (Wooton 74). Wet ground, in the Lower Sonoran Zone.
Order 10. POALES.
KEY TO THE FAMILIES.
Leaves 2-ranked; margins of sheaths not united; stems
mostly hollow 13. POACEAE (p. 43).
Leaves 3-ranked; margins of sheathe united; stems solid. 14. CYPERACEAE (p. 110).
WOOTON AND STANDLEY FLORA OF NEW MEXICO. 43
13. POACEAE. Grass Family.1
Fibrous-rooted annual or perennial herbs, often with rootstocks, with jointed, usually hollow, cylindrical stems and 2-ranked leaves, their blades parallel-veined, mostly long and narrow, their bases forming an open or rarely a closed sheath around the stem; inflorescence an open or spikelike panicle, a raceme, or a spike; flowers usually perfect, small, without a distinct perianth, arranged in spikelets, these con- sisting of an articulate axis (rachilla) and 3 to many 2-ranked bracts, the lower 2 (glumes) being empty, the succeeding 1 or more (lemmas) each containing in its axil a single flower subtended by a palea; stamens usually 3; pistil 1, with a 1-celled, 1-ovuled ovary, 2 styles, and plumose stigmas; fruit a caryopsis with a starchy endo- sperm and a small embryo.
KEY TO THE TRIBES.
Spikelets dorsally compressed, falling from the pedicels entire, 1-flowered, or some- times with a rudimentary flower below the perfect one. Lemma and palea hyaline, much more delicate in texture than the glumes.
Spikelets unisexual, the pistillate borne in the lower, the staminate in the
upper part of the same spike I. MAYDEAE.
Spikelets in pairs, one sessile, the other pedicellate, the former perfect, the latter perfect or with a staminate flower, often reduced to 1 or 2
scales n. ANDROPOGONEAE.
Lemmas, at least those of the perfect flowers, similar in texture to the glumes or thicker and firmer, never hyaline. Lemma and palea membranous; spikelets in groups of 3, these falling together
from the continuous axis m. ZOYSDSAE.
Lemma and palea chartaceous to coriaceous, different in color and texture
from the glumes; spikelets various IV. PANICEAE.
Spikelets laterally compressed, at least at maturity, the glumes usually persistent on the pedicel or rachis after the fall of the florets, 1 to many-flowered, the rudi- mentary flower, if any, usually uppermost. Spikelets in 2 rows, sessile or nearly so.
Spikelets on one side of the continuous axis, forming one-sided spikes, these
digitate or paniculate VTn. CHLORIDEAE.
Spikelets alternate on opposite sides of a channeled, sometimes articulate,
axis; spikes solitary X. HORDEAE.
Spikelets borne in an open or spikelike panicle or raceme, usually upon distinct pedicels. Spikelets with 1 perfect flower.
No rudimentary or staminate floret below the perfect one.
V. PHALARIDEAE. A pair of rudimentary or staminate florets below the perfect one.
VI. AGROSTIDEAE. Spikelets 2 to many-flowered.
Lemmas usually shorter than the glumes; awn dorsal or Erom between the
teeth of the bidentate apex, usually bent VII. AVENEAE.
Lemmas usually longer than the glumes; awn terminal (rarely dona! in Bromus) and straight, or none IX. FESTUCEAE.
1 Fox a more extended account of N<w Mexican grasses from an economic stand- point, see Wootoo and Standley, N. Mex. Agx. Exp. Bta. Bull. 81. 1912.
44 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM.
KEY TO THE GENERA.
Tribe I. MAYDEAE. A single genus". 1. Tripsacum (p. 49).
Tribe H. ANDKOPOGONEAE.
Spikelets all pedicellate, the longer pediceled one per- fect, long-awned, the short-pediceled one stami-
nate, awnless 2. Trachypogon (p. 49).
Some of the spikelets sessile, these perfect, the pedi- cellate spikelets staminate, sterile, or reduced to a pedicel.
Spikelets all awnless 3. Elyonurus (p. 49).
Perfect spikelets awned.
Lower spikelets unlike the others 9. Heteropogon (p. 52).
Sessile spikelets all alike.
Racemes single; rachis joints with a cup- shaped appendage at the tip 4. Schizachyrium (p. 49).
Racemes 2 or more; rachis joints not ap- pendaged. Rachis joints and pedicels sulcate,
translucent 5. Amphlophis (p. 50).
Rachis neither sulcate nor trans- lucent.
Some of the racemes sessile 6. Andropogon (p. 51).
All the racemes pedunculate. Pedicellate spikelets re- duced to a pedicel. . . 8. Sorghastrum (p. 52). Pedicellate spikelets stami- nate 7. Holcus (p. 51).
Tribe IH. ZOYSIEAE.
Second glumes covered with hooked spines 10. Nazia (p. 52).
Second glumes not spiny 11. Hilaria (p. 53).
Tribe IV. PANICEAE.
Spikelets involucrate.
Involucre a spiny bur, falling with the spikelets. .20. Oenchrus (p. Gl). Involucre of numeroxis bristles, persistent on the
axis after the fall of the spikelets 19. Chaetochloa (p. 60).
Spikelets not involucrate.
Glumes, at least the second, awned or cuspidate. .18. Echinochxoa (p. 59). Glumes not awned.
Spikelets lanceolate; fruit cartilaginous, not rigid, the white hyaline margins of the lemma not inrollcd. Spikelets densely covered with long
silky hair3 12. Valota (p. 54).
Spikelets glabrous or nearly so.
Iji florescence of slender racemes,
digitately arranged 13. Syntherisma (p. 54).
Inflorescence a capillary panicle 14. Leptoloma (p. 54).
WOOTON AND STANDLEY PLOEA OF NEW MEXICO. 45
Spikelets oval or obovate; fruit chartaceous, rigid, the lemma margins inrolled, not hyaline. First glume present; spikelets panicled,
rarely in racemes 17. Panicum (p. 56).
First glume obsolete; spikelets in racemes. Spikelet with a swollen ringlike cal- lus below; fruit awn-tipped... 15. Eriochloa (p. 54). Spikelets without a callus; fruit not
awned 16. Paspalum (p. 55).
Tribe V. PHALAKIDEAE.
Panicles dense and contracted; sterile lemmas minute. 21. Phalaris (p. 61). Panicles loose and open; sterile lemmas inclosing
staminate flowers 22. Savastana (p. 61).
Tribe VI. AGROSTIDEAE.
Lemmas indurated at maturity, closely inclosing the grain . Spikelets in pairs, one perfect, the other staminate
or sterile (in spikelike panicles) 23. Lycurus (p. 62).
Spikelets not in pairs, all perfect.
Lemma 3-awned (2 of the awns sometimes very
small) 24. Aristida (p. 62).
Lemmas 1-awned or awnless.
Awns twisted and bent 25. Stipa (p. 65).
Awns not twisted, or wanting.
Lemmas narrow ; awns, when present,
persistent 26. Muhlenbergia (p. 68).
Lemmas broad; awns deciduous 27. Oryzopsis (p. 72).
Lemmas usually thin at maturity, at least more delicate than the glumes; grain loosely inclosed. Glumes conspicuously compressed-keeled; panicle dense and spikclike, cylindrical. Rachilla jointed above the glumes, these per- sistent; lemma awnless 28. Phleum (p. 73).
Rachilla jointed below the glumes, these fall- ing with the spikelets; lemma awned. .29. Alopecurus (p. 73). Glumes not compressed-keeled; panicles mostly open and spreading, rarely crowded and spikclike. Panicle spikelike, elongated, 30 cm. long or
more 30. Epicamfi s (p. i
Panicle not elongated.
Spikelets articulated below the glumes; falling entire.
Glumes awned; panicles dense S3. Polypooon i]>. 77).
Glumes awnless; panicles open 34. < iw\ (p
Spikelets articulated above the glumes, these persistent after the fall of the florete.
46 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM.
Lemmas pilose on the nerves 31. Blepharoneuron (p. 74).
Lemmas not pilose on the nerves. Lemmas 1-nerved; pericarp sep- arating from the seed 32. Sporobolus (p. 75).
Lemmas 3 to 5-nerved; peri- carp adherent to the seed. Rachilla prolonged behind the palea; lemma with a short awn on
the back 36. Calamagrostis (p. 79).
Rachilla not prolonged be- hind the palea; lem- mas awn less. Glumes longer than the
floret 37. Oalamovilfa (p. 80).
Glumes shorter than the
floret 35. Agrostis (p. 78).
Tribe VII. AVENEAE.
Awns attached between the teeth of the lemma, flat- tened 38. Danthonia (p. 80).
Awn a dorsal, not flattened.
Grain adherent to the palea; spikelets mostly
more than 10 mm. long 39. Avena (p. 81).
Grain free; spikelets less than 10 mm. long.
Lemmas erose or shortly 2-lobed at the apex;
panicles open 40. Deschampsia (p. 81).
Lemmas deeply 2-toothed at the apex, the teeth awn -pointed; panicles dense and congested 41. Trisetum (p. 82).
Tribe Vm. CHLORIDE AE.
Spikelets unisexual, dissimilar; flowers monoecious or
dioecious 42. Bulbilis (p. 82).
Spikelets all alike.
Spikelets with 2 to 4 perfect flowers.
Spikelets small, numerous, approximate;
glumes thin 43. Leptochloa (p. 83).
Spikelets large, few, distant; glumes firm
and thick 44. Acamptoclados (p. 84).
Spikelets with 1, rarely 2, perfect flowers.
[Rachilla jointed below the boat-shaped in- flated glumes, the whole spikelet fall- ing at maturity 45. Beckmannia (p. 84).
Rachilla jointed above the glumes, these per- sistent, not boat-shaped. No sterile lemmas present above the perfect floret. Plants with long stolons; spikelets numerous, crowded; spikes 2 to 6, digitate 46. Capriola (p. 84).
WOOTON AND STANDLEY FLORA OF NEW MEXICO.
47
Plants without stolons; spikelets few, scattered; spikes scattered
along the central axis 47. Schedonardus (p. 85).
One to several sterile lemmas above the perfect florets. Spikes scattered along the central
axis 48. Bouteloua (p. 85).
Spikes digitate, or crowded near the end of the stem. Lemmas with a single awn or
awnless 49. Chloris (p. 87).
Lemmas 3-awned 50. Trichxoris (p. 88).
Tribe IX. FESTUCEAE.
Lemmas with numerous (9 or more) awnlike divisions
or awned lobes 51. Pappophorum (p. 88).
Lemmas with few lobes or entire.
Lemmas, at least those of the pistillate spikelets,
3-lobed and 3-awned 52. Scxeropogon (p. 89).
Lemmas entire or at most 2-lobed.
Hairs on the rachilla or lemma very long, ex- ceeding the lemma in length.
Rachilla hairy; lemma naked 53. Phragmites (p. 89).
Rachilla naked; lemma hairy 54. Arundo (p. 89).
Hairs, if any, on the rachilla and lemma shorter than the latter. Stigmas barbellate, on long styles; spike- lets in 3's in the axils of the spin- escent leaves; plants spreading,
woolly when young 55. Munroa (p. 90).
Stigmas plumose, sessile or on short styles; spikelets and plants various. Lemmas 1 to 3-nerved.
Lateral nerves of the lemmas hairy. Lemmas deeply 2-lobed. . . .56. Dasyochloa (p. 90). Lemmas entire or b ut slightly 2-lobed. Inflorescence a short crowded raceme; leaf blades with cartilaginous mar- gins; plants low
and tufted 57. EriONEUBOM (p. 90u
Inflorescence a rather large panicle; leaf blades without
cartilaginous mar- gins; plants tall. 68. Tridbns (p. 91). Lateral nerves of the lemmas glabrous.
Second glume very unlike the first, broadened
upward 59, SfBBNOFHOI i-^ (p. 92).
48 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM.
Second glume similar to the
first, not broadened
upward.
Panicles narrow, dense
and spikelike,
the branches
erect 60. Koeleria (p. 92).
Panicles open, the branches spread- ing 61. Eragrostis (p. 93).
Lemmas 5 to many-nerved.
Spikelets with 2 or more of the up- per glumes empty, broad and
infolding each other 62. Melica (p. 95).
Spikelets with the upper glumes flower-bearing or narrow and • abortive.
Stigmas plainly arising from be- low the apex of the ovary. . .63. Bromus (p. 95). Stigmas placed at or near the apex of the ovary. Spikelets in 1-sided fascicles arranged in a glomerate or
interrupted panicle 64. Dactylis (p. 97).
Spikelets in panicles of ra- cemes. Glumes more or less laterally compressed and keeled. Flowers dioecious ; lemmas
coriaceous 65. Distichlis (p. 98).
Flowers monoecious, most of the flowers perfect; lemmas thin, scari-
ous-margined 66. Poa (p. 98).
Glumes rounded on the back, at least below the mid- dle. Lemmas acute, pointed or
awned at the apex. . .67. Festuca (p. 101). Lemmas obtuse or acutish, usually toothed. Lemmas distinctly 5 to 7-nerved; styles
present 68. Panicularia (p. 103).
Lemmas obscurely 5- nerved; styles none 69. Puccinellia (p. 104).
Tribe X. HORDEAE.
Spikelets usually single at the nodes of the rachis.
Glumes with their sides turned toward the rachis.. 70. Agropyron (p. 104). Glumes with their backs turned toward the rachis. 71. Lolium (p. 106).
WOOTON AND STANDLEY FLORA OF NEW MEXICO. 49
Spikelets 2 to 6 at each joint of the rachia or if solitary the glumes arranged obliquely to the rachis. Spikelets 1-flowered or with a rudimentary second
flower 72. Hordeum (p. 106).
Spikelets 2 to many- flowered.
Rachis of the spikes jointed, readily breaking
into joints 73. Sitanion (p. 107).
Rachis of the spikes continuous, not breaking
into joints 74. Elymus (p. 108).
1. TKIPSACITCVI L.
Tall stout perennial with creeping rootstocks, broad flat leaves, and terminal digitate inflorescence, the spikes separating into joints at maturity; spikelets unisexual, the staminate in pairs at the joints of the rachis above, the pistillate solitary, embedded in each joint of the rachis below in the same inflorescence; glumes of the staminate spikelet subcoriaceous, those of the pistillate spikelet finally cartilaginous, the lemmas and paleas hyaline.
1. Tripsacum lanceolatum Rupr.; Fourn. Mex. PI. 2: 68. 1886. Type locality: Aguas Calientes, Mexico. Range: Southwestern New Mexico to southern Mexico. New Mexico: Guadalupe Canyon (E. C. Mcrton 2035).
2. TRACHYPOGON Nees.
Rather tall perennials with narrow leaves and usually solitary, long-exserted racemes; spikelets 1-flowered, in pairs at the nodes of the imperfectly jointed rachia, one nearly sessile, awnless, sterile, the other pedicellate, fertile, long-awned; glumes rigid, the outer large and inclosing the other; lemmas produced into long twisted geniculate awns.
1. Trachypogon montufari (H. B. K.) Nees, Agrost. Bras. 312. 1820.
Andropogon montafari IT. B. K. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 1: 184. 1816.
Type locality: "In aridis, apricis rcgni Quitensis prope Conocoto, Pintae et Mi- lam Chilloensem Montufari."
Range: New Mexico and Arizona to Mexico and South America.
New Mexico: Near "White Water (Mearns 353). Dry hills.
3. ELYONUPvTJS Humb. & Bonpl.
Low or tall annuals or perennials with rather rigid leaves and solitary terminal racemes; spikelets L-flowered, awnless; first glume rigid or eous, 2-toothed
at the apex, the margins inflexed, more or less ciliate, with balsam-bearing lines between tin" lateral keels, the second a little shorter than the first, acute; lemma delicate and hyaline; palea minute or none; stamens 3; styles distinct.
1. Elyonurus barbiculmis Hack. Ld DC. Monogr. Phan. 6:330. 1889. Tvi'i; locality: Western Texas.
Range: Southern Ne'vi Mexico and Ajizona to western Texas and adjacenl Mexico. New Mexico: Dog Spring (Mearna 2376). Dry hills.
4. SCHIZ ACH YRIUM Nei ORASS.
Tall perennials, tufted or Erom rootstocks, with Mat or Involute leaves, and spikelike solitary raceme-; terminating the stem or its branches; Bpikelets in pair- ;ii each node of the jointed and often hairy rachis. one sessile and fertile, the other pedicellate and sterile; glumes indurated 9ometim< pubescent; lemma entire or 2-toothed at the
apex, bearing a straij hi . conl rted, or spiral awn; palea small, hyaline; sta ru I to
3; st_\ les distini I
r,LT,70o— 15 4
50 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM.
KEY TO THE SPECIES.
Hairs of the pedicels very few and short or none 1. S. cirratum.
Hairs of the pedicels long and silky, abundant.
Peduncles long and slender, much exserted 2. S. neomexicanum.
Peduncles short, stout, little if at all exserted 3. S. scoparium.
1. Schizachyrium cirratum (Hack.) Woot. & Standi. N. Mex. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull.
81: 30. 1912. Andropogon cirratus Hack. Flora 1885: 119. 1885. Type locality: Western Texas.
Range: Mountains of southern New Mexico and Arizona and adjacent Mexico. New Mexico: Star Peak; near Silver City; Mangas Springs; Dog Spring. Upper Sonoran Zone.
2. Schizachyrium neomexicanum Nash; Woot. & Standi. N. Mex. Agr. Exp. Sta.
Bull. 81:29. 1912. Andropogon neomexicanus Nash, Bull. Torrey Club 25: 83. 1898. Type locality: White Sands, New Mexico. Type collected by Wooton. Range: New Mexico.
New Mexico: Crawfords Ranch; Organ Mountains; mountains west of Grants Station; White Sands; Buchanan. Plains and low hills, in the Lower Sonoran Zone.
3. Schizachyrium scoparium (Michx.) Nash in Small, Fl. Southeast. U. S. 59. 1903. Andropogon scoparius Michx. Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 57. 1803.
Type locality: "Habitat in aridis syl varum Carolinae."
Range: British America to Texas, Florida, and Mexico.
New Mexico: Coolidge; San Lorenzo; Pecos; Clayton; Trout Spring; Taos; Raton Mountains; Sandia Mountains; Mogollon Mountains; White Mountains; Pecos Valley. Plains and low hills, in the Upper Sonoran and Transition zones.
5. AMPHILOPHIS Nash.
Tufted perennials with mostly flat leaves and showy, often silvery, white panicles, the axis short, making the panicle appear fanlike, or elongated; racemes usually numerous, the internodes with thickened margins, the median portion thin and translucent; pedicels ciliate with usually long hairs; first glume 2-keeled, the second 1-keeled; lemma hyaline, very narrow, stipelike, gradually merging into an awn; stamens 3; styles distinct.
KEY TO THE SPECIES.
Hairs on the rachis and pedicels shorter than the spikelets 1. A. wrightii.
Hairs on the rachis and pedicels longer than the spikelets.
Awns 10 mm. long or less; panicles usually small 2. A. saccharoides.
Awns mere than 10 mm. long; panicles large 3. A. barbinodis.
1. Amphilophis wrightii (Hack.) Nash in Britton, Man. 71. 1901. Andropogon wrightii Hack. Flora 1885: 139. 1885.
Type locality: "New Mexico." Type collected by Wright (no. 2104).
Range: Southern New Mexico and Arizona and northern Mexico.
New Mexico: Hillsboro (Metcalfe 1371). Dry hills, in the Upper Sonoran Zone.
2. Amphilophis saccharoides (Swartz) Nash; Woot. & Standi. N. Mex. Agr. Exp.
Sta. Bull. 81:30. 1912. Andropogon saccharoides Swartz, Prodr. Veg. Ind. Occ. 26. 1788. Type locality: Jamaica. Range: Western Texas and southern Arizona to Mexico and the West Indies.
WOOTON AND STANDLEY FLORA OF NEW MEXICO. 51
New Mexico: Mesilla Valley; Belen; Eagle Creek; Guadalupe Mountains; Lake- wood; Carlsbad. Mesas and valleys, in the Lower Sonoran Zone.
3. Amphilophis barbinodis (Lag.) Nash in Small, Fl. Southeast. U. S. 65. 1903.
Andropogon barbinodis Lag. Gen. & Sp. Nov. 3. 1816.
Type locality: "H [abitat] in N [ova] H [ispania]."
Range: Southern New Mexico and Arizona and northern Mexico.
New Mexico: Las Vegas Canyon; Black Range; Silver City; Burro Mountains; Mesilla Valley; Organ Mountains; NaraVisa; Buchanan; Knowles; Carlsbad. Dry hills and mesas, in the Lower and Upper Sonoran zones.
6. ANDROPOGON L. Tall sage grass.
Tall perennials, tufted or from elongated rootstocks, with flat or involute leaves and with spikelike racemes disposed in pairs or sometimes in 3's or more, terminating the stem or its branches; spikelets sometimes with a ring of short hairs at the base, in pairs at each node of the jointed and often hairy rachis, one sessile and fertile, the other pedicellate and sterile; glumes indurated, often pubescent; lemma entire or 2-toothed at the apex, awned or sometimes awnless; palea small, hyaline; stamens 1 to 3; styles distinct.
KEY TO THE SPECIES.
Second lemma of the sessile spikelet awnless, or with a short
straight awn 1. A. hallii.
Second lemma of the sessile spikelet with a long geniculate awn, more or less twisted at the base. Glumes of the sessile spikelet hispidulous all over; hairs of
the rachis intcrnodes 2 mm. long or less 2. A. furcatus.
Glumes of the sessile spikelet glabrous or nearly so except on the nerves;, hairs of the rachis internodes 3 to 4 mm. long 3. A. chrysocomus.
1. Andropogon hallii Hack. Sitzungsb. Akad. Wiss. Math. Naturw. (Wien) 89:
127. 1884. Type locality: Colorado.
Range: Montana and Nebraska to Kansas and Mexico.
Xi.sv Mexico: Near Portales; Buchanan; northeast of Clay ton ; mountains west of Las Vegas; Nara Visa; Arroyo Ranch. Plains, in the Upper Sonoran Zone.
2. Andropogon furcatus Muhl.; Willd. Sp. PI. 4: 919. 1806. Andropogon provincialis furcatus Hack, in DC. Monogr. Plum. 5: 1 12. 1889. Type locality: ''Habitat in America boreali."
Range: British America to Florida and New Mexico.
New Mexico: Tunitcha Mountains; Dulce. Dry hills and plains, in the Upper Sonoran Zone.
3. Andropogon chrysocomus Nash in Britton, Man. 70. 1901. Type locality: Stevens County, Kansas.1
Range: Kansas and Texas to New Mexico.
Ni:w Mexico: Carrizo Mountains; White and Sacramento mountains. Plainaand dry hills, in the Upper Sonoran and Transition zones.
7. HOLCUS L. Tall perennial with numerous long rootstocks, broad flat loaves, and large terminal panicles; spikelets in pairs or 8's at the en<ls of the branches, one sessile and perfect! the others pedicellate and staminate, dorsally compressed, pubescent <>r ^lahroua; glumes indurated; lemma hyaline, awned or awnless; stamens 3; styles distinct.
1 N. Amer. Fl. 17: 120. 1912.
52 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM.
1. Holcus halepensis L. Sp. PI. 1047. 1753. Johnson grass.
Andropogon halepensis Brot. Fl. Lusit 1: 89. 1804.
Sorghum halepense Pers. Syn. PL 1: 101. 1805.
Type locality: "Habitat in Syria, Mauritania."
Range: Native of the Old World, widely introduced into North America, frequent as a weed in cultivated fields.
New Mexico: Nara Visa; Mangas Springs; Hillsboro; Gila; Deming; Mesilla Valley; Pecos Valley.
This is common in several parts of New Mexico, especially in the irrigated river valleys. So far it has not been introduced into the valley of the San Juan, but it is well established in those of the Rio Grande and Pecos. In some parts of the State it has been cultivated for hay. Unfortunately it is a very troublesome weed, and in the Rio Grande Valley has become a dangerous pest in alfalfa fields, taking possession of them and crowding out the less aggressive alfalfa.
8. SORGHASTRTJM Nash. Indian grass.
Stout perennials with racemes arranged in open panicles; spikelets sessile at each joint of the slender rachis of the peduncled racemes, these reduced to 2 or 3 joints; sterile spikelets reduced to hairy pedicels; glumes indurated; sterile lemma hyaline, the fertile lemma reduced to hyaline appendages to the stout awn; palea obsolete.
1. Sorghastrum nutans (L.) Nash in Small, Fl. Southeast. U. S. 66. 1903.
Andropogon nutans L. Sp. PI. 1045. 1753.
Andropogon avenaceus Michx. Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 58. 1803.
Sorghum nutans A. Gray, Man. 617. 1848.
Type locality: "Habitat in Virginia, Jamaica."
Range: British America to Arizona and Florida.
New Mexico: Tesuque; Las Vegas; Clayton; East View; Kingston; RioMimbres. Plains, in the Upper Sonoran Zone.
9. HETEROPOGON Pers.
Coarse perennial with narrow leaves, compressed sheaths, and terminal solitary dense racemes; spikelets 1-flowered, in pairs at the rachis nodes, one sessile and fertile, the other pedicellate and staminate or sterile; glumes firm, convolute, awnless; lemma small, hyaline, awned; palea small and hyaline, or wanting; stamens 3; styles distinct.
1. Heteropogon contortus (L.) Roem. & Schult. Syst. Veg. 2: 836. 1817.
Andropogon contortus L. Sp. PI. 1045. 1753.
Type locality: "Habitat in India."
Range: Arizona and New Mexico to Tropical America; in tropical lands nearly around the world.
New Mexico: Hillsboro; Tortugas Mountain; Organ Mountains. Dry hills, in the Lower and Upper Sonoran zones.
10. NAZIA Adans.
Diffusely branched annual with flat leaves and terminal spikelike inflorescence; spikelets in groups of 3 to several at each joint of the main axis, the uppermost in each fascicle sterile, 1-flowered; first glume minute or wanting; second glume rigid, exceeding the lemma, its back covered with hooked spines; lemma and palea hya- line; stamens 3; styles short and distinct; grain oblong, free.
1. Nazia aliena (Spreng.) Scribn. U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Bull. 17: 28. 1899. Lappago aliena Spreng. Neu. Entd. 3: 15. 1822. Tragus alienus Schult. Mant. 2: 205. 1824. Type locality: "Hab. in Brasilia."
WOOTON AND STANDLEY FLOEA OF NEW MEXICO. 53
Range: Western Texas and southern Arizona to Mexico, and throughout tropical America.
New Mexico: Mogollon Mountains; Mangas Springs; Lake Valley; Socorro; Dem- ing; Burro Mountains; Organ Mountains; Carrizozo. Dry sandy soil, in the Lower Sonoran Zone.
11. HILARIA H. B. K.
Cespitose or decumbent perennials, often stoloniferous, with flat or involute leaves and terminal solitary spikes; spikelets sessile, in groups of 3 at each joint of the flexu- ous continuous rachis, the groups falling off entire, the 2 outer or anterior spikelets staminate and 2 or 3-flowered, the posterior or inner one pistillate or hermaphrodite and 1-flowered; glumes firm, unequal, many-nerved, more or less connate below, entire at the apex or divided, usually unequally 2-lobed with 1 to several inter- mediate awns or awnlike divisions; lemmas narrow; stamens 3; styles united below; grain ovoid or oblong, free.
KEY TO THE SPECIES.
Base of glumes with black or purplish glands ] . H. cenchroides.
Glumes not glandular.
Glumes cuneate, awnless, the nerves divergent 2. H.mutica.
Glumes linear or oblong, awned, the nerves approximate 3. H. jamesii.
1. Hilaria cenchroides H. B. K. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 1: 117. pi. 37. 1816.
Texas curly mesquite grass.
Type locality: "Crescit in planitie montana regni Mexicani, inter Zelaya et Guanaxuato, locis subfrigidis, alt. 980 hexap."
Range: Western Texas and southwestern New Mexico and southward.
New Mexico: Mangas Springs; Cook Spring. Dry hills, in the Upper Sonoran Zone.
2. Hilaria mutica (Buckl.) Benth. Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 19: 62. 1881.
TOBOSA GRASS.
Pleuraphis mutica Buckl. Proc. Acad. Phila. 1862: 95. 1863.
Type locality: "Northern Texas."
Range: Western Texas to southern Arizona and adjacent Mexico.
New Mexico: Common on the plains and low hills from the Black Range and White Mountains southward; also collected by Bigelow at Laguna Colorado. Lower and Upper Sonoran zones.
Tobosa grass is one of the most important range grasses on the plains and mesas of BOUtherrj New Mexico, being usually associated with black grama. Stock do not eal it after it has dried, because of its bard and somewhat woody stems, Inn they thrive upon it in late summer after the rains. 1 1 grows most frequently in Hats thai are sometimes Hooded, being able to resist flooding for considerable periods. It is also very r< ant to trampling.
3. Hilaria jamesii (Torr.) Benth. Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 19: 62. 1881.
( i \l I KTA QBASS.
Pleuraphis jamesii Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. 1: I IS. pi. It). L824.
Tvi'K locality: "On the high plains of the Trap Formation at the Bources of the Canadian Liver." Colorado or New Mexico. Type collected byJai
K'.'.i - Wyoming and Nevada to Texa ,
New Mexico: Ahundanl on the plains from the Mogollon Mountains, Bngle, and the White Mountains northward and eastward. Plains, in the I pper Sonoran Zone.
Galleta grass occupies (lie same position in northern New Mexico as tobosa In the southern part. It is by far the mosl abundant and characteristic plant on the piains in the northwestern corner of the State, often forming practically pure stand
54 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM.
many miles. It is probably the second most valuable range grass of New Mexico, being an excellent forage plant, very persistent, and not easily killed by overstocking.
12. VALOTA Adans.
Tufted perennials with flat leaves and narrow or contracted, densely hairy pani- cles; Bpikelets numerous, articulated below the glumes, 1-flowered; glumes mem- branous, densely silky-pilose or long-ciliate on the margins, often acuminate, some- times with a short bristle at the apex; lemma chartaceous, glabrous and shining, finally indurated; stamens 3; styles distinct.
1. Valota saccharata (Buckl.) Chase, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 19: 188. 1906.
Panieum lachnanthum Torr. U. S. Rep. Expl. Miss. Pacif. 73: 21. 1856, not Hochst. 1855.
Panieum saccharatum Buckl. Prel. Rep. Geol. Agr. Surv. Tex. App. 2. 1866.
Trichachne saccharatum Nash in Small, Fl. Southeast. U. S. 83. 1903.
Type locality: "Middle Texas."
Range: Colorado and Texas to Arizona and Mexico.
New Mexico: Albuquerque; Mangas Springs; Black Range; Dog Spring; Dona Ana and Organ Mountains; Causey. Dry hills and plains, in the Lower and Upper Sonoran zones.
13. SYNTHERISMA Walt.
Annuals with branched culms, thin flat leaves, and subdigitate inflorescence; opikelets 1-flowered, lanceolate-elliptic, sessile or short-pediceled, solitary or in 2's and 3's in 2 rows on one side of a continuous, narrow or winged rachis, forming slender racemes, these aggregated toward the top of the culm; glumes 1 to 3-nerved, the first sometimes obsolete; sterile lemma 5-nerved, the fertile indurated, papillose-striate, with a hyaline margin. 1. Syntherisma sanguinale (L.) Dulac, Fl. Haut. Pyr. 77. 1867. Crabgrass.
Panieum sanguinale L. Sp. PI. 57. 1753.
Digitaria sanguinalis Scop. Fl. Cam. ed. 2. 1: 52. 1772.
Type locality: "Habitat in America, Europa australi."
Range: Cultivated and waste grounds in nearly all parts of the United States, introduced from Europe.
New Mexico: Galisteo; Animas Creek; Deming; Mesilla Valley; Guadalupe Mountains.
14. LEPTOLOMA Chase.
Tufted perennials with flat leaves and diffuse terminal panicles, these breaking away at maturity and becoming "tumbleweeds;" spikelets 1-flowered, fusiform, solitary on long capillary pedicels; first glume obsolete or minute, the second 3-nerved, nearly as long as the 5 to 7-nerved sterile lemma; fertile lemma indurated, papillose, with a hyaline margin, this not inrolled; grain free.
1. Leptoloma cognatum (Schult.) Chase, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 19: 92. 1906.
Fall witch grass.
Panieum cognatum Schult. Mant. 2: 235. 1824.
Panieum autumnale Bosc; Spreng. Syst. Veg. 1 : 320. 1825.
Type locality: "In Carolina."
Range: New Hampshire and Florida to Minnesota, New Mexico, and Mexico.
New Mexico: Organ Mountains; Knowles; Buchanan; Tortugas Mountain; Roswell. Dry soil, in the Lower and Upper Sonoran zones.
15. ERIOCHLOA H. B. K.
Annuals or perennials with usually flat leaves and terminal panicles composed of numerous somewhat one-sided racemes; spikelets 1-flowered, hermaphrodite; rachilla jointed below the glumes and expanded into a distinct ringlike callus; glumes 2, the
WOOTON AND STANDLEY FLORA OP NEW MEXICO. 55
first reduced to a ring at the articulation, the second equaling the lemma, membrana- ceous, more or less acuminate; lemma slightly indurated, mucronate or shortly awn- pointed; palea shorter than the lemma; stamens 3; styles distinct; grain included within the hardened lemma, free.
1. Eriochloa polystachya H. B. K. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 1: 95. pi. SI. 1816.
Type locality: Near Guayaquil, Ecuador.
Range: Florida and Arizona to Mexico and Tropical America.
New Mexico: Belen; Mesilla Valley; Pena Blanca; White Mountains. Moist ground, in the Lower and Upper Sonoran zones.
16. PASPALTJM L.
Perennials, often stoloniferous, with flat leaves; spikelets 1-flowered, plano-convex, nearly sessile in 2 or 4 rows along one side of a continuous, narrow or dilated rachis, forming simple racemes, these either solitary or 2 or more, digitate or paniculate; rachilla jointed below the glumes; glumes awnless, obtuse, membranaceous, the first usually wanting (often present in P. distichum, shorter than the second); grain oblong, inclosed within the indurated lemma and palea.
KEY TO THE SPECIES.
Stems creeping, rooting at the nodes; inflorescence of 2 terminal
spikes 1. P. distichum.
Stems not creeping, mostly erect, not rooting at the nodes; panicle of more than 2 scattered spikes. Spikelets on short pedicels; plants almost glabrous, the slender
hairs mostly confined to the leaf margins 2. P. ciliatifolium.
Spikelets sessile or nearly so; plants more or less villous with
stiff hairs all over the leaves 3. P. bushii.
1. Paspalum distichum L. Amoen. Acad. 5: 391. 1759. Joint grass. Type locality: Jamaica.
Range: California and North Carolina to Florida; also in South America, East Indies, and Australia.
New Mexico: Socorro; Kingston; Mangas Springs; Rincon; Cienaga Ranch; Apache Teju; Mesilla Valley; Organ Mountains. River valleys, especially in day soil, in the Lower and Upper Sonoran zones.
A common weed in irrigated fields, difficult to exterminate because of its long, creeping stems.
2. Paspalum ciliatifolium Michx. Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 44. 1803.
Paspalum setaceum ciliatifolium Vasey, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 3: 17. 1892.
Type locality: " Habitat in Carolina."
Range: New Mexico and Texas to New Jersey and Florida; also in Mexico and South America.
Xkw Mexico: Arroyo Ranch, near Roswell (GfriffUhs 5734). l>ry Boil, in the Upper Sonoran Zone.
3. Paspalum bushii Nash in Britton, Man. 71. L901. Type locality: Missouri.
Range: Missouri to Kansas and eastern New Mexico.
Nkw Mexico: Northeast of Clayton; Bands south of Melrose; Nara Visa. Plains,
in the Upper Sonoran Zone.
56 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM.
17. PANICUM L. Panic grass.
Annuals or perennials; spikelets 1-flowered, or rarely with a staminate flower below the terminal perfect one, paniculate; glumes very unequal, the first often minute, the second subequal to the sterile lemma; fertile lemma and palea chartaceous- indurated, the nerves obsolete, the margins of the lemma inrolled; grain free within the rigid lemma and palea.
KEY TO THE SPECIES.
Spikelets arranged in pairs in 1-sided racemes; plants spread- ing by long stolons 1. P. obtusum.
Spikelets panicled; plants without stolons.
Leaf blades of two sorts, those of the stems broad and short. Spikelets less than 3 mm. long; leaf blades thin;
sheaths glabrous or sparsely hispid 2. P. helleri.
Spikelets more than 3 mm. long; leaf blades firm; at
least some of the sheaths hispid 3. P. scribnerianum.
Leaf blades all alike. Annuals.
Inflorescence of several more or less secund, spike- like racemes. Spikelets strongly reticulate- veined, glab- rous 4. P.fasciculatum reti-
culatum. Spikelets not reticulate-veined, pubescent
and copiously papillose-hirsute 5. P. arizonicum.
Inflorescence a more or less diffuse panicle.
First glume very short, not over one-fourth the length of the second ; sheaths glab- rous 6. P. dichotomiflorum.
First glume longer, half as long as the second or more; sheaths pubescent.
Panicles somewhat drooping 7. P. miliaceum.
Panicles erect.
Panicles large, more than half the
length of the entire plant 8. P .barbipulvinatum.
Panicles small, not over one-third the length of the plants. First glume more than three- fourths the length of the second; spikelets 4 mm.
long 9. P. pampinosum.
First glume half to two-thirds the length of the second; spikelets not over 3.3 mm.
long 10. P. hirlicaule.
Perennials.
Stems neither bulbous nor rhizomatous.
Sterile palea enlarged and indurated at ma- turity; glumes acute 11. P. Mans.
Sterile palea not enlarged; glumes acumi- nate 12. P. hallii.
WOOTON AND STANDLEY— FLORA OF NEW MEXICO. 57
Stems bulbous at the base or rhizomatous. Glumes acuminate.
Spikelets 3 to 5 mm. long; first glume
acuminate to cuspidate 13. P. virgatum.
Spikelets 6 to 8 mm. long; first glume
acute 14. P. havardii.
Glumes obtuse or merely acute, never acu- minate.
Culms from a rootstock, not bulbous 15. P. plenum.
Culms from enlarged bulbous bases.
Leaf blades over 5 mm. wide; culms
usually over 1 meter high 16. P. bulbosum.
Leaf blades less than 5 mm. wide; cnlrns usually less than 1 me- ter high IGa. P. bulbosum scia-
philum.
1. Panicum obtusum H. B. K. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 1: 98. 1816.
Vine mesquite grass.
Brachiaria obtusa Nash in Britton, Man. 77. 1901.
Type locality: "Crescit in planitie montana regni Mexicani prope (iuanaxuato et Burras, in humidis, alt. 1,0S0 hexap."
Range: Colorado and Missouri to Texas, Arizona, and Mexico.
New Mexico: Common from Gallup, Santa Fe, Las Vegas, and Clayton south- ward across the State. Plains and river valleys, in the Lower and Upper Sonoran zones.
2. Panicum helleri Nash, Bull. Torrey Club 26: 572. 1899. Panicum pernervosum Nash, Bull. Torrey Club 26: 576. 1899. Type locality: Kerrville, Kerr County, Texas.
Range: Missouri and Louisiana to Texas and New Mexico.
New Mexico: West Fork of the Gila; Sierra Grande. Plains and low hills, in the Upper Sonoran Zone.
3. Panicum scribnerianum Nash, Bull. Torrey Club 22: 421. 1895. Tyi>e locality: Pennsylvania.
Range: Washington and Maine to California, New Mexico, Texas, and Maryland. New Mexico: Las Vegas (Cockerell). Dry fields, in the Upper Sonoran Zone.
4. Panicum fasciculatum reticulatum (Torr.) Boal, G ra ssd V. Amcr. 2: 117. 1896. Panicum reticulatum Tarr. in Marry, Expl. Red Riv. 299. 1852.
Type locality: "Main fork of Red River," Tex
Range: Texas and Arizona to Mexico.
New Mexico: Socorro (Plank 38). Diy fields-.
5. Panicum arizonicum Scribn. A Merr. U. S. Dcpt. Agr. Div. Agrost. Circ. 32:
2. 1901.
Type locality: On mesas near Gamp Lowell, Santa Cruz Valley, Arizona.
Range: New Mexico and southern California to northern Mexico.
New Mexico: Mogollon ('rook; Mangas Springs; Burro Mountains; Billsboro; mesa west of Organ Mountains. Dry hills and sandy mesas, in the Lower and Upper Sonoran zones.
6. Panicum dichotonuflorum Michx. Fl. Bor. Amer. 1:48. L803. Type locality: "Hub. in octidentalibusmontium Alleghania."
Range: Maine and Nebraska to Florida and Texas, and in California; also In Mexico, the Wesl [ndies, and South America. New Mexioo: Last ruces (Plant 29). Lower and Upper Sonoran a a.
58 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM.
7. Panicum miliaceum L. Sp. PI. 58. 1753. Hog millet. Milium panicum Mill. Gard. Diet. no. 1. 1759.
Milium esculentum Moench, Meth. PI. 203. 1794. Type locality: "Habitat in India."
Range: Native of the Old World, introduced rather sparingly in the United States; often cultivated. New Mexico: Flora Vista; Gilmores Ranch.
8. Panicum barbipulvinatum Nash, Mem. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 1: 21. 1900. Type locality: "Yellowstone Park; Lower Geyser Basin."
Range: British Columbia and Wisconsin to California and Texas. New Mexico: Common throughout the State except along the Pecos Valley and eastward. Sandy fields, in the Lower and Upper Sonoran zones.
9. Panicum pampinosum Hitchc. & Chase, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 15: 66. 1910. Type locality: "On range reserve, altitude 2,600 feet, Wilmot, Arizona." Range: Southern New Mexico and Arizona.
New Mexico: Organ Mountains; Grant County. Dry hills, in tbe Upper Sonoran Zone.
10. Panicum hirticaule Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1: 308. 1830. Type locality: Acapulco, Mexico.
Range: New Mexico and southern California to Mexico.
New Mexico: Southwest corner of the State, north to Mangas Springs, east to the Organ Mountains. Dry hills and plains, in the Lower and Upper Sonoran zones.
11. Panicum hians Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. 1: 118. 1816. Type locality: South Carolina or Georgia.
Range: South Carolina and Florida to Texas and New Mexico.
New Mexico: Las Cruces (Plank 6). Damp ground, in the Lower Sonoran Zone.
12. Panicum hallii Vasey, Bull. Torrey Club 11: 64. 1884. Type locality: Dry hills, Austin, Texas.
Range: Texas to Arizona, south into Mexico.
New Mexico: Cross L Ranch; Mangas Springs; Deming; Las Cruces; Organ Moun- tains; Buchanan; Roswell; Carlsbad; Queen. Dry hills and mesas, in the Lower and Upper Sonoran zones.
13. Panicum virgatum L. Sp. PI. 59. 1753. Switch grass. Panicum giganteum Scheele, Linnsea 22: 340. 1849.
Type locality: "Habitat in Virginia."
Range: Wyoming and Maine to Florida and Arizona, south into Mexico and the West Indies.
New Mexico: Farmington; Pecos; Tesuque; Grant County; Organ Mountains; Ruidoso Creek; Roswell. Plains and low hills, in the Upper Sonoran Zone.
14. Panicum havardii Vasey, Bull. Torrey Club 14: 95. 1887. Type locality: Guadalupe Mountains, Texas.
Range: Western Texas to New Mexico and Mexico.
New Mexico: Las Vegas; Roswell. Plains and low hills, in the Upper Sonoran Zone.
15. Panicum plenum Hitchc. & Chase, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 15: 80. 1910. Type locality: Mangas Springs, New Mexico. Type collected by Metcalfe (no.
739).
Range: Texas to southern Arizona and northern Mexico.
New Mexico: Mangas Springs; Organ Mountains. Dry hills and canyons, in the Upper Sonoran Zone.
WOOTON AND STANDLEY FLORA OF NEW MEXICO. 59
16. Panicum bulbosum H. B. K. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 1: 99. 1815.
Panicum maximum bulbosum Vasey in Wheeler, Rep. XJ. S. Surv. 100th Merid. G: 295. 1878.
Type locality: "Creseit in Novae Hispaniae scopulosis et frigidis juxta Santa Rosa, Los Joares et Guanaxuato, inter 1,070 et 1,360 hexap."
Range: Arizona and New Mexico to Mexico.
New Mexico: Las Vegas; Carpenter Creek; Animas Valley; Burro Mountains; Copper Mines; Organ Mountains; West Fork of the Gila; Ruidoso Creek. Canyons and open slopes, in the Upper Sonoran Zone.
16a. Panicum bulbosum sciaphilum (Rupr.) Hitchc. & Chase, Confer. TJ. S. Nat. Herb. 15: 83. 1910.
Panicum sciaphilum Rupr.; Fourn. Mex. PI. 2: 19. 1881.
Panicum bulbosum minor Vasey, U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Bot. Bull. 8: 38. 1889.
Type locality: Sierra de Yavesia, Mexico.
Range: Arizona and New Mexico to Mexico.
New Mexico: Mangas Springs; Las Vegas; Organ Mountains; Gray. Canyons and low hills, in the Upper Sonoran Zone.
18. ECHINOCHLOA Beauv.
Coarse annuals with compressed sheaths, long flat leaves, and terminal panicles of stout racemes; spikelets 1-flowered, with sometimes a staminate flower below the perfect terminal one, nearly sessile in one-sided racemes; glumes unequal, spiny- hispid, mucronate; sterile lemma similar, awned from the apex, inclosing a hyaline palea; fertile lemma and palea chartaceous, acuminate; margins of the glume inrolled except at the summit.
key to the species.
Spikes simple 1 . E. colon wm .
Spikes compound.
Awns about 25 mm. long 2. E. crus-galli.
Awns 2 mm. long or less 3. E. zelayensia.
1. Ecbinochloa colonum (L.) Link, Hort. Berol. 2: 209. 1833. Jungle rice. Panicum colonum L. Syst. Nat. ed. 10. 870. L759.
Type locality: Jamaica.
Range: Wet ground and cultivated fields, Kansas and Virginia, southward through- out tropical America.
New Mexico: Deming; Mesilla Valley; Organ Mountains; Gavilan Canyon. Wet ground and cultivated fields, in the Lower and Upper Sonoran zones.
The subspecies zonalis is a form with transverse purplish hands upon the leaves. It is common with the typical form, and is especially abundant anions those plants that have grown in dry soil. Both are frequent as weeds in cultivated ground.
2. Ecbinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv. Ess. Agrost. 53. 1812. Barnv \i;i> GRASS. Panicum crusgalli L. Sp. PL 56. 1753.
Type locality: "Habitat in Europae el Virginiae cultis."
Range: In waste ground in the warmer parts of North America, and nearly around the world. New Mexico: Cedar Hill; Mangas Springs.
3. Ecbinochloa zelayensis (If. B. K.) Schult Mant. 2: 269. L824. Oplismcnus zelayentu II. B. K. Nov. (Jen. A: Sp. 1: L08. Mii. Tvi'E locality: NearZelaya, Quere'taro, Mexico.
Ranob: Southwestern United States to South America.
New Mexico: Common in waste and cultivated land throughout the State.
60 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM.
19. CHAETOCHLOA Scribn.
Annuals or perennials with flat leaves and bristly spikelike panicles; spikelets^ hermaphrodite, 1-flowered, or sometimes with a staminate flower below the hermaphro- dite terminal one, surrounded by few or many persistent awnlike branches springing from the pedicels below the articulation of the spikelets; glumes awnless; stamens 3; styles distinct; grain included within the hardened lemma and palea, free.
KEY TO THE SPECIES.
Panicles dense and thick.
Spikelets arranged singly in racemes; 5 to 16 bristles at the base
of each spikelet 1 . C. glauca.
Spikelets clustered but not in racemes; 1 to 3 bristles at base of
each spikelet 2. C. viridis.
Panicles slender, interrupted.
Leaf blades more than 5 mm. wide; spikes with distinct, some- what spreading branches below 3. C. grisebachii
ampla. Leaf blades less than 5 mm. wiilo; spikes not branched below,
merely interrupted 4. C. composita.
1. Chaetochloa glauca (L.) Scribn. U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost, Bull. 4: 39. 1897.
Pigeon grass. Panicum glaucum L. Sp. PI. 56. 1753. Setaria glauca Beauv. Ess. Agrost. 51. 1812. Type locality: "Habitat in India."
Range: A native of the Old World, widely introduced into North America, in New Mexico still rare. New Mexico: Kingston; Mesilla Valley; Roswell.
2. Chaetochloa viridis (L.) Scribn. U. S. Dept, Agr. Div. Agrost. Bull. 4: 39. 1897.
Green foxtail.
Panicum viride L. Sp. PI. ed. 2. 83. 1762.
Setaria viridis Beauv. Ess. Agrost. 51. 1812.
Type locality: "Habitat in Europa australi."
Range: Native of Europe, widely introduced into North America; in New Mexico a common weed in cultivated fields.
New Mexico: Common in waste and cultivated ground in nearly every part of the State.
3. Chaetochloa grisebachii ampla Scribn. it Merr. U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost.
Bull. 21: 36. 1900. Type locality: Organ Mountains, New Mexico. Type collected by G. R. Vasey. R,ange: New Mexico and Arizona to northern Mexico.
New Mexico: Mangas Spi'ings; Hillsboro; Rio Frisco; Burro Mountains; Organ Mountains; Tortugas Mountain. Damp canyons, in the Upper Sonoran Zone.
4. Chaetochloa composita (H. B. K.) Scribn. U. S. Dept, Agr. Div. Agrost. Bull.
4: 39. 1897.
Setaria composita H. B. K. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 1: 111. 1816.
Type locality: "Crescit regione calidissima prope Cumana et Bordones, in Nova Andalusia: item in ripa fluminis Magdalenae prope Guarumo et in sylvis Orinocen- sibus juxta Esmeralda."
Range: Colorado and Arizona to Texas and Mexico; also in South America.
New Mexico: Cross L Ranch; Albuquerque; Chiz; Animas Creek; Mangas Springs; Lake Valley; Aden; Rincon; Burro Mountains; Mesilla Valley; Guadalupe Mountains; Pecos Valley. River valleys and low hills, in the Lower and Upper Sonoran zones.
WOOTON AND STANDLEY — FLORA OF NEW MEXICO. 61
20. CENCHRUS L. Sand bur.
Annuals or perennials with spreading or erect culms and few or many more or less crowded "burs" in terminal spikes; spikelets 1-flowered, hermaphrodite, 1 to 4 together with an ovoid or globular involucre of rigid, more or less connate bristles forming spiny burs or false capsules, these sessile or nearly so in simple terminal spikes or racemes, falling with the spikelets; glumes awnless; grain free within the slightly hardened lemma and palea.
1. Cenchrus carolinianus Walt. Fl. Carol. 79. 1788.
Type locality: Carolina.
Range: Maine and Minnesota to Florida and New Mexico, and southward.
New Mexico: Waste and cultivated ground at lower elevations throughout the State; common. In sandy soil, in the Lower and Upper Sonoran zones.
Sand burs are the most pernicious weeds of the State. They are often abundant in cultivated ground, where, unless steps are taken to exterminate them, they spread rapidly. In alfalfa fields they often become so numerous as to render the hay value- less. The spines of the burs are extremely sharp and will pierce the uppers of shoes. After they have entered one's flesh they usually break off when an attempt is made to extract them.
21. PHALARIS L. Canary grass.
Annuals or perennials with flat leaves and densely flowered spikelike or capitate inflorescence; spikelets 1-flowered, strongly flattened laterally; rachilla jointed al the glumes; glumes awnless, equal, boat-shaped, usually winged on the keel; lemmas hard and shining in fruit, closely investing the grain and palea.
KEY TO THE SPECIES.
Glumes not winged; inflorescence a narrow panicle 1. P. arundinacea.
Glumes w inged; inflorescence spikelike 2. P. caroliniana.
1. Phalaris arundinacea L. Sp. PI. 55. 1753. Reed Canary grass. Type locality: "Habitat in Europae subhumidis ad ripas lacuum."
Range: British America to Nevada, New Mexico, and New Jersey; also in Europe and Asia. New Mexico: Ghama {Standlcy G806). Wet ground, in the Transition Zone.
2. Phalaris caroliniana Walt. Fl. Carol. 74. 1788. Southern Canaby <;kass. Type locality: South Carolina.
K\ qe: California and South Carolina to New Mexico and Florida. New Mexico: Burro Mountains; Agricultural College. Moist ground.
22. SAVASTANA Sehrank.
mi. perennials with Hat Leaves and usually rather small pyramidal terminal panicles; spikelets 3-flowered, the terminal floret hermaphrodite, the others stami] rachilla jointed above the glumes; glumes nearly equal, about lie' length of the
spikelet, acute, smooth; lemmas about equaling the glumes, awnli eor Bhort-aw I;
ens in the male florets 3, in the hermaphrodite floret 2; styles distinct, rather long; grain free.
1. Savastana odorata (L.) Scribn. Mem. Torrey Club 6: 34. L894. Vanillj Holcus odaratut L. Bp. PI. mis. i.
■rh/nr borealis Roem. A Bchult. Syet Veg. 2: 513. L817. Type locality: "Habitat in Europae frigidiorispascuishumentibus.'1 Range: Bi Ltish Am< ' Ln, and Ni
62 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM.
New Mexico: Trout Spring; Pecos Baldy. Meadows, in the Hudsonian and Arctic-Alpine zones.
23. LYCURUS II. B. K.
Cespitose erect perennial with narrow or convolute leaves and densely flowered cylindrical spikelike terminal panicles; spikelets 1-flowered, usually in pairs; glumes nerved, the nerves often produced into awns; lemma 3-nerved, awned, broader and longer than the glumes; palea 2-nerved, 2-keeled; stamens 3; styles short, distinct; grain included within the glumes, free.
1. Lycurus phleoides H. B. K. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 1: 141. pi. 45. 1816.
Texas timothy.
Type locality: "Crescit in temperatis Mexici, inter Guanazuato et Temescatio et in radicibus aridissimi montis La Buffa, alt. 1030 hexap."
Range: Western Texas and southern Arizona to Mexico.
New Mexico: Abundant from the Mogollon Mountains and Santa Fe and Las Vegas mountains southward and eastward across the State. Dry hills, in the Lower and Upper Sonoran zones.
Texas timothy is abundant on the dry hills of the southern part of the State. It is less common in the north. It grows in bunches and is a rather important range grass in some sections.
24. ARISTIDA L. Needle grass.
Tufted annuals or perennials with narrow leaves; spikelets 1-flowered, on long or short slender pedicels, in more or less expanded terminal panicles; rachilla articulated above the glumes and produced into a hard obconical hairy callus below the lemma but not extending beyond it; glumes more or less unequal, acute or bristle-pointed, slightly keeled; lemma somewhat firmer in texture, closely rolled around the floret and the usually short palea, terminating in a usually trifid awn; grain slender, tightly inclosed in the hardened lemma but free from it.
key to the species.
Annual 1. A. bromoides.
Perennials.
Plants widely divaricate-branched, the branches of the panicle rigid and straight.
Awns 3, all of about the same length 2. A. divaricata.
Awns apparently 1, the lateral ones short or obsolete 3. A. schiediana.
Plants with erect or at most rather weakly spreading stems. Glumes nearly equal.
Plants stout and strict, 30 cm. high or more; pedicels
short, straight; glumes conspicuously awned 4. A.arizonica.
Plants slender, 20 cm. high or less, rather spreading; pedicels slender, sinuous; glumes acuminate,
not awned 5. A. havardii.
Glumes very unequal, the first usually about half as long
as the second.
Mature lemma not tapering upward, the neck of about
the same diameter as the base; second glume
considerably longer than the lemma, the latter
smooth; awns 6 to 8 cm. long 6. A. longiseta.
Mature lemmas tapering upward into a slender neck; second glume barely surpassing the lemma, usually shorter, the lemmas usually 6cabrous; awns usually much less than 6 cm. long.
WOOTON AND STANDLEY FLORA OF NEW MEXICO. 63
Spikelete small, 10 mm. long or less, the awns never more than twice as long as the lemma. Panicle strict, congested, never spreading... 7. A. vaseyi. Panicle spreading, at least in age.
Panicles always spreading, the pedicels very weak and sinuous; awns
merely spreading 8. A. micrantha.
Panicles at first congested, finally spread- ing, the pedicels rigid, straight, ascending; awns Btrongly diver- gent 9. A. pansa.
Spikelets large, 15 mm. long or more, the awns usually more than twice as long as the lemma. Panicles simple or nearly so.
Panicles strict, the spikelets numerous and congested, relatively small;
pedicels short 7. A. vaseyi.
Panicles lax, the spikelets few, scattered, about 15 mm. long; pedicels elon- gated 10. A.fendleriana.
Panicles compound.
Culms stout; panicles rigidly erect; pedi- cels straight 11. A. wrightii.
Culms weaker and more slender; panicles laxly spreading; pedicels very slender, often curved 12. A. purpurea.
1. Aristida bromoides H. B. K. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 1: 122. 1816.
Six-weeks needle grass.
Type locality: "In montibus regni Quitensis, juxta Tambo de Guamote et Llanos de Tiocaxas, alt. 1,600 hexap."
Range: Texas and Arizona to Mexico; also in South America.
New Mexico: Santa Fe; Cross L Ranch; Cerrillos; Chama River; Algodones; Socorro; Mangas Springs; Black Range; Deming; Dona Ana and Organ mountains; White Sands; White Mountains; Guadalupe Mountains; Knowles; Roswell. Dry plains and hills, in the Lower and Upper Sonoran zones.
2. Aristida divaricata Humb. & Bonpl.; Willd. Enuni. PI. 99. 1809.
Aristida humboldtiana Trin. & Rupr. Mem. Acad. St. P6tereb. VI. Sci. Nat. 51: 118. 1842.
Type locality: "Habitat in Mexico."
Range: Arizona and western Texas to Mexico.
New Mexico: Cross L Ranch; Texline; Gallinas Mountains; Black Range; Deming*, Dona Ana and Organ mountains; Eagle Creek; Lake Arthur. Dry plains and hills, in the Lower and Upper Sonoran zones.
3. Aristida schiediana Trin. & Rupr. Mem. Acad. St. IVtersb. VI. Sci. Nat. 5':
120. 1842. Aristida divergens Vaeey, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 3: 48. 1892. Type locality: "Mexico: prope Jalapam." Range: Arizona and western Texas to Mexico.
New Mexico: Socorro; Beat Mountain; Copper Mines; i ir^iii Mountains; plains south of Roswell. Upper Sonoran Zone.
64 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM.
4. Aristida arizonica Vasey, Bull. Torrey Club 13: 27. 1886. Type locality: "Arizona."
Range: Arizona and New Mexico to western Texas.
New Mexico: Clayton; Santa Fe; Las Vegas; near Jewett Gap; Grant County; Buchanan; Leachs; Knowles; White Mountains. Plains and low hills, in the Upper Sonoran and Transition zones.
5. Aristida havardii Vasey, Bull. Torrey Club 13: 27. 1886. Type locality: "Western Texas."
Range: Arizona and western Texas to Mexico.
New Mexico: Gallinas Mountains; Albuquerque; Fort Bayard; Grant; Bonito Crossing; Gilmores Ranch; Gray; Carlsbad; Arroyo Ranch. Hills and plains, in the Upper Sonoran and Transition zones.
6. Aristida longiseta Steud. Syn. PI. Glum. 1: 420. 1854. Wiregrass. Type locality: New Mexico, probably near or at Santa Fe. Type collected by
Fendler (no. 978). New Mexico: Common throughout the State.
7. Aristida vaseyi Woot. & Standi. N. Mex. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 81: 55. 1912;
Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 16: 113. 1913.
Aristida reverchoni augusta Vasey, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 3: 46. 1892.
Type locality: Comanche Peak, Texas.
Range: Western Texas and southern New Mexico.
New Mexico: Socorro; mountains west of San Antonio; Mangas Springs; Tortugas Mountain; Pena Blanca; Alamogordo. Plains and low hills, in the Lower Sonoran Zone.
8. Aristida micrantha (Vasey) Nash in Small, Fl. Southeast. U. S. 117. 1903. Aristida purpurea micrantha Vasey, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 3: 47. 1892. Type locality: Western Texas.
Range: Western Texas and southern New Mexico.
New Mexico: Carlsbad (Smith). Dry plains, in the Upper Sonoran Zone.
9. Aristida pansa Woot. & Standi. Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 16: 112. 1913.
Type locality: Tortugas Mountain near Las Cruces, New Mexico. Type collected by Wooton, October 6, 1904. Range: Southern New Mexico to Mexico. New Mexico: Tortugas Mountain. Dry hills, in the Lower Sonoran Zone.
10. Aristida fendleriana Steud. Syn. PI. Glum. 1: 420. 1855.
Aristida longiseta fendleriana Merr. U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Circ. 24: 5. 1901.
Type locality: Santa Fe, New Mexico. Type collected by Fendler (no. 973).
Range: Colorado and Texas to Arizona.
New Mexico: Tunitcha Mountains; Farmington; Carrizo Mountains; Santa Fe; northeast of Clayton; 25 miles south of Gallup; Rito Quemado; 35 miles south of Tor- rance; near Suwanee; Copper Mines; Mimbres and Cooks Spring. Dry hills and plains, in the Upper Sonoran Zone.
11. Aristida wrightii Nash in Small, Fl. Southeast, U. S. 116. 1903. Type locality: Dallas, Texas.
Range: Texas and New Mexico.
New Mexico: Atarque de Garcia; Doming; Organ Mountains; Dona Ana Moun- tains; Buchanan; Redlands. Dry hills and mesas, in the Lower and Upper Sonoran zones.
12. Aristida purpurea Nutt, Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. n. ser. 5: 145. 1837.
Purple needle grass. Type locality: "On grassy plains of the Red River, in arid situations." Range: Arizona and western Texas to Mexico.
WOOTON AND STANDLEY FLOEA OF NEW MEXICO. 65
New Mexico: Twenty-five miles south of Gallup; Clayton; Cross L Ranch; Albu- querque; Suwanee; Socorro; Texline; Mogollon Mountains; Tortugas Mountain; Buchanan; Knowles; Arroyo Ranch; east of Carlsbad; Mesilla. Dry plains and hills, in the Lower and Upper Sonoran zones.
The subspecies laxiflora is a form with very slender curved pedicels and is probably the same as A. subuniflora Nash,1 the type of which we have not seen. It occurs wherever the type grows, and may be recognized by the fewer spikelets on very slender curved pedicels and the usually longer awns.
25. STIPA L. Porcupine grass.
Tufted perennials with mostly narrow or involute leaves, and terminal, usually open panicles; spikelets 1-flowered; rachilla articulated above the glumes and pro- duced below the lemma into a strong bearded obconical sharp-pointed callus; glumes thin, membranaceous, subequal, acute or bristle-pointed; lemma narrow, sub- coriaceous, closely investing the floret, terminating in a twisted and geniculate simple awn articulated with the apex; grain terete, closely enveloped by the indurated lemma.
key to the species. Glumes 2 cm. long or more.
Awns plumose 1. 5. neomexicana .
Awns not plumose.
Base of panicle usually included in the sheaths; lemmas
8 to 12 mm. long 2. S. comata.
Base of panicle exserted; lemmas more than 12 mm. long.
Lemmas 12 to 15 mm. long 3. S. tweedyi.
Lemmas 20 to 25 mm. long 4. S. spartea.
Glumes 15 mm. long or less. Panicles loose and open.
Lemmas 4 mm. long or less.
Awns 60 to 80 mm. long, curled above the joint; lem- mas about 3 mm. long 5. S. tenuissima.
Awns 15 mm. long or less, not curled; lemmas about
4 mm. long 6. S. fimbriata.
Lemmas 6 to 9 mm. long.
Glumes broad; awns about 25 mm. long 7. S. pringhi.
Glumes narrow; awns 40 to 50 mm. long 8. 5. eminens.
Panicles narrow, dense, spikelike.
Glumes scarious, prominently nerved.
Awns long-hairy below 9. S. speciosa.
Awns not long-hairy.
Lemmas 5 mm. long or less, long-hairy near the
apex 10. S. lettenih
Lemmas more than 5 mm. long, equally hairy
throughout 11 8 vii idula.
Glumes firm, thick, not prominently nerved.
Lemmas 4 to 5 mm. long 12. S. minor.
Lemmas 8 to 10 mm. long.
Panicles slender; stems l<>v. and Blender; I' ■
narrow L3. 8. scribneri.
Panicles stout and dense; stems tall and stout;
leaves broad II s' <
1 Xash in Small. I'l. Southeast. U. B. im. 1908. The type was collected in New Mexico in 1881, by G. II. Vasey.
,76°— 15 5
66 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM.
1. Stipa neomexicana (Thurb.) Scribn. U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Bull. 17:
132. 1899. New Mexican porcupine grass.
Stipa pennata neomexicana Thurb.; Vasey, U. S. Dent. Agr. Div. Bot. Bull. 122:
no. 81. 1891. Type locality: New Mexico. Range: Colorado and Texas to California.
New Mexico: North of Ramah; mountains north of Santa Rita; Albuquerque; 10 miles north of Santa Fe; Las Vegas Hot Springs; Silver City; Rio Mimbres; east of Alamogordo; Arroyo Ranch. Dry hills, in the Upper Sonoran Zone.
2. Stipa comata Trin. & Rupr. Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. VI. Sci. Nat. 51: 75. 1842. Type locality: "Carlton House Fort ad fl. Saskatchawan."
Range: Alaska and Alberta to California and New Mexico.
New Mexico: Tunitcha Mountains; San Lorenzo; Chama; Horse Spring; Agua Azul; Santa Fe; Torrance; Clayton; Pecos; Raton Mountains; Nara Visa; Jewett Gap; Little Creek. Plains and low hills, in the Upper Sonoran Zone.
Both this and the preceding are valuable range- grasses, especially because they grow in the spring when other forage is scarce. Neither, however, reproduces well, but either is soon killed by overstocking and replaced by the needle grasses.
3. Stipa tweedyi Scribn. U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Bull. 11: 47. 189S. Stipa comata intermedia Scribn. Bot. Gaz. 11: 171. 1886. not 5. intermedia Trin.
1842. Type locality: Junction Butte, Yellowstone Park. Range: Washington and Alberta to Arizona and New Mexico. New Mexico: Tunitcha Mountains (Standley 7676). Open slopes, in the Upper Sonoran Zone.
4. Stipa spartea Trin. Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. VI. Math. Phys. Nat, 1: 82. 1830. Type locality: North America.
Range: British America to Illinois and New Mexico.
New Mexico: Sierra Grande (Standley 6223). Plains and piairies, in the Upper Sonoran Zone.
5. Stipa tenuissima Trin. Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. VI. Sci. Nat. 21: 36. 1836. Type locality: Chile.
Range: New Mexico and Arizona to Mexico and South America. New Mexico: Socorro (Plank 44).
6. Stipa fimbriata H. B. K. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 1: 126. 1816. Pinyon grass. Oryzopsis fimbriata Hemsl. Biol. Centr. Amer. Bot. 3: 538. 1885.
Type locality: "Crescit in alta planitie Mexicana inter Burras et Guanaxuato; item in scopulosis prope Mina de Villapando, inter 1050 et 1330 hexap."
Range: Arizona to western Texas and southward.
New Mexico: Bear Mountains, Burro Mountains, Organ Mountains, and Guada- lupe Mountains and southward across the State. Dry hills, in the Upper Sonoran and Transition zones.
7. Stipa pringlei Scribn. Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 3: 54. 1892. Type locality: Mexico or Arizona.
Range: Southern New Mexico and Arizona to northern Mexico. New Mexico: West Fork of the Gila (Metcalfe 557).
8. Stipa eminens Cav. Icon. PI. 5: 42. pi. 467./. 1. 1799. Type locality: Near Chalma, Mexico.
Range: New Mexico to southern Mexico.
New Mexico: Kingston; Mangas Springs; Big Hatchet Mountains; Organ and Dona Ana mountains. Upper Sonoran Zone.
WOOTON AND STANDLEY FLOEA OF NEW MEXICO. 67
9. Stipa speciosa Trin. & Rupr. Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. VI. Sci. Nat. 5X:45. L842.
Type locality: Chile.
Range: California to New Mexico and Mexico; also in South America. New Mexico: Carrizo Mountains (Standley 7515.) Dry hills, in the Upper Sonoran Zone.
10. Stipa lettermanii Vasey, Bull. Torrey Club lb: 53. 1886. Stipa viridula lettermanii Vasey, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 3: 50. 1892. Type locality: Idaho.
Range: Idaho and Wyoming to Utah and New Mexico.
New Mexico: Chama; Santa Fe. Hills and meadows, in the Upper Sonoran and Transition zones.
11. Stipa viridula Trin. & Rupr. Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. VI. Sci. Nat. 21: :;!>. 1836. Type locality: North America.
Range: British America to Kansas, Utah, and New Mexico. New Mexico: Trout Spring; Taos; Santa Fe Canyon; mountains near Las Vegas; Raton Mountains; Cross L Ranch; El Rito Creek. Transition Zone.
12. Stipa minor (Vasey) Scribn. U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Bull. 11: 46. 1898. Stipa viridula minor Vasey, Contr. .U. S. Nat. Herb. 3: 50. 1892.
Type locality: Kelso Mountain, Colorado. Range: Montana to Utah and New Mexico.
New Mexico: Chama; Winsors Ranch; mouth of Indian Creek. Mountains, in the Transition Zone.
13. Stipa scribneri Vasey, Bull. Torrey Club 11: 125. 1884.
Type locality: Dry hillsides at Santa Fe, New Mexico. Type collected by George Vasey in 1884.
II lnge: Colorado and New Mexico.
New Mexico: Santa Fe; Pecos; Bear Mountain; near Ruidoso. Mountains and low hills, in the Upper Sonoran and Transition zones.
14. Stipa vaseyi Scribn. U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Bull. 11: 16. 1898.
Sleei v i,i; \ss. Stipa viridula robusta Vasey, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 3: 50. 1892, not<S. robusta Nutt.
1S1L».
Type locality: "Texas and Mexico."
Range: Idaho to Mexico and Texas.
New Mexico: Dulce; Santa Fe; Raton Mountains; Glorieta Mountains; Ramah; Winsor Creek; Las Vegas; Gila Hot Springs; White Mountains. Mountains, in the Upper Sonoran and Transition zones.
A very abundanl grass in meadows al middle elevations. In tin- Sacramento-White Moii ii i :m iv inn this is known as "sleepy grass, ""and is said to have a narcotic i upon animals thai oat it. especially horses. \\ hile neither of the \\ titers has had an opportunity of personally corroborating this statement, it is vouched for by many reliable residents of the region. The narcotic effects of the plant, which are said to appear Boon after if has been eaten, are indicated by drowsine i or sleep on the part of the affected animals, which continues often for 18 hours and sometimes results in death. Animals which have boon reared in these mountains never rat sleepy •. hut those which are brought into the region will consume it because of ii luxuriance and fre bne -. unless restrained, Strangely enough, the dried gi 10I have a
narcotic effect. T • abundant in < >t Imt regions of the State, bul
!><• id- in Hi- one range i it reputed to have narcotic properties \\ here it i eaten by nsly and pidly, especially when other plants
nrr killed b; Icing,
68
CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM.
26. MUHLENBERGIA Schreb.
Perennials or rarely annuals, with small spikelets; culms simple or much branched; leaves long or short, flat or involute; panicles narrow and spikelike or open and widely spreading; spikelets 1-flowered; rachilla jointed above the glumes, forming a very short and usually hairy callus below the lemma but not extending beyond it; glumes membranaceous or hyaline, 1 to 3-nerved or nerveless, usually unequal and shorter than the lemma, acute or mucronate; lemma narrow, smooth, or more or less pilose below, 3 or 5-nerved, awned from the acute apex or from between the teeth of the- bidentate apex; awn straight or flexuous; palea thin, 2-nerved; stamens 3; grain closely enveloped by the lemma.
KEY TO THE SPECIES.
Plants tall, 1 meter high or more, stout; panicle 25 to 35 cm. long. 1. M. emersleyi. Plants lower, less than 1 meter high, mostly less than 60 cm., more slender; panicles shorter, less than 25 cm. long. Panicles open and spreading.
Plants diffusely branched throughout, weakly ascend- ing or decumbent . 2 M. porteri.
Plants erect, branched only at the base.
Secondary branches of the panicle clustered ; leaves
stiff and spiny-pointed 3. M. pungens.
Secondary branches of the panicle single; leaves neither stiff nor spiny-pointed. Basal leaves 5 cm. long or less, strongly re- curved 4. M. gracillima.
Basal leaves more than 5 cm. long, not recurved. Awns short, 4 mm. long; leaf blades 5 to 10
cm . long ; panicles green 5 . if. arenicola.
Awns long, 10 to 15 mm.; leaf blades about 20 cm. long; panicles dark
purple 6. M. rigida.
Panicles narrow and spikelike.
Annual, 5 to 15 cm. high 7. If. schaffneri.
Perennials, mostly more than 15 cm. high.
Glumes subulate; plants with leafy branches and long scaly rhizomes. Glumes about as long as the lemma, not awned . 8. M. mexicana. Glumes longer than the lemma, awned.
Lemmas only slightly villous 9. M. racemosa.
Lemmas covered with long white hairs 10. M. comata.
Glumes lanceolate to ovate; plants various. Lemmas awnless or with very short awns.
Glumes under half as long as the lemmas. . 11. M. squamosa. Glumes more than half as long as the lemmas. Glumes acute, not awned.
Panicles on long peduncles 15. M. thurberi.
Panicles partly included in the
sheaths 16. M. repens.
Glumes awned.
Lemmas hairy below 12. M. lemrnoni.
WOOTON AND STANDLEY FLORA OF NEW MEXICO. 69
Lemmas scabrous or glabrous.
Panicles dense, obtuse, 5 to 10
mm. wide 13. M. wrightii.
Panicles rather lax, tapering at the apex, less than 5 mm.
wide 14. M. cuspidata.
Lemmas with conspicuous long awns.
Leaf sheaths very broad at the base and papery, loose, not closely investing the stems. Second glume 3-toothed; lemma
pubescent at the top 17. M. trifida.
Both glumes acute or acuminate ; lem- mas pubescent only below 18. M. viresczns.
Leaf sheaths not broad and papery, closely investing the stems. Spikelets on long slender pedicels.
Second glume entire at the apex. 19. M. affinis. Second glume sharply 3 to 5-
toothed 20. M. subalpina.
Spikelets on short stout pedicels, or sessile. Awns about 5 mm. long; stems
stout; internodes long 21. M. acuminata.
Awns about 20 mm. long; stems slender, wiry; internodes short 22. M. monticola.
1. Muhlenbergia emersleyi Vasey, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 3: 66. 1892. Muhlenbergia vaseyana Scribn. Rep. Mo. Bot. Gard. 10: 52. 1S99.
Type locality: "Rocky Canon, Arizona."
Range: Western Texas to southern Arizona and adjacent Mexico. New Mexico: Silver City; Mogollun Mountains; Santa Rita; Animas Valley; Organ Mountains; Dona Ana Mountains. Dry hills, in the Upper Sonoran Zone.
2. Muhlenbergia porteri Scribn.; Beal, Grasses N. Amer. 2: 259. 1898.
Mesquite grass.
Type locality: Texas.
Range: Colorado and western Texas to California and Mexico.
New Mexico: Mangas Springs; Albuquerque; Organ Mountains; Tortugas Moun- tain; Mcsilla Vallej ; Dona Ana Mountains; Jarilla: Arroyo Ranch. Hills and in. in the Lower and Upper Sonoran zones.
Mesquite grass receives its name from the fact dial, in the southern pari of the Siatc, where ii is ■■. cry common, ii is nearly always found growing in the shade of mesquite bushes, it slender, lax stems often clambering over them. Cattle arc verj fond of it ami will force their way into the mesquite t" reach the grass.
3. Muhlenbergia pungens Think Proc. Acad. 1'hila. 1863: 78 L864
Pi i.fl i: II UK I
Type i "< ujtt: Colorado. I: ge: Utah and Nebraska to Arizona and T<
Ni.u Mi hco Carrizo Mountain.-: Xuni Reservation; Chains River; Los I'll, on the San Juan; White Sands. Sandhills ami on plaint in the Lowei and Upper
ran zones.
70 CONTKIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBABIUM.
4. Muhlenbergia gracillima Torr. U. S. Rep. Expl. Miss. Pacif. 4: 155. 1S56.
Ring grass.
Type locality: "Llano Estacaclo, and near the Antelope lulls of the Canadian River," Texas or New Mexico. Type collected by Bigelow.
Range: Colorado and Kansas to Texas and New Mexico.
New Mexico: Sierra Grande; Nara Visa; El Rito Draw; Las Vegas; Albuquerque; Pecos; Roy; Clayton; Socorro; Santa Fe; Llano Estacado; Mangas Springs; Buchanan; Deniing; Dona Ana; Guadalupe Mountains; Fort Stanton; Gray. Plains and low hills, in the Upper Sonoran Zone.
This is very common on the plains of the northern part of the State. Its habit of growth is peculiar: the plants are low and form dense circular mats; after a time the center of the mat dies and a sort of " fairy ring" is left.
5. Mulilenbergia arenicola Buckl. Proc. Acad. Phila. 1862: 91. 1863. Type locality: "Arid places in Western Texas."
Range: Western TexaB and southern New Mexico.
New Mexico: Deming; Redlands; Hope; Lake Arthur; Rio San Jose; near Suwanee; Gila Hot Springs; Arroyo Ranch; Jornada del Muerto. Dry hills, in the Lower and Upper Sonoran zones.
6. Muhlenbergia rigida (H. B. K.) Kunth, Rev. Gram. 1: 63. 1829. PodosaemwnrigidumJI. B. K. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 1: 129. 1816. Type locality: Near Guanajuato, Mexico.
Range: New Mexico and Arizona to Mexico.
New Mexico: Five miles east of San Lorenzo on Mimbres River ( Metcalfe 1447).
7. Muhlenbergia schaffneri Fourn. Mex. PI. 2: 85. 1881. Type locality: "Prope Tacubaya," Mexico.
Range: New Mexico and Arizona to Mexico.
New Mexico: Trujillo Creek; Mogollon Creek; Organ Mountains. Dry slopes, in the Upper Sonoran Zone.
8. Muhlenbergia mexicana (L.) Trin. Gram. Unifl. 189. 1824. Agrostis mexicana L. Mant. PI. 1: 31. 1767.
Type locality: "Habitat in America calidiore."
Range: British America to Tennessee and New Mexico; also in Mexico. New Mexico: West Fork of the Gila; Winsors Ranch. Damp ground, in the Transition Zone.
9. Muhlenbergia racemosa (Michx.) B. S. P. Prel. Cat. N. Y. 67. 1888. Agrostis racemosa Michx. Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 53. 1803.
Polypogon glomcratus Willd. Enum. PI. S7. 1809.
Muhlenbergia glomcrata Trin. Gram. Unifl. 191. 1824.
Type locality: "Habitat in ripis sabulosis inundatis fluminis Mississippi."
Range: British America to New Mexico, Missouri, and New Jersey.
New Mexico: Cedar Hill; Dulee; Las Vegas; Pecos; Raton Mountains; Sandia Mountains; Mangas Springs; Animas Creek; Mesilla Valley; Little Creek; Gilmores Ranch. Damp woods, Lower Sonoran to Transition Zone.
10. Muhlenbergia comata (Thurb.) Benth. Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 19: 83. 1881. Vaseya comala Thurb. Proc. Acad. Phila. 1863: 79. 1863.
Type locality: " Plains of Nebraska." Range: California to Colorado and New Mexico.
New Mexico: Winsors Ranch (Standley 4359). Open slopes, in the Transition Zone.
WOOTON AND STANDLEY FLORA OF NEW MEXICO. 71
11. Muhlenbergia squarrosa (Trin.) Rydb. Bull. Torrey Club 36: 531. 1909. Vilfa squarrosa Trin. Mom. Acad. St. Petersb. VI. Sci. Nat. 31: 100. 1840. Type locality: North America.
Range: British America to California and Mexico.
New Mexico: Tumtrha Mountains; Chama; Ensenada; Sandia Mountains; Rio Pueblo; Pecos; Grants Station. Transition Zone.
12. Muhlenbergia lemmoni Scribn. Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 1: 56. 1890. Type locality: Ballinger, Runnels County, Texas.
Range: Western Texas to Arizona and Mexico.
New Mexico: Organ Mountains (Wootori). Hillsides.
13. Muhlenbergia wrightii Vasey; Coulter, Man. Rocky Mount. 409. 1885. Type locality: "New Mexico."
Range: Colorado to Mexico.
New Mexico: Baldy; Johnsons Mesa; Trout Springs; El Rito Creek; Las Vegas; near Datil; near La Jara; Kingston; Winter Folly. Damp mountain slopes, in the Transition Zone.
14. Muhlenbergia cuspidata (Torr.) Rydb. Bull. Torrey Club 32: 599. L905. Vilfa cuspidata Torr.; Hook. Fl. Bor. Arner. 2: 238. 1839.
Type localitv: " l'.anks of the Saskatchawan, near the Rocky Mountains."' Range: British America to New Mexico and Missouri.
New Mexico: Pecos; Cross L Ranch; Kingston. Open slopes, in the Upper Sonoran Zone.
15. Muhlenbergia thurberi (Scribn.) Rydb. Bull. Torrey Club 32: 601. 1905. Sporobolus thurberi Scribn. U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Bull. 11: 48. 1898. Type locality: Plaza Larga, New Mexico. Type collected by Bigelow. Range: Colorado to New Mexico.
New Mexico: Plaza Larga; Carrizo Mountains; Eagle Creek. Dry hills, in the Upper Sonoran Zone.
16. Muhlenbergia repens (Presl) Hitchc. in Jepson, Fl. Calif. 1: 111. 1912.
Aiake.io grass. S2>orobolus repens Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1: 241. 1830. Vilfa UtUisTotr. V. S. Rep. Expl. Miss. Pacif. 5: :',(;:,. 1857. Sporobolus uiilis Scribn. U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Hull. 17: 171. 1899. Muhlenbergia utUis Rydb.; Wbot. & Standi. N. Mex. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 81:
71. 1912. Type i ocaltty: Mexico. Range: Western Texas to southern California.
o: Kingston; Mangas Springs; Salinas; Tularosa; Fori Bayard; Thorn- ton; Raton Mountains; Deming; Mesilla Valley. Plains and low hills, in the Lower and Upper Sonoran zones.
Aparejo grass receives its name from its w^c by the Mexicans in packing their "aparejos" or pads which ace a substitute for pack saddles. It is a rather aj gre siva weed in the lower Rio < rrande Valley, crowding out grasses and other plants.
17. Muhlenbergia txifida II., ok. Report. Nov. Sp. Fedde 8: 518. 1910. 'I' i pe i '" u 1 1 1 : Michoacan, Mexico.
Range: Western Texas and Colorado to California and Mexico.
'■ too Santa Fe and Las Vegas mountains; Johnsons Mesa; Raton Moun- . Tunitcha Mountains; Chama; Grants Station; MogoUon Mountains; Black Burro Mountains; San Luis Mountains; Organ Mountains; White Mountains. Op d hills and in canyons, in the Upper Sonoran and Tranaiti
72 CONTRIBUTIONS PEOM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM.
18. Muhlenbergia virescens (H. B. K.) Kunth, Rev. Gram. 1: 64. 1829. Podosaemum virescens H. B. K. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 1: 132. 1816.
Type locality: "Crescit locis asperis, exeelsis regni Mexicani prope Santa Rosa de la Sierra et Puerto de Varientos, alt. 1350 hexap."
Range: Arizona and New Mexico to Mexico.
New Mexico: Northwestern New Mexico (Palmer); Ben More (Bigelow). Moun- tains, in the Transition Zone.
19. Muhlenbergia affinis Trin. Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. VI. 62: 301. 1845. Muhlenbergia metcalfi, Jones, Contr. West. Bot. 14: 12. 1912.
Type locality: "Toluco," Mexico.
Range: Southern New Mexico and Arizona and southward.
New Mexico: Santa Rita Mountain; Fort Bayard; Filmore Canyon; Mangas Springs; near Silver City. Dry hills, in the Upper Sonoran Zone.
The type of M. metcalfi (metcalfei?) is Metcalfe's 1485, from Santa Rita Mountain.
20. Muhlenbergia subalpina Vasey, Descr. Cat. Grasses U. S. 40. 1885. Muhlenbergia gracilis breviaristata Vasey in Wheeler, Rep. U. S. Surv. 100th Merid.
6: 284. 1874. Type locality: Twin Lakes, Colorado. Range: Wyoming to New Mexico.
New Mexico: Northern New Mexico (George Vasey). Mountains, in the Transition Zone.
21. Muhlenbergia acuminata Vasey, Bot. Gaz. 11: 337. 1886.
Type locality: "New Mexico." Type collected by Wright (no. 1993). Range: Western Texas to Arizona.
New Mexico : Kingston; Mangas Springs; Filmore Canyon. Dry hills, in the Upper Sonoran Zone.
22. Muhlenbergia monticola Buckl. Proc. Acad. Phila. 1862: 91. 1863. Muhlenbergia neomexicana Vasey, Bot. Gaz. 11: 337. 1886. Muhlenbergia pringlei Scribn. Trans. N. Y. Acad. 14: 25. 1894.
Type locality: "Northwestern Texas."
Range: Western Texas to Arizona and Mexico.
New Mexico: Santa Fe and Las Vegas mountains; Albuquerque; Watrous; Grant; Mangas Springs; Kingston; Reserve; Dog Spring; Socorro; Organ Mountains; Dona Ana Mountains; White Mountains. Dry slopes, in the Upper Sonoran Zone.
The type of M. neomexicana was collected in New Mexico.
27. ORYZOPSIS Michx.
Slender perennials with flat or involute leaves and loosely flowered, spreading or narrow panicles; spikelets 1-flowered, hermaphrodite; rachilla jointed above the glumes and not produced behind the palea, usually extended below the lemma into a short obtuse callus; glumes nearly equal, obtuse or acuminate; lemma a little shorter than the glumes, rather broad, cartilaginous, terminated by a slender deciduous awn; grain free.
KEY TO THE SPECIES.
Lemmas covered with long silky hairs, these much exceeding them
in length 1 . 0 . hymenioides.
Lemmas glabrous or short-pubescent.
Leaves slender, involute; spikelets small, 2.5 to 4 mm. long. . 2. 0. micrantha.
Leaves broad and flat; spikelets large, 6 to 8 mm. long 3. 0. asperifotia.
WOOTON AND STANDLEY FLORA OF NEW MEXICO. 73
1. Oryzopsis hymenioides (Roem. & Schult.) Ricker, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 11:
109. 1906. Sand bunchgrass.
Stipa hymenioides Roem. & Schult. Syst. Veg. 2: 339. 1817.
Eriocoma cuspidata Nutt. Gen. PI. 1: 40. 1818.
Oryzopsis cuspidata Benth.; Vasey, U. S. Dept. Agr. Spec. Rep. 63: 23. 1883.
Type locality: "Ad litora fluvii Missouri."
Range: Washington and Alberta to Nebraska and Mexico.
New Mexico: Carrizo and Tunitcha mountains; Farmington; Tierra Amarilla- Santa Fe; Canjilon; Ramah; Zuni; Pecos; Torrance; Albuquerque; Reserve; Mesilla; White Sands. Dry hills, in the Lower and Upper Sonoran zones.
The seeds of this grass were formerly gathered and used for food by the Zuni. The ground seeds were eaten alone, or mixed with corn meal and made into dumplings.
2. Oryzopsis micrantha (Trin. & Rupr.) Thurb. Proc. Acad. Phila. 1863: 78. 1863. Urachne micrayitha Trin. & Rupr. Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. VI. Sri. Nat. 5': 16. 1842. Type locality: North America.
Range: Montana and Saskatchewan to Nebraska, Arizona, and Mexico.
New Mexico: Raton; Sierra Grande; Tierra Amarilla; Manguitas Spring; Canjilon; Coolidge; Glorieta; Raton Mountains; Santa Fe; Pecos. Dry hills and plains, in the Upper Sonoran Zone.
3. Oryzopsis asperifolia Michx. Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 51. 1803. Mountain rice. Urachne asperifolia Trin. Gram. Unifl. 1: 174. 1824.
Type locality: "Hab. a sinu Hudsonis ad Quebec, per tractus montium." Range: British America to New Mexico and Pennsylvania.
New Mexico: Winsor Creek (Standley 4206). Deep woods, in the Canadian and Hudsonian zones.
28. PHLEUM L. Timothy.
Perennials with simple erect culms, flat leaves, and dense, terminal, cylindrical or oblong, spikelike panicles; spikelets 1-flowered; rachilla jointed above the glumes, not prolonged beyond the floret; glumes 2, compressed-carinate, equal, usually filiate on the keels, abruptly mucronate or shortly awn-pointed; lemma shorter than the glumes, thin, truncate, awnless, rather loosely inclosing the grain; stamens 3; styles distinct.
KEY TO THE SPECIES.
Spikes elongate-cylindrie; awns less than half as long as the glumes. . . 1. /'. pratense. Spikes short, (i void or oblong; awns about half as long as the glumes.. 2. /'. alpinum.
1. Phleum pratense L. Sp. PI. 59. 1753. Timothy. Type locality: "Habitat in Europae versuria <k pratis."
Range: Fields and meadows nearly throughout North America, introduced from Europe and often cultivated for hay; also in Europe and Asia.
New Mexico: Chama; Raton; Cedar Hill; Fort Bayard; Santa Fe; Ruido o I reek; Gilmoree Ranch.
2. Phleum alpinum L. Sp. PI. 59. 1753. MOUNTAIN timothy. Type locale ■> " llaliii.it in Alpibus."
Range: Alaska and Britiah America to California, Arizona, and Now Bampahire; al " in Europe and Smith Amerira
New Mexico: Tunitcha Mountains; < hama; Santa Fe and las Vegas mountains. Meadows, Canadian t" Arctic-Alpine Zone.
29. ALOPECURUS L. Mabbb TOXTAE
Vnnuale or perennials with erecl or ascending culms flat leav( . and densel) flowered cylindrical spikelike terminal panicl< . pikelet i flowered, strongly Bat- tened; rachilla jointed below the glum< b; glumes equal, awnle - more or leas i Lliate,
74 CONTRIBUTIONS PROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM.
especially along the keel, usually connate at the base; lemma obtuse, hyaline, usually awned on the back, the margins connate near the base, forming a short tube; palea none; stamens 3; styles usually distinct.
KEY TO THE SPECIES.
Spikelets about 3 mm. long; lemma shorter than the glumes 1. A. aristulatus.
Spikelets 6 to 7 mm. long; lemma longer than the glumes 2. A. agrestis.
1. Alopecurus aristulatus Michx. Fl. Bor. Amer. 1:43. 1803. Alopecurus geniculatus aristulatus Torr. Fl. North & Mid. U. S. 1: 97. 1824. Type locality: "Hab. in paludosis Canadae."
Range: British America to California, New Mexico, and Florida.
New Mexico: Tunitcha Mountains; Cedar Hill; Chama; Ramah; Gallo Spring; Taos; Santa Fe and Las Vegas mountains; Mogollon Mountains; Rio Mimbres; White and Sacramento mountains. Wet soil, often about the edge of water, in the Transi- tion Zone.
2. Alopecurus agrestis L. Sp. PI. ed. 2. 89. 1762. Slender foxtail. Type locality: "Habitat in Europa australi."
Range: Native of Europe and Asia; introduced in many places in the United States. New Mexico: Agricultural College (Cockerel!).
30. EPICAMPES Presl.
Tall perennials with very long spikelike many-flowered panicles; spikelets small, 1-flowered; glumes membranaceous, slightly unequal, convex on the back, carinate, often finely 3-nerved; lemmas 3-nerved, obtuse or emarginate, a little shorter than or about equaling the glumes, tipped with a slender, usually short awn; stamens 3; styles short, distinct; grain included within the lemmas, free.
KEY TO THE SPECIES.
Inflorescence spikelike 1. E. rigens.
Inflorescence paniculate 2. E. stricta.
1. Epicampes rigens Benth. Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 19: 88. 1881. Type locality: California.
Range: Western Texas to Arizona and southward.
New Mexico: Berendo Creek; Mogollon Creek; Mangas Springs; Deming. Dry hills, in the Upper Sonoran Zone.
2. Epicampes stricta Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1: 235. pi. 39. 1830. Type locality: Mexico.
Range: Western Texas to southern Arizona and southward.
New Mexico: West Fork of the Gila; Crawfords Ranch; Silver City; near White Water; Socorro; Organ Mountains. Dry hills and canyons, in the Upper Sonoran Zone.
31. BLEPHARONEURON Nash.
Tufted perennial with flat leaves and loosely flowered open panicles; spikelets 1-flowered; glumes 1-nerved, glabrous, the second about as long as the lemma, this 3-nerved, the nerves densely pilose for nearly their whole length, the midnerve often excurrent at the apex; palea as long as the lemma, 2-nerved, densely pilose between the nerves; stamens 3; styles 2, distinct.
1. Blepharoneuron tricholepis (Torr.) Nash, Bull. Torrey Club 25: 88. 1898. Vilfa tricholepis Torr. U. S. Rep. Expl. Miss. Pacif. 4: 155. 1856. Sporobolus tricholepis Coulter, Man. Rocky Mount. 411. 1SS5. Type locality: Sandia Mountains, New Mexico. Type collected by Bigelow. Range: Utah and Colorado to Arizona and Mexico.
WOOTON AND STANDLEY FLORA OF NEW MEXICO. 75
New Mexico: Tunitcha Mountains; Coolidge; Horsethief Canyon; Albuquerque; Johnsons Mesa; Rio Pueblo; Trout Spring; Raton Mountains; Chama; Sandia Moun- tains; Fort Bayard; Mangas Springs; Socorro. Open slopes, in the Transition and Canadian zones.
32. SPOROBOLTJS R. Br. Dropseed.
Annuals or perennials with small spikelets; spikelets 1-flowered, pedicellate, in narrow or broad panicles; glumes rounded or slightly keeled, awnless, obscurely nerved or nerveless, usually unequal; lemma equaling or exceeding the glumes, not awned; palea as long as the lemma or longer; stamens 3; styles short, distinct.
KEY TO THE SPECIES.
Panicles narrow, spikelike.
Plants tall, robust, 1 meter high, erect \. s. giganteus.
Plants low, slender, CO cm. high or less, spreading or ascend- ing 2. S. strict us.
Panicles branched and spreading.
. Annual, 20 cm. high or less 3. S. confusus.
Perennials, usually more than 20 cm. high.
Plants with long scaly rootstocks; glumes about equal. Panicles 8 cm. long or less; stems rigid although slen- der 4. S. auriculatus.
Panicles 13 to 20 cm. long; stems weak, often elon- gated 5. S. asperifolius.
Plants witlmut long scaly rootstocks; glumes very unequal. Sheaths naked or sparingly filiate in the throat. Plants 30 cm. high or less; spikelets long-pedi- cellate; sheaths villous 6. S. texcinus.
Plauts more than 50 cm. high; spikelets short- pedicellate; sheaths not villous. Plants less than 90 cm. high; panicles open, with comparatively few spikelets;
glumes nerved 7. S. airoides.
Plants 100 to ISO cm. high; panicles rather narrow, with very numerous spikelel
glumes not nerved s. .S'. v/rightii.
Sheaths with a conspicuous tuft of hairs in the throat. Sheaths pubescent; leaf blades divergent; pani- cles 8 cm. long or less; plants not nil .re than
30 cm. high, slender it. S. )i<iil/<ui.
Sheaths almost it quite glabrous; leaf blades aol divergent; panicles 15 to 30 cm. long or
mure; plant mostly (ill cm. high or more.
stout. Panicles exserted, spreading, sometimes somewhat nodding, the lower branches
about as long as the upper ones 12. 8.JL cuo
Panicle mo I ly included in the sheaths, ran-l, ii at all spreading, the lower branches longer than the upper. Lemmas about equaling the glumi
acute to obtuse, less than 2 nun.
long 10. S. eryptandrui.
I .. mma i mu< h longer than glumes, long
.e mi. in. il-. . l"i. nun. I'll" II
76 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM.
1. Sporobolus giganteus Nash, Bull. Torrey Club 25: 88. 1898.
Sandhill dropseed.
Sporobolus cryptandrus giganteus Jones, Contr. West. Bot. 14: 11. 1912.
Type locality: On the White Sands, New Mexico. Type collected by Wooton (no. 394).
Range: Southern New Mexico.
New Mexico: Gila Hot Springs; Socorro; Sabinal; Mesilla Valley; White Sands; south of Carrizozo; Arroyo Ranch. Sandhills, in the Lower Sonoran Zone.
2. Sporobolus strictus (Scribn.) Merr. U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Circ. 32: 6. -
1901. Sporobolus cryptandrus strictus Scribn. Bull. Torrey Club 9: 103. 1882. Type locality: Banks of the Rillita, near Camp Lowell, Arizona. Range: Colorado to Arizona and Mexico.
New Mexico: Throughout the State except in the southeastern corner. Dry hills and plains, in the Lower and Upper Sonoran zones.
3. Sporobolus confusus (Fourn.) Yasey, Bull. Torrey Club 15: 293. 1888. Vilfa confusa Fourn. Mex. PI. 2: 101. 1881.
Type locality: "In devexis arenosis montis ignivpmi Jorullo," Mexico.
Range: Washington to Texas and Mexico.
New Mexico: Ensenada; Santa Fe and Las Vegas mountains; Mogollon Moun- tains; Mangas Springs; Black Range; San Luis Mountains; Animas Valley; Tortu- gas Mountain; Organ Mountains; White Mountains. Dry hills and canyons, in the Lower and Upper Sonoran zones.
4. Sporobolus auriculatus Vasey, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 3: 64. 1892. Type locality: Texas.
Range: Western Texas and southern New Mexico.
New Mexico: Albuquerque; Cross L Ranch; Farmington; Chama; Deming; Socorro; Carrizozo; White Sands; Chosa Springs; Lake Arthur; Hope; Roswell; Dona Ana Mountains. Plains, in the Lower and Upper Sonoran zones.
5. Sporobolus asperifolius (Nees & Mey.) Thurber in S. Wats. Bot, Calif. 2: 269.
1880.
Vilfa asperifolia Nees & Mey. Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. VI. Sci. Nat. 41: 95. 1840.
Type locality: "Chile; Rio Mayno; Copiapo."
Range: British America to California, New Mexico, and Missouri; also in South America.
New Mexico: Albuquerque; Carrizo Mountains; Cedar Hill; Dulce; Pecos; Ala- millo; Kingston; Mangas Springs; Mesilla Valley; Roswell; White Sands; Dona Ana Mountains. Valleys and plains, often in alkaline soil, in the Lower and Upper Sonoran zones.
6. Sporobolus texanus Vasey, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 1: 57. 1890. Type locality: Screw Bean, Presidio County, Texas.
Range: Western Texas and southern New Mexico.
New Mexico: Carlsbad; along the Pecos near Roswell. Dry plains.
7. Sporobolus airoides Torr. U. S. Rep. Expl. Miss. Pacif. 73: 21. 1856.
BuNCHGRASS.
Agrostis airoides Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. 1: 151. 1824.
Type locality: "On the branches of the Arkansas, near the Rocky Mountains," Colorado.
Range: Washington and Nebraska to California and New Mexico.
New Mexico: Carrizo Mountains; Aztec; McCarthys Station; Santa Fe; Ojo Caliente; Algodones; Belen; Zuni; Socorro; Cliff; Mangas Springs; Mesilla Valley; White Sands. Open plains and dry slopes, in the Lower and Upper Sonoran zones.
WOOTON AND STANDLEY FLORA OF NEW MEXICO. 77
One of the important range grasses of the State, on the plains. It is able to endure considerable amounts of alkali.
8. Sporobolus wrightii Munro; Scribn. Bull. Torrey Club 9: 103. 1882. Sacaton. Type locality: Near Pantano, Arizona.
Range: Western Texas to southern Colorado and northern Mexico.
New Mexico: Socorro; Fort Bayard; Dog Spring; Deming; Mangas Springs; Gila Hot Springs; Las Vegas; Buchanan; Carrizozo; Carlsbad. Dry hills and plains, in the Upper Sonoran Zone.
An important range grass. Both this and the preceding are often cut for hay.
9. Sporobolus nealleyi Vasey, Bull. Torrey Club 15: 49. 1888, name only; Contr.
U. S. Nat. Herb. 1: 57. 1890. Nealley's dropseed.
Type locality: Brazos Santiago, Texas.
Range: Western Texas to New Mexico.
New Mexico: Pecoe; near Suwanee; Las Cruces; White Sands; Round Mountain; plains 35 miles south of Torrance; Roswell. Dry plains and hills, in the Lower and Upper Sonoran zones.
10. Sporobolus cryptandrus (Torr.) A. Gray, Man. 576. 1848. Agrostis cryptandrus Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. 1: 151. 1824. Type locality: " On the Canadian River," Colorado? Range: Washington and Maine to Arizona and Texas.
New Mexico: Common throughout the State. Plains and dry slopes, in the Lower and Upper Sonoran zones.
11. Sporobolus asper (Michx.) Kunth, Enum. PL 1: 210. 1833. Agrostis asper Michx. Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 52. 1803.
Type locality: "Habitat in collibus rupibusque regionis Illinoensis." Range: Minnesota and Nebraska to New England, south to Texas and Florida. New Mexico: Pecos (Standley 5313). Open slopes, in the Upper Sonoran Zone.
12. Sporobolus fiexuosus (Thurb.) Rydb. Bull. Torrey Club 32: 601. 1905. Sporobolus cryptandrus fiexuosus Thurb. Contr. U, S. Nat. Herb. 3: 62. 1892. Type locality: "Dry western plains, Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona to Texan." Range: Nevada to Texas and Mexico.
New Mexico: Carrizo Mountains; Farmington; Socorro; Albuquerque; Deming; TortuiMH Mountain; White Sands; Mesilla Valley; Organ Mountains. Sandy soil, in the Lower and Upper Sonoran zones.
33. POLYPOGON Desf. Beardgrass.
Mostly annuals with decumbent or erect Btems, flat leaves, and densely (lowered terminal panicles; spikelets 1-llowered, hermapln-odiio; glumes nearly equal, usually broader above, entire or 2-lobed, nv. ned; lemma much smaller than the glumes, thin, hyaline, entire, emarginate, or bifid, awned, the awn slender, straight, or geniculate and twisted below; stamens 1 to ;*>; styles short, distinct ; stigmas plumose; grain tree.
KEY TO THK 8PBCT] S
Glumes notched at the apex; awns very long, concealing the
spikelets 1. /'. monapeKentis.
Glumes attenuate at the apex; awns short, ool concealing the
spikelets 2. P. littoroH$.
1. Polypogon monspeliensis ( \..) Desf. Fl. Allan). 1:67. 1800. Alopecwnu monapelienais l< Sp. PI. til. l'» ■'.. Tvi'i: locaj my: " Habitat Monspelii."
78 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM.
Range: British America to Mexico; also in Europe.
New Mexico: Shiprock; Farmington; Sandia Mountains; Albuquerque; Socorro; Kingston; Mangas Springs; Mesilla Valley; Fort Bayard; Alamogordo. In wet ground, in the Upper Sonoran and Transition zones.
2. Polypogon littoralis (With.) J. E. Smith, Comp. Fl. Brit. ed. 2. 13. 1816.
Agrostis littoralis With. Bot. Arr. Veg. Brit. ed. 3. 2: 129. 1796.
Type locality: "Wells, on the Norfolk coast," England.
Range: British America to California and New Mexico and the Gulf Coast; also in the Old World.
New Mexico: Berendo Creek; Albuquerque; Alamogordo; Carrizo Mountains. Wet ground.
34. CINNA L. Wood reed grass.
Tall perennials with numerous flat leaves and with many-flowered nodding panicles; spikelets 1-flowered ; rachilla jointed below the glumes as well as above them, produced below the floret into a short smooth stipe and usually extending behind the palea as a slender naked bristle; lemmas similar to the glumes, 3-nerved, obtuse, usually with a very short sub terminal awn; palea apparently 1-nerved, keeled; stamen 1; styles short, distinct; grain free.
1. Cinna latifolia (Trevir.) Griseb. in Ledeb. Fl. Ross. 4: 435. 1853. Agrostis latifolia Trevir.; Gopp. Beschr. Bot. Gart. Breslau 82. 1830. Cinna pendula Trin. Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. VI. Sci. Nat. 41: 280. 1841. Type locality: Not ascertained.
Range: Alaska and British America to Oregon, New Mexico, and North Carolina. New Mexico: Sandia Mountains (Woolon). Transition Zone.
35. AGROSTIS L.
Annuals or usually perennials with small spikelets in open paiucles; spikelets 1-flowered; rachilla jointed above the glumes, not produced beyond the floret; glumes equal or nearly so, acute, longer than the floret; lemma rather broad, less firm than the glumes, usually obtuse, awnless or with a slender dorsal awn; palea hyaline, much shorter than the lemma or wanting; stamens 3; grain inclosed in the lemma but free.
KEY TO THE SPECIES.
Panicles dense or very narrow.
Culms decumbent at the base, with long creeping stolons rooting
at the nodes; panicles short and thick 1. A. stolonifera.
Culms erect, without stolons; panicles long and narrow 2. A. exarata.
Panicles loose and spreading.
Branches of the panicle 7 to 10 cm. long 3. A. hiemalis.
Branches of the panicle 4 to 6 cm. long.
Palea minute and inconspicuous 4. A. idahoensis.
Palea half as long as the lemma.
Lemma usually not awned; branches of the panicle
ascending 5. A. alba.
Lemma with an awn of about the same length ; branches
of the panicle spreading or reflexed 6. A. rosei.
1. Agrostis stolonifera L. Sp. PI. 62. 1753. Water bentgrass.
Agrostis verticillata Vill. Prosp. PI. Dauph. 16. 1779. Type locality: "Habitat in Europa."
Range: California and Texas to Mexico; also in South America, Europe, and Asia. New Mexico: Carrizo Mountains; Farmington; Sandia Mountains; Santa Fe; Las
WOOTON AND STANDLEY FLORA OF NEW MEXICO. 79
Vegas Hot Springs; Burro Mountains; Socorro; Fort Bayard; Berendo Creek; Rincon; Cloverdale; Mesilla Valley; Organ Mountains; Malones Ranch; Roswell. Wet ground and borders of streams, in the Upper Sonoran and Transition zones.
2. Agrostis exarata Trin. Gram. Unifl. 207. 1824. Type locality: "Unalaschka."
Range: Alaska and British America to Mexico; also in Siberia.
New Mexico: Tunitcha Mountains; Rarnah; Winsor Creek; Pecos; Rio Pueblo; Las Vegas; Cross L Ranch; Fort Bayard; Rio Mimbres; Chiz; Lower Plaza; Deming; Santa Fe; Burro Mountains; Organ Mountains; Gilmores Ranch. Wet ground, in the Transition Zone.
3. Agrostis hiemalis (Walt.) B. S. P. Prel. Cat. N. Y. 68. 1888. Hair grass. Cornucopitn hiemalis Walt. Fl. Carol. 73. 1788.
Agrostis scabra Willd. Sp. PL 1:370. 1799.
Type locality: Carolina.
Range: Throughout most of North America.
New Mexico: Tunitcha Mountains; Santa Fe and Las Vegas mountains; Sandia Mountains; Grants Station; Inscription Rock; Mogollon Mountains; Mimbres River; White and Sacramento mountains. Meadows and woods, in the Transition and Canadian zones.
4. Agrostis idahoensis Nash, Bull. Torrey Club 24: 42. 1897. Agrostis tenuis Vasey, Bull. Torrey Club 10: 21. 1883, not Sibth. 17'.) I. Type locality: Forest, Nez Perces County, Idaho.
Range: Washington ami Montana to California and New Mexico.
New Mexico: EI Rito Creek ( Wooton 2989). Damp woods, in the Transition Zone.
5. Agrostis alba L. Sp. PL 63. 1753. Redtop. Type locality: ''Habitat in Europae nemoribus."
Range: British America, southward t < > Mexico.
New Mexico: El Rito Creek; Santa Fe; Albuquerque; Zuni Reservation; Indian Greek; Farmington; Cedar Hill; Fort Bayard; Animas Creek; White Mountains. Wet meadows, in the Upper Sonoran and Transition zones.
6. Agrostis rosei Scribn. & Merr. U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Bull. 24: 21. 1901. Type locality: Sierra Madre, Zacatecas, Mexico.
Range: Southwestern New Mexico to central Mexico. New .Mexico: Cloverdale (Mearns 462).
36. CALAMAGROSTIS Adans. Reed bentgrj
Tall perennials with small spikeletc in many-flowered terminal panicles; spikelets L-flowered; rachilla produced above the floret into a short, usually hairy pedicel or bristle; glumes marly equal, awnless, usually exceeding the lemma; lemma snr- rounded al the base by numerous hairs, these sometimes equaling or exceeding it in Length, awned on the hack usually from below the middle; palea more than half the length of the lemma, faintly 2-nerved; stamens '■">; styles distinct ; grain inclo * I by the lemma ami pah a and mere or less adherent.
KEY TO THE SPECIES.
Panicles "pen, tin- lower branches spreading or drooping; spikeleta
greenish I. C§ canatb
Panicles den e, the branches erect or ascending; Bpikelets strongly
tinged with purple - C. l<:<i";'
80 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM.
1. Calamagrostis canadensis (Michx.) Beauv. Ess. Agrost. 15. 1812. Arundo canadensis Michx. Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 73. 1803.
Type locality: Canada.
Range: British America to Oregon, New Mexico, Ohio, and New Jersey. New Mexico: Ponchuelo Creek; Winsor Creek. Wet ground, in the Transition and Canadian zones.
2. Calamagrostis hyperborea americana Vasey; Kearney, U. S. Dept. Agr. Div.
Agrost. Bull. 11:41. 1898. Deyeuxia neglecta americana Vasey; Macoun, Cat. Can. PI. 4: 206. 1888. Type locality: Donald, Columbia Valley, British Columbia. Range: British America to Oregon, New Mexico, and Vermont. New Mexico: Tunitcha Mountains; Harveys Upper Ranch. Damp woods, in the Canadian Zone.
37. CALAMOVILFA Scribn. Sand grass.
Rather tall rigid perennials with loosely spreading panicles; spikelets 1-flowered; rachilla jointed above the glumes but not prolonged beyond the floret, the callus densely bearded; glumes laterally compressed, keeled, chartaceous, awnless, unequal, acute; lemma 1-nerved, acute; stamens 3; styles distinct.
KEY TO THE SPECIES.
Panicle branches erect; spikelets about 6 mm. long 1. C. longifolia.
Panicle branches spreading; spikelets 8 mm. long 2. C. gigantea.
1. Calamovilfa longifolia (Hook.) Hack. True Grasses 113. 1890. Calamagrostis longifolia Hook. Fl. Bor. Amer. 2: 241. 1840. Type locality: "Saskatchawan."
Range: British America to New Mexico and Indiana.
New Mexico: Near Texline (Griffiths 5650). Plains, in the Upper Sonoran Zone.
2. Calamovilfa gigantea (Nutt.) Scribn. & Men. U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost.
Circ. 35: 2. 1901. Calamagrostis gigantea Nutt. Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. n. ser. 5: 143. 1837. Type locality: "On the sandy banks of Great Salt river of the Arkansas." Range: Sandy soil, Kansas to Arizona. New Mexico: A single specimen seen, without definite locality.
38. DANTHONIA DC. Wild oat grass.
Low cespitose perennials with simple, spreading or narrow panicles; spikelets several- flowered, the uppermost flower imperfect or rudimentary; rachilla jointed above the glumes; glumes 2, much exceeding the lemmas, these rounded on the back, 2-toothed or bifid, awned between the teeth, the awn formed by an extension of the 3 middle nerves of the lemma.
KEY TO THE SPECIES.
Lemmas pubescent only on the margin and at the base 1. D. intermedia.
Lemmas pubescent on the back as well as on the margin.
Glumes 15 to 20 mm. long 2. D. parryi.
Glumes 10 mm. long or less 3. D. spicata.
1. Danthonia intermedia Vasey, Bull. Torrey Club 10: 52. 1883.
Type locality: "California, Rocky Mountains, Plains of British America to Mount Albert, Lower Canada."
Range: British America to California and New Mexico.
WOOTON AND STANDLEY FLORA OF NEW MEXICO. 81
New Mexico: Horsethief Canyon (Standley 4880). Meadows, in the Canadian Zone.
2. Danthonia parryi Scribn. Bot. Gaz. 21: 133. 1896. Type locality: Colorado.
Range: Colorado and New Mexico.
New Mexico: Grass Mountain (Standley 4371). Meadows, in the Canadian Zone.
3. Danthonia spicata (L.) Beauv.; Roem. & Schult. Syst. Veg. 2: 690. 1817. J raw spicata L. Sp. PI. 80. 1753.
Type locality: "Habitat in Pennsylvania."
Range: British America to New Mexico, Louisiana, and North Carolina. New Mexico: Harveys Upper Ranch; West Fork of the Gila. Damp woods, in the Canadian Zone.
39. AVENA L. Oats.
Annuals or perennials with rather large spikelets variously paniculate; spikeleta 2 to 6-flowered; rachilla jointed above the glumes, bearded below the lemmas; glumea 2, unequal, membranaceous, longer than the lemmas, these rounded on the back, 5 to 9-nerved, often bidentate at the apex, with a long dorsal twisted awn; grain pubes- cent, at least at the apex, frequently adherent to the lemma or palea.
key to the species.
Glumes shorter than the lemmas; panicles lax, somewhat nodding;
lemmas hairy at the base 1. A. striata.
Glumes longer than the lemmas; panicles open; lemmas often hairy up
to the base of the awn 2. A.fattm.
1. Avena striata Michx. Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 73. 1803.
Type locality: "Hab. in sinu Hudsonis per tractus montium ad Canadam."
Range: British America to New Mexico and Pennsylvania.
New Mexico: Ponchuelo Creek (Standley 4185). Meadows, in the Canadian Zone.
2. Avena fatua L. Sp. PI. 80. 1753. Weld oats. Type locality: "Habitat in Europae agris inter segetes."
Range: Native of Europe and Asia, widely introduced into the United Si especially common in grain fields.
New Mexico: Shiprock; Carrizo Mountains; Dulce; Cedar Hill; Cleveland; T Pecos; Mora.
40. DESCHAMPSIA Beauv.
Annuals or perennials with flat or convolute leaves and rather small shining spiki in terminal or lateral, narrow or loose panicle- ; spikelets mostly 2-flowered; rachilla hairy, jointed above the glumes and prolonged beyond the upper florel as a hairy bristle; glumes 2, thin and scarious, acute or obtuse, nearly equal; Lemmas subhyaline, 4-nerved, truncate and mere or less regularly 2 to 4-toothed, ay. aed on the back, the awn slender, twisted below; palea narrow, 2-nerved; grain oblong, tree.
i. i v TO THE SPECIES.
PlantB low, 20 to 40 cm. high; glumes 1mm. long; awns much lor
than the lemmas 1 . D. alpicola.
Plants tall, 60 to 100 cm.; glume : 3 to 3.5 mm. long; aw as little if al
all Longer than the lemmas 2. D. <
1. Deschampsia alpicola Rydb. Bull. Torrej Club 32:601. 1905. Type locality: Mountain meadows. Pikes Peak, Colorado. Range: Wyoming and I tab to northern .Ww Mea
82 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM.
New Mexico: Truchas Peak; El Rito Creek; Laa Vegaa Range; near the head of the Nambe. Meadows, in the Arctic-Alpine Zone.
2. Deschampsia cespitosa (L.) Beauv. Ess. Agrost. 91, 160. 1812.
Aira cespitosa L. Sp. PI. 64. 1753.
Type locality: "Habitat in Europae pratis cultis & fertilibus."
Range: Arctic America to California, Arizona, Illinois, and New Jersey; also in Europe and Asia.
New Mexico: North of Ramah; Chama; Tunitcha Mountains; Harveys Upper Ranch; Rio Pueblo; Spirit Lake; Silver Spring Canyon. Meadows, Transition to' Hudsonian Zone.
41. TRISETUM Pers. False oats.
Cespitose perennials or rarely annuals, with flat leaves and dense, spikelike or narrow, loose panicles; spikelets 2-(rarely 3 to 5-)flowered; rachilla hairy or naked, jointed above the glumes and between the florets, produced beyond the upper flower as a usually hairy bristle; glumes 2, awnless, carinate, unequal, usually longer than the lemmas; lemmas subhyaline, carinate, cleft or 2-toothed at the apex, the teeth sometimes produced into slender awns, awned between or a little below the teeth; awns twisted and usually geniculate; palea narrow, 2-toothed; grain smooth, free.
KEY TO THE SPECIES.
Panicles slender, interrupted; plants slender 1. T. interruptum.
Panicles dense and crowded, not interrupted; plants stout.
Leaf blades and sheaths long-hairy; upper part of the stem
densely pubescent 3. T. spicatu m .
Leaf blades and sheaths glabrous or the lowest sheath short- pubescent with reflexed hairs; stems glabrous or slightly scabrous in the inflorescence 2. T. montanum.
1. Trisetum interruptum Buckl. Proc. Acad. Phila. 1862: 100. 1863. Type locality: Middle Texas.
Range: Western Texas and southern New Mexico.
New Mexico: Bishops Cap (Wooton). Upper Sonoran Zone.
2. Trisetum montanum Vasey, Bull. Torrey Club 13: 118. 1886. Type locality: Not stated.
Range: Wyoming to northern New Mexico.
New Mexico: Winsors Ranch; Cowles; Rio Pueblo; mountains near Las Vegas; Eagle Creek. Meadows, in the Transition and Canadian zones.
3. Trisetum spicatum (L.) Richt. PI. Eur. 1: 59. 1890. Aira spicata L. Sp. PI. 63. 1753.
Aira subspicata L. Syst. Veg. ed. 10. 873. 1759.
Trisetum subspkatum Beauv. Ess. Agrost. 88. 1812.
Type locality: "Habitat in Lapponiae Alpibus."
Range: Arctic America to California, New Mexico, and New Hampshire; also in Europe.
New Mexico: Pecos Baldy; Truchas Peak; Jemez Mountains. Meadows, in the Arctic-Alpine Zone.
42. BULBILIS Raf. Buffalo grass.
Creeping or stoloniferous perennial with narrow flat leaves and unlike staminate and pistillate flowers borne on the same or different plants; staminate spikelets 2 or 3-flowered, sessile in 2 rows along the short one-sided spikes, the glumes obtuse, unequal, the lemmas larger, 3-nerved, the palea 2-nerved; stamens 3; pistillate spikelets 1-flowered, in nearly capitate one-sided spikes scarcely exserted from the
WOOTON AND STANDLEY FLORA OF NEW MEXICO. 83
broad aheatha of the upper leavea, the glumea 2, or the firat aometimea wanting, 3-toothed at the apex, the lemma narrow, hyaline, entire or bifid at the apex; styles distinct; grain free.
1. Bulbilis dactyloide3 (Nutt.) Raf.; Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 763. 1891.
Sesleria dactyloides Nutt. Gen. PL 1: 65. 1S18.
Buchloe dactyloides Engelm. Trans. Acad. St. Louis 1: 432. 1859.
Type locality: "On the open grassy plains of the Missouri."
Range: North Dakota and Minnesota to Arkansas and Mexico.
New Mexico: Sierra Grande; Nara Visa; Raton; Santa Fe; Coolidge; Pecos; Logan; Buchanan; Mesilla Park. Plains, in the Upper Sonoran Zone.
43. LEPTOCHLOA Beauv.
Mostly tall annuals with flat leavea and elongated simple panicles composed of numerous more or less spreading, slender spikea acattered along the main axis; spike- lets 2 to several-flowered, sessile in 2 rows along one side of the slendi c and often numerous branches; rachilla jointed above the glumes, these 2-keeled, awnless or -very short-awned; lemmas carinate, 3-nerved, acute, awnless or very short-awned or 2 or 3-toothed, mueronate or short-awned between the teeth; palea 2-keeled.
KEY TO THE SPECIES.
Spikelets 2.5 mm. long or less, broad, 2 to 4-flowered.
Sheaths pilose 1. L. filiform is.
Sheaths not pilose 2. L. nealleyi.
Spikelets 3 mm. long or more, narrow, 5 to 12-flowered.
Lemmas pubescent at the base ; annual 3. L. fast i < laris.
Lemmas glabrous; perennial 4. L. dubia.
1. Leptochloa liliformis (Lam.) Beauv. Ess. Agrost. 71. 1812. Festuca fdiformis Lam. Tabl. Encycl. 1: 191. 1791. Eleusine mucronata Michx. Fl. Bor. Ainer. 1: 65. 1803. Leptochloa mucronata Kunth, Rev. Gram. 1: 91. 1835.
Type locality: "Ex Amer. Merid."
Range: Virginia and Florida to California and Mexico; also in the West Indira and southern Asia.
New Mexico: Hillsboro; Mesilla Valley. Sandy fields, in the Lower Sonoran Zone.
2. Leptochloa nealleyi Vasey, Bull. Torrey Club 12: 7. 1885. Type locality: Texas.
Range: Western Texas and southeastern New Mexico. New Mexico: Carlabad (Tracy 8191). Plains. .
3. Leptochloa fascicularia (Lam.) A. Gray, Man. 588. 1848. Festuca fasdcularis'Lzxa.. Tabl. Encycl. 1: 189. 1791. "Festuca prot umbens Muhl. Descr. Gram. 160. 1817. Uralepis composite Buckl. Proc. i.cad. Phila. 1862:9-1.181,::. THplachne procumbent Nash in Britton, Man. L28. 1901. Type LOCALITY: " E S Anier. Merid."
Range: Maryland and Florida t<> South Dakota and Mexico. New Mexico: Sail Lake; Socorro; Mesilla Valley; Roswell; Carlsbad. Sandy Gelds, in the I. ewer Sonoran Zone. The type of Uralepis composita was collected in New Mexico by Woodhoui
4. Leptochloa dubia dl. B. K.i Nees, Syll. PL Ratisb. I: i. 1824. Strangle. Chloris dubia II. B. K. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 1: 169. L815.
Diplachm dubia Scribn. Lull. Torrey Club 10:30. '
84 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM.
Type locality: "Crescit in apricis subhumidis prope rupem porphyreticam el Penon, in convalle Mexicana, alt. 1168 hexap."
Kange: Arizona and western Texas to Florida and Mexico.
New Mexico: Mangas Springs; near White Water; Dog Spring; near Silver City; Organ Mountains; Tortugas Mountain; Carlsbad. Dry hills, in the Lower and Upper Sonoran zones.
44. ACAMPTOCLADOS Nash.
Tufted perennial with stiff stems, involute leaves, and a panicle of scattered, dis- tant, widely spreading, rigid branches; spikelets scattered, singly disposed in 2 rows, sessile, 4 to 6-flowered; glumes subequal, acuminate, the first 1-nerved, the second usually 3-nerved; lemmas 3-nerved, acute, indurated in fruit; palea compressed, the 2 nerves ciliolate, gibbous at the base; stamens 3; styles distinct.
1. Acamptoclados sessilispicus (Buckl.) Nash in Small, Fl. Southeast. U. S. 140. 1903. Erayroslis sessilispica Buckl. Proc. Acad. Phila. 1862: 97. 1863. Diplachne rigida Vasey, U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Bot. Bull. 12: pi. 41. 1891. Type locality: Near Austin, Texas. Range: Kansas and Texas to eastern New Mexico.
New Mexico: Sands south of Melrose; Nara Visa. Plains, in the Upper Sonoran Zone.
45. BECKMANNIA Host. Slough grass.
Tall erect plant with flat leaves and terminal elongated inflorescence; spikelets 1 or 2-flowered, compressed, imbricated in 2 rows along one side of the rachis of the short spikes; glumes narrow, boat-shaped, obtuse or abruptly pointed, nearly equal; lemmas narrow, acute or mucronate; palea hyaline, 2-keeled; stamens 3; styles short, distinct; grain oblong, inclosed within the rigid fruiting lemma and palea, free.
1. Beckmanrda erucaeformis (L.) Host, Icon. Gram. Austr. 3: 5. 1805.
Phalaris erucaeformis L. Sp. PI. 55. 1753.
Type locality: "Habitat in Siberia, Russia, Europa austral i."
Range: British America to California, New Mexico, and Iowa; also in Europe and Asia.
New Mexico: Farmington; Chama; Grants Station; Zuni. In marshes and along streams, in the Transition Zone.
46. CAPRIOLA Adans.
Low creeping perennial with short flat leaves and slender spikes digitate at the apex of the erect branches; spikelets 1-flowered, awnless, sessile in 2 rows along one side of a slender continuous axis, forming unilateral spikes; glumes narrow, keeled, usually acute; lemma broader, usually slight!)' longer than the glumes, obtuse, pilose on the keel and margins; palea about the length of the lemma, 2-keeled; stamens 3; styles distinct; grain free.
1. Capriola dactylon (L.) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 2: 764. 1891. Bermuda grass.
Panicum dactylon L. Sp. PI. 58. 1753.
Cynodon daclylon Pers. Syn. PI. 1: 85. 1805.
Type locality: "Habitat in Europa australi."
Range: Native of the Old World, widely introduced in southern North America, often cultivated as a lawn grass.
New Mexico: Mesilla Valley.
Bermuda grass is often employed in New Mexico for lawns. It is especially valu- able for this purpose in the southern part of the State, since it is resistant to heat and drought. Sometimes it becomes a troublesome weed in cultivated fields.
WOOTON AND STANDLEY— FLORA OF NEW MEXICO. 85
47. SCHEDONARDTJS Steud. Texan crabgrass.
Low, diffusely branched perennial with short narrow leaves and slender paniculate spikes; spikeleta 1-flowered, hermaphrodite, sessile, scattered along one side of the slender rachis of the widely spreading spikes; rachilla jointed above the glumes, these narrow, slightly unequal, membranaceous; lemmas longer than the glumes, mem- branaceous, becoming somewhat rigid, acuminate or minutely mucronate; stamens 3; styles distinct; grain inclosed within the rigid lemmas and palea but free.
1. Schedonardus paniculatus (Nutt.) Trel. Rep. Ark. Geol. Surv. 18884: 236. 1891.
Leptwus paniculatus Xutt. Gen. PL 1: 81. 1818.
Schedonardus lexamis Steud. Syn. PL Glum. 1: 146. 1855.
Type locality: "On dry saline plains, near Fort Mandan, on the Missouri."
Range: Manitoba and Saskatchewan to New Mexico and Texas.
New Mexico: From the Mogollon and White Mountains northward and eastward throughout the State. Dry hills and plains, in the Upper Sonoran Zone.
48. BOTJTELOUA Lag. Grama grass.
Low annuals or perennials, with narrow, flat or convolute leaves and few or manv unilateral spikelets nearly sessile along a common rachis; spikelets 1 or 2-flowered, numerous, crowded and closely sessile in 2 rows along one side of a continuous flattened rachis, this usually projecting beyond the spikelets; rachilla articulated above the glumes, the continuation beyond the hermaphrodite floret usually bearing a few rudimentary glumes and 3 awns; glumes unequal, the lower smaller, keeled; lemma broader, 3-nerved, 3 to 5-toothed or cleft; palea 2-nerved and 2-toothed; grain free.
KEY TO THE SPECIES.
Spikes numerous, 5 to 60; spikelets few, usually less than 12.
Spikes 30 to 60, each with 4 to 10 spikelets 1 . B . curtipi ndula.
Spikes 5 to 11, each with 3 to 6 spikelets 2. B. radicosa.
Spikes few, 1 to 6; spikelets numerous, 25 or more. Annuals.
Spikes solitary; plants low, tufted 3. B. procumbens.
Spikes more than one ; plants various.
Spikelets closely appressed to the rachis, forming a
cylindrical spike 4. B. aristidoides.
Spikelets crowded on one side of the rachis, making it one-sided.
Plants 30 cm. high or more, the stems erect 5. B. parryi.
Plants 10 to 15 cm. high, the stems spreading. . (i. B. barbata. Perennials.
Spikes loose, more or less cylindric; lower part of stems
densely woolly 7. B. eriopoda.
Spikes with more numerous crowded spikelets, one- sided; stems not woolly.
Glumes smooth or slightb roughened 8. B.breviuta.
Glumes stiff-hairy.
Spikes 3 to 5, short and broad; rachis extended
much beyond the spike !'. B. hirnUa.
Spikes I to 3, mostly 2, lon^ and narrow; rachis
1 1 ut Blightly extended L0 B grm Hit.
1. Bouteloua cui'tipendula (Miclix. i Turr in I mory, Mil. Reconn L54 I
Taj i ei: wi a. Chloria eurtipenduh Biichx. Fl. Bor. Ajner. 1: 59 L803. leloua racemoaa Lag. Vax. Cienc. S4: in. L806.
86 CONTKIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM.
Atheropogon curtipendulus Fourn. Mex. PI. 2: 138. 1881.
Type locality: "Hab. in aridis regionis Illinoeusis ad Wabast et in rupibus ad prairie du rocker."
Range: British America to New Jersey, California, and Mexico.
New Mexico: Common throughout the State. Plains and hillsides, in the Upper Sonoran and Transition zones. An important range grass in some parts of the State.
2. Bouteloua radicosa (Fourn.) Griffiths, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 14: 411. 1912. Dinebra bromoides H. B. K. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 1:172. pi. 51. 1816, not Bouteloua
bromoides Lag. 1816. Atheropogon radicosus Fourn. Mex. PI. 2: 140. 1881. Type locality: Mexico.
Range: California and New Mexico to Mexico.
New Mexico: Mangas Springs; Burro Mountains; Mogollon Creek. Dry hills, in the Upper Sonoran Zone.
3. Bouteloua procumbens (Durand) Griffiths, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 14: 3C4.
1912. Six-weeks grama.
Chloris procumbens Durand, Chlor. Sp. 1808.
Bouteloua prostrata Lag. Gen. & Sp. Nov. 5. 1816.
Bouteloua pusilla Vasey, Bull. Torrey Club 11: 6. 1884.
Type locality: Not ascertained.
Range: Colorado and Arizona to Mexico.
New Mexico: Cedar Hill; Tierra Amarilla; Chama; Santa Fe; El Rito Creek; Ensenada; Las Vegas; Grants; Pecos; Roy; Kingston; West Fork of the Gila; White Mountains. Sandy soil, in the Upper Sonoran Zone.
The type of B. pusilla was collected at Kingman by G. R. Vasey, in 1881.
4. Bouteloua aristidoides (H. B. K.) Griseb. Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 537. 1864.
Six-weeks grama. Dinebra aristidoides H. B. K. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 1: 171. 1816. Triatkera aristidoides Nash in Small, Fl. Southeast. U. S. 137. 1903. Type locality: "Crescit in asperis frigidis convallis Tolucensis, alt. 1320 hexap." Range: California and western Texas to Mexico and South America. New Mexico: Bear Mountain; Deming; Socorro; Dog Spring; Organ Mountains; Las Cruces. Dry plains and hills, in the Lower Sonoran Zone.
5. Bouteloua parryi (Fourn.) Griffiths, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 14: 381. 1912.
Sandhill grama. Chondrosium parryi Fourn. Mex. PI. 2: 150. 1881.
Bouteloua polystachya vestita S. Wats. Proc. Amer. Acad. 18: 177. 1883. Bouteloua vestita Scribn. Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 2: 531. 1894. Type locality: Near San Luis Potosi, Mexico. Range: Western Texas to southern Arizona and Mexico.
New Mexico: Mesilla Valley; mesa west of Organ Mountains; Jarilla Junction. Mesas, in the Lower Sonoran Zone.
6. Bouteloua barbata Lag. Var. Ciena 24: 141. 1805. Six-weeks grama. Chondrosium polystachyum Benth. Bot. Voy. Sulph. 56. 1844.
Bouteloua polystachya Torr. U. S. Rep. Expl. Miss. Pacif. 52: 366. 1857.
Type locality: Described from cultivated plants.
Range: Calif ornia and Utah to Mexico.
New Mexico: Carrizo Mountains; San Juan Valley; Chama River; Albuquerque; Socorro; Mangas Springs; Santa Rita; Deming; Black Range; Dog Spring; Mesilla Valley; Organ Mountains; White Sands; Pecos Valley. Sandy fields and mesas, in the Lower and Upper Sonoran zones.
WOOTOJST AND STANDLEY FLOEA OF NEW MEXICO. 87
7. Bouteloua eriopoda Torr. U. S. Rep. Expl. Miss. Pacif. 4: 155. 1856.
Black grama. Chondrosium eriopodum Torr. in Emory, Mil. Reconn. 154. 1848. Type locality: Along the Rio Grande, New Mexico. Type collected by Emory. Range : Arizona and western Texas to Mexico.
New Mexico: Common throughout the State except in the extreme northeast. Dry hills and plains, in the Lower and Upper Sonoran zones. This is one of the most valuable range grasses in the southern part of New Mexico.
8. Bouteloua breviseta Vasey, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 1: 58. 1890. Type locality: Screw Bean, Presidio County, Texas.
Range: Western Texas and southern New Mexico.
New Mexico: White Sands; Lakewood; Carlsbad. Dry plains, in the Lower Sono- ran Zone.
9. Bouteloua hirsuta Lag. Var. Cienc. 24: 141. 1805. Hairy grama. Chondrosium hirtum H. B. K. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 1: 176. pi. 59. 1816. Chondrosium foeneum Torr. in Emory, Mil. Reconn. 154. pi. 12. 1848.
Type locality: Described from cultivated plants.
Range: Colorado and Nebraska to Mexico and Florida.
New Mexico: Pecos; Clayton; Nara Visa; Silver City; Socorro; Torrance; Organ Mountains; Dona Ana Mountains; Leachs; Buchanan. Dry hills, in the Lower and Upper Sonoran zones.
The type of Chondrosium foeneum was collected by Emory along the Rio Grande
10. Bouteloua gracilis (H. B. K.) Lag.; Steud. Norn. Bot. ed. 2. 1: 219. 1840.
Blue grama.
Chondrosium gracile H. B. K. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 1: 176. pi. 58. 1816.
Aiheropogon oligostachyum Nutt. Gen. PI. 1: 178. 1818.
Bouteloua oliyostachy a Torr.; A.Gray, Man. ed. 2. 553. 1853.
Type locality: "Crescit in crepidinibus et devexis montis porphyritici La Buffa de Guanaxuato Mexicanorum, alt. 1270 hexap."
Range: British America to California, Missouri, and Mexico.
New Mexico: Common throughout the State except at lower levels. Meadows and hillsides, in the Upper Sonoran and Transition zones.
Blue grama is undoubtedly the most valuable forage plant of New Mexico. It occurs generally on the higher plains and lower mountains at altitudes of from 1,800 to 2,400 meters, often forming nearly pure stands. When not molested it become knee-high, and a huge field in such a condition is a beautiful Bight because <<i the myriads of purple spikes. The grass is resistant to overgrazing and i- able to Bpread rapidly "u lien not too closely grazed.
This has generally been known as Bouteloua oligostachya , a name which, unfortu- nately, lacks priority.
49. CHLORIS Swartz.
Mostly perennials with Hat leaves and rather showy inflorescence of 2 to mans digitate spik< ; spikelets I -dowered, awned, sessile in 2 rows along one .-id <■ of a con- tinuous rachis, forming unilateral spikes; rachilla jointed above the glumes and pro- duced beyond the palea, hearing l or more empty rudimentary aw aed glumes; glumes unequal, lanceolate, acute, somewhal keeled; lemma narrow or broad, I toS-nerved, acute- to truncate or emarginate or 2-lobed, often filiate on the hack or margins, the middle nerve usually prolonged into an awn; grain free.
88 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM.
KEY TO THE SPECIES.
Spikes slender, naked or interrupted at the base; panicle of more
than a single verticel of spikes 1 . C. verticillata.
Spikes stout, spikelet-bearing to the base; panicle of a single ter- minal verticel of spikes. Lemma conspicuously hairy, long-villous on the nerves and
margins 2. C. elegans.
Lemma not conspicuously hairy, the pubescence very short or none.
Lemma 3-nerved, obovate-cuneate, the apex rounded 3. C. brevisjAca.
Lemma 7-nerved, broadly triangular, very shortly awned. . 4. C. cucullata.
1. Chloris verticillata Nutt. Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. n. set. 5: 150. 1837. Type locality: "On the sandy banks of the Arkansas, near Fort Smith." Range: Kansas and Texas to New Mexico.
New Mexico: Pecos; Clayton; Redlands; Socorro; Nambe Valley. Dry plains and hills, in the Upper Sonoran Zone.
2. Chloris elegans H. B. K. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 1: 165. 1816. Type locality: " Inter Mexico et Queretaro."
Range: Texas and Arizona to Mexico.
New Mexico: Common from Silver City, Socorro, and Roswell southward. Plains and river valleys, in the Lower and Upper Sonoran zones.